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Applied Sciences
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Feature Papers in 'Surface Sciences and Technology' Section, 2nd Edition
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Feature Papers in 'Surface Sciences and Technology' Section, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Sciences and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2024 | Viewed by 4968

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Eiji Tokunaga

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
Interests: nonlinear optics; optical spectroscopy; exciton physics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce the publication of the Special Issue "Feature Papers in 'Surface Sciences and Technology' Section, 2nd Edition”. The “Surface Sciences and Technology” section covers interdisciplinary research areas related to surfaces and interfaces. We invite you to contribute a peer-reviewed, comprehensive review, or original research paper for possible publication in this Special Issue. The subject areas of the Special Issue are as follows:

  • coatings;
  • thin and thick films;
  • surface tension;
  • surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy;
  • scanning probe microscopy;
  • functional surfaces;
  • surface nanotechnology and devices;
  • semiconductors: surface and interface;
  • biointerfaces;
  • surface electrochemistry;
  • surface science applied to energy conversion and storage;
  • surface science of catalysis (photocatalysis, electrocatalysis);
  • surface nonlinear optics;
  • surface plasmon;
  • exotic surfaces such as meta-surface or topological surface state.

Prof. Dr. Eiji Tokunaga
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 2797 KiB  
Article
Microstructural Investigations of Weld Deposits from Manganese Austenitic Alloy on X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 Duplex Stainless Steel
by Ion Mitelea, Daniel Mutașcu, Olimpiu Karancsi, Corneliu Marius Crăciunescu, Dragoș Buzdugan and Ion-Dragoș Uțu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3751; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093751 - 27 Apr 2024
Viewed by 305
Abstract
Duplex stainless steels are materials with high performance under mechanical stress and stress corrosion in chloride ion environments. Despite being used in many new applications such as components for offshore drilling platforms as well as in the chemical and petrochemical industry, the automotive [...] Read more.
Duplex stainless steels are materials with high performance under mechanical stress and stress corrosion in chloride ion environments. Despite being used in many new applications such as components for offshore drilling platforms as well as in the chemical and petrochemical industry, the automotive industry, etc., they face issues of wear and hardness that limit current applications and prevent the creation of new use opportunities. To address these shortcomings, it is proposed to develop a hardfacing process by a special welding technique using a universal TIG source adapted for manual welding with a pulsed current, and a manganese austenitic alloy electrode as filler material. The opportunity to deposit layers of manganese austenitic steel through welding creates advantages related to the possibility of achieving high mechanical characteristics of this steel exclusively in the working area of the part, while the substrate material will not undergo significant changes in chemical composition. As a result of the high strain hardening rate, assisted mainly by mechanical twinning, manganese austenitic alloys having a face-centered cubic crystal lattice (f.c.c) and low stacking fault energy (SFE = 20–40 mJ/m2) at room temperature, exhibit high wear resistance and exceptional toughness. Following cold deformation, the hardness of the deposited metal increases to 465 HV5–490 HV5. The microstructural characteristics were investigated through optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Vickers hardness measurements (HV). The obtained results highlighted the feasibility of forming hard coatings on duplex stainless steel substrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in 'Surface Sciences and Technology' Section, 2nd Edition)
12 pages, 3062 KiB  
Article
Structural and Tribological Analysis of Brake Disc–Pad Pair Material for Cars
by Filip Ilie and Andreea Catalina Ctristescu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 3523; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083523 - 22 Apr 2024
Viewed by 292
Abstract
The study of the tribological behavior of the braking system in auto vehicles requires knowing the characteristics of the material in contact and, in the work process, the friction pair brake disc pads. Material structural analysis is necessary because the wear process depends [...] Read more.
The study of the tribological behavior of the braking system in auto vehicles requires knowing the characteristics of the material in contact and, in the work process, the friction pair brake disc pads. Material structural analysis is necessary because the wear process depends both on the friction-pair chemical composition (brake disc pads) and on the work process parameters (pressing force, rotational speed, traffic conditions, etc.). The material of the brake discs is generally the same, gray cast iron, and the brake pads can be semimetallic (particles of steel, copper, brass, and graphite, all united with a special resin), organic materials (particles of rubber, glass, and Kevlar, all joined with the help of a resin), composite materials that contain different constituents, and ceramic materials (rarely have small copper particles). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the crystalline structure, tribological behavior (at friction and wear), and the mechanical properties of the materials of the brake disc–pad friction pair specific to the field through study and analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in 'Surface Sciences and Technology' Section, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 5448 KiB  
Article
Tribological Analysis of Steels in Fuel Environments: Impact of Alloy Content and Hardness
by Ali Z. Macknojia, Vanessa L. Montoya, Euan Cairns, Mohammad Eskandari, Shuangbiao Liu, Yip-Wah Chung, Q. Jane Wang, Stephen P. Berkebile, Samir M. Aouadi, Andrey A. Voevodin and Diana Berman
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 1898; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051898 - 26 Feb 2024
Viewed by 800
Abstract
The performance and durability of high-pressure fuel systems in combustion engines are critical for consistent operation under extreme conditions. High-pressure fuel systems are traditionally lubricated with fuel that is compressed and delivered to the combustion chamber. However, lubrication with fuel presents significant challenges [...] Read more.
The performance and durability of high-pressure fuel systems in combustion engines are critical for consistent operation under extreme conditions. High-pressure fuel systems are traditionally lubricated with fuel that is compressed and delivered to the combustion chamber. However, lubrication with fuel presents significant challenges in these systems when used with low-viscosity fuels, leading to increased wear rates, especially in reciprocating contacts. This study delved into the tribological performance of steels of varying alloy content (annealed and hardened variants of AISI-52100, CF2, and D2) against alumina and hard 52100 counterbody materials in ethanol and decane environments. Friction and wear behaviors were evaluated, highlighting the influence of material interactions and environmental factors. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of the tested systems indicated that ethanol and decane form lubricating films of nanometer-scale thickness, confirming the boundary lubrication regimes of the performed tests. In summary, the tribological behavior trends were similar for alumina and 52100 counterbodies. Even though soft 52100 steel demonstrated low friction, its wear was the largest for both tested environments and counterface materials. Among all the tested materials, hard D2 experienced the lowest wear. 52100 and D2 steels showed opposite friction change behavior when comparing hard and soft samples, with lower friction observed for softer 52100 steel and harder D2 steel. Meanwhile, the wear was lower for harder candidates than for softer ones independent of the environment and counterbody material. Raman spectroscopy analysis of the formed wear tracks indicated the formation of carbon films with larger intensities of characteristic carbon peaks observed for more wear-resistant materials. These results suggest the synergistic effect of hardness and tribochemical activity in reducing the wear of materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in 'Surface Sciences and Technology' Section, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 1856 KiB  
Article
Development of Effective Infrared Reflective Coatings
by Józsefné Mara, Attila-Ede Bodnár, László Trif and Judit Telegdi
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(23), 12903; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312903 - 01 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1156
Abstract
The adsorption of surfaces exposed to sunlight results in increased temperatures that can cause physical damage and an increase in energy consumption. Infrared reflective coatings can keep objects cooler and have significant benefits in a wide variety of application by reflecting infrared light [...] Read more.
The adsorption of surfaces exposed to sunlight results in increased temperatures that can cause physical damage and an increase in energy consumption. Infrared reflective coatings can keep objects cooler and have significant benefits in a wide variety of application by reflecting infrared light and decreasing heat, reducing operating costs, improving energy efficiency in buildings and vehicles, and extending an objects’ lifespan. The main aim of our research was to develop coatings in a RAL7016 Anthracite grey color with minimum heat adsorption in the infrared wavelength range. This was achieved using a combination of infrared transparent and infrared reflective pigment built-in coatings applied on two primers: white and black. Infrared reflectivity or transparency, as well as surface temperature, was investigated as a function of the composition and concentration of pigments. These coatings were characterized by chromatic parameters, by total solar and infrared solar reflectance in the UV, visible, and infrared wavelength range, and by heat reflection. Among the coatings developed, two produced very effective controls for infrared reflectance and transparency, and they could control heat reflectance, resulting in a significant decrease in surface temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in 'Surface Sciences and Technology' Section, 2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 11141 KiB  
Article
Black PEO Coatings on Titanium and Titanium Alloys Produced at Low Current Densities
by Lorena Kostelac, Luca Pezzato, Elena Colusso, Marta Maria Natile, Katya Brunelli and Manuele Dabalà
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12280; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212280 - 13 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 897
Abstract
Black coatings were successfully formed on Grade 2 (G2) and Grade 5 (G5) titanium alloy by means of a direct-current Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) process at a very low current density of 0.05 A/cm2. The impact of two different treatment times [...] Read more.
Black coatings were successfully formed on Grade 2 (G2) and Grade 5 (G5) titanium alloy by means of a direct-current Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) process at a very low current density of 0.05 A/cm2. The impact of two different treatment times (30 min and 60 min) was examined. The electrolyte for the PEO process was a phosphate base solution Na5P3O10 containing FeSO4 and (NH4)6Mo7O24 as coloring additives. PEO-coated samples were subjected to optical, morphological, structural, chemical, and electrochemical characterization. XRD, EDS, and XPS data analyses revealed that anion MoO42− and metal cation Fe3+ were successfully incorporated into the coatings. The results demonstrated that PEO-coated samples prepared after 60 min exhibit a stronger black color than those created after 30 min, with an absorptance maximum of 0.86. Furthermore, all prepared PEO coatings improve the corrosion resistance of bare titanium. Among them, the 60-minute PEO coatings on both alloys were the ones with the best corrosion properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in 'Surface Sciences and Technology' Section, 2nd Edition)
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Review

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30 pages, 1609 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Bio-Based Wood Protective Systems: A Comprehensive Review
by Massimo Calovi, Alessia Zanardi and Stefano Rossi
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(2), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020736 - 15 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1140
Abstract
This review emphasizes the recent ongoing shift in the wood coating industry towards bio-based resources and circular economy principles, promoting eco-friendly alternatives. In addressing wood’s vulnerabilities, this study investigates the use of natural compounds and biopolymers to enhance wood coatings. These materials contribute [...] Read more.
This review emphasizes the recent ongoing shift in the wood coating industry towards bio-based resources and circular economy principles, promoting eco-friendly alternatives. In addressing wood’s vulnerabilities, this study investigates the use of natural compounds and biopolymers to enhance wood coatings. These materials contribute to protective matrices that safeguard wood surfaces against diverse challenges. Essential oils, vegetable oils, and bio-based polymers are explored for their potential in crafting eco-friendly and durable coating matrices. Furthermore, this review covers efforts to counter weathering and biological decay through the application of various natural compounds and extracts. It evaluates the effectiveness of different bio-based alternatives to traditional chemical preservatives and highlights promising candidates. This review also delves into the incorporation of sustainable pigments and dyes into wood coatings to enhance both protective and aesthetic qualities. Innovative pigments are able to provide visually appealing solutions in line with sustainability principles. As the wood coating industry embraces bio-based resources and the circular economy, researchers are actively developing protective solutions that encompass the coating matrix, preservatives, bio-based fillers, and natural-pigment dyes. This review showcases the continuous efforts of academia and industry to enhance wood coatings’ effectiveness, durability, and sustainability, while maintaining their aesthetic appeal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in 'Surface Sciences and Technology' Section, 2nd Edition)
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