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Antioxidants
Special Issues
Oxidized LDL Lipids
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Oxidized LDL Lipids

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Aberrant Oxidation of Biomolecules".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2019) | Viewed by 22079

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Markku Ahotupa

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Interests: atherosclerosis; lipid oxidation products; lipoprotein transport; physiology of oxidative stress; physical activity; dietary effects
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Several studies during the past few decades have provided evidence of the role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in atherosclerosis and, more recently, in other pathological conditions. Only a small part of the studies on “oxidized LDL” have investigated the effects of oxidized lipids in LDL, even though lipid oxidation products are known as the ultimate species capable of activating and stimulating various atherosclerotic processes. Recent studies support the view that that the transport of lipid oxidation products by lipoproteins is lipoprotein-specific; LDL directing the movement of lipid oxidation products towards peripheral tissues. The fact that LDL may act as a carrier for food-derived toxic lipid oxidation products, in fact, means that LDL has a pro-oxidant role in the body. It is evident that, despite the potential importance, knowledge concerning the biological significance oxidized LDL lipids is still limited. With this Special Issue we wish to gather together new significant information, and hope that this would further boost the research in this field.

The Special Issue “Oxidized LDL Lipids” welcomes submissions of original research or reviews on a broad range of topics including, but not limited to, those listed below:

  • Role of oxidized LDL lipids in atherosclerosis and other pathophysiological conditions
  • Pathophysiological mechanisms related to oxidized LDL lipids
  • Chemistry of oxidized LDL lipids
  • Prevention of oxidation/elimination of oxidized lipids in LDL
  • Dietary and endogenous sources of oxidized lipids in LDL
  • LDL transport function

Prof. Dr. Markku Ahotupa
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • LDL
  • Oxidized lipids
  • Lipoproteins
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Oxidative stress
  • Antioxidative functions
  • Health effects
  • Lipoprotein transport

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 2124 KiB  
Article
Perturbations of Lipids and Oxidized Phospholipids in Lipoproteins of Patients with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Evaluated by Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation and Nanoflow UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS
by Kang Geun Lee, Gwang Bin Lee, Joon Seon Yang and Myeong Hee Moon
Antioxidants 2020, 9(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010046 - 05 Jan 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2812
Abstract
Osteoporosis, a degenerative bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass and high risk of fragility, is associated with the alteration of circulating lipids, especially oxidized phospholipids (Ox-PLs). This study evaluated the lipidomic changes in lipoproteins of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOp) vs. postmenopausal [...] Read more.
Osteoporosis, a degenerative bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass and high risk of fragility, is associated with the alteration of circulating lipids, especially oxidized phospholipids (Ox-PLs). This study evaluated the lipidomic changes in lipoproteins of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOp) vs. postmenopausal healthy controls. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) from plasma samples were size-sorted by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4). Lipids from each lipoprotein were analyzed by nanoflow ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (nUHPLC–ESI–MS/MS). A significant difference was observed in a subset of lipids, most of which were increased in patients with PMOp, when compared to control. Phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen, which plays an antioxidative role, was increased in both lipoproteins (P-16:0/20:4, P-18:0/20:4, and P-18:1/20:4) lysophosphatidic acid 16:0, and six phosphatidylcholines were largely increased in HDL, but triacylglycerols (50:4 and 54:6) and overall ceramide levels were significantly increased only in LDL of patients with PMOp. Further investigation of 33 Ox-PLs showed significant lipid oxidation in PLs with highly unsaturated acyl chains, which were decreased in LDL of patients with PMOp. The present study demonstrated that AF4 with nUHPLC–ESI–MS/MS can be utilized to systematically profile Ox-PLs in the LDL of patients with PMOp. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidized LDL Lipids)
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11 pages, 3331 KiB  
Article
Effects of a Two-Year Home-Based Exercise Training Program on Oxidized LDL and HDL Lipids in Coronary Artery Disease Patients with and without Type-2 Diabetes
by Sanna Tiainen, Antti Kiviniemi, Arto Hautala, Heikki Huikuri, Olavi Ukkola, Kari Tokola, Mikko Tulppo and Tommi Vasankari
Antioxidants 2018, 7(10), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7100144 - 16 Oct 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3992
Abstract
We investigated the effect of two-year home-based exercise training program on oxidized low-density lipoprotein LDL (ox-LDL) and high-density lipoprotein HDL (ox-HDL) lipids in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), both with and without type-2 diabetes (T2D). Analysis of lipoprotein-oxidized lipids was based on [...] Read more.
We investigated the effect of two-year home-based exercise training program on oxidized low-density lipoprotein LDL (ox-LDL) and high-density lipoprotein HDL (ox-HDL) lipids in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), both with and without type-2 diabetes (T2D). Analysis of lipoprotein-oxidized lipids was based on the determination of baseline conjugated dienes in lipoprotein lipids. In order to study the effect of an exercise load on ox-LDL and ox-HDL lipids patients in both CAD and CAD + T2D intervention, groups were divided in three based on exercise load (high, medium, and low). During the two-year home-based exercise training program, the study showed that only higher training volume resulted in a decreased concentration of ox-LDL, while the two groups with lower training volumes showed no change. This result indicates that the training load needs to be sufficiently high in order to decrease the concentration of atherogenic ox-LDL lipids in patients with CAD and CAD + T2D. Interestingly, the concentration of ox-HDL did not change in any of the subgroups. This could indicate that the lipid peroxide-transporting capacity of HDL, suggested by results from exercise training studies in healthy adults, may not function similarly in CAD patients with or without T2D. Moreover, the lipid-lowering medication used may have had an influence on these results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidized LDL Lipids)
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Review

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17 pages, 917 KiB  
Review
Anti-Oxidized LDL Antibodies and Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review
by Victor J. van den Berg, Maxime M. Vroegindewey, Isabella Kardys, Eric Boersma, Dorian Haskard, Adam Hartley and Ramzi Khamis
Antioxidants 2019, 8(10), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8100484 - 15 Oct 2019
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 3929
Abstract
Antibodies to oxidized LDL (oxLDL) may be associated with improved outcomes in cardiovascular disease. However, analysis is restricted by heterogenous study design and endpoints. Our objective was to conduct a comprehensive systematic review assessing anti-oxLDL antibodies in relation to coronary artery disease (CAD). [...] Read more.
Antibodies to oxidized LDL (oxLDL) may be associated with improved outcomes in cardiovascular disease. However, analysis is restricted by heterogenous study design and endpoints. Our objective was to conduct a comprehensive systematic review assessing anti-oxLDL antibodies in relation to coronary artery disease (CAD). Through a systematic literature search, we identified all studies assessing the relationship of either, IgG or IgM ox-LDL/ copper-oxLDL/ malondialdehyde-LDL, with coronary atherosclerosis or cardiovascular events in populations with, and without, established CAD. Systematic review best practices were adhered to and study quality was assessed. An initial electronic database search identified 2059 records, which was subsequently followed by abstract and full-text review. Finally, we included 18 studies with over 1811 patients with CAD. The studies varied according to populations studied, conventional cardiovascular risk factors and interventional modalities used to assess CAD. IgM anti-oxLDL antibodies were found to indicate protection from more severe CAD and possibly cardiovascular events, whilst the relationship with IgG is more complex and difficult to elucidate, with studies reporting divergent results. In this systematic review, there is evidence that suggests a relationship between anti-oxLDL antibodies and CAD, especially for the IgM subclass. However, further studies, with well-characterized prospective cohorts, will be important to clarify these associations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidized LDL Lipids)
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15 pages, 1054 KiB  
Review
LOX-1: Regulation, Signaling and Its Role in Atherosclerosis
by Ajoe John Kattoor, Akshay Goel and Jawahar L. Mehta
Antioxidants 2019, 8(7), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8070218 - 11 Jul 2019
Cited by 144 | Viewed by 10594
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has long been known to be a chronic inflammatory disease. In addition, there is intense oxidative stress in atherosclerosis resulting from an imbalance between the excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inadequate anti-oxidant defense forces. The excess of the oxidative forces [...] Read more.
Atherosclerosis has long been known to be a chronic inflammatory disease. In addition, there is intense oxidative stress in atherosclerosis resulting from an imbalance between the excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inadequate anti-oxidant defense forces. The excess of the oxidative forces results in the conversion of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), which is highly atherogenic. The sub-endothelial deposition of ox-LDL, formation of foamy macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration, and deposition of collagen are central pathophysiologic steps in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Ox-LDL exerts its action through several different scavenger receptors, the most important of which is LOX-1 in atherogenesis. LOX-1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that binds to and internalizes ox-LDL. This interaction results in variable downstream effects based on the cell type. In endothelial cells, there is an increased expression of cellular adhesion molecules, resulting in the increased attachment and migration of inflammatory cells to intima, followed by their differentiation into macrophages. There is also a worsening endothelial dysfunction due to the increased production of vasoconstrictors, increased ROS, and depletion of endothelial nitric oxide (NO). In the macrophages and VSMCs, ox-LDL causes further upregulation of the LOX-1 gene, modulation of calpains, macrophage migration, VSMC proliferation and foam cell formation. Soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1), a fragment of the main LOX-1 molecule, is being investigated as a diagnostic marker because it has been shown to be present in increased quantities in patients with hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease. LOX-1 gene deletion in mice and anti-LOX-1 therapy has been shown to decrease inflammation, oxidative stress and atherosclerosis. LOX-1 deletion also results in damage from ischemia, making LOX-1 a promising target of therapy for atherosclerosis and related disorders. In this article we focus on the different mechanisms for regulation, signaling and the various effects of LOX-1 in contributing to atherosclerosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidized LDL Lipids)
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