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Antioxidants
Special Issues
Antioxidant capacity of Anthocyanins and Other Vegetal Pigments
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Antioxidant capacity of Anthocyanins and Other Vegetal Pigments

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2020) | Viewed by 58506

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Agustín G. Asuero

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
Interests: natural antioxidants; chemometrics; solution chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Noelia Tena

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
Interests: analytical chemistry; food chemistry; food safety and quality; oxidation stability; sensory assessment; spectroscopic techniques; chemometrics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Currently, there is an increasing interest in reducing the use of synthetic antioxidants in processed food because they present significant health risks. In addition, due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity synthetic antioxidants have been banned in many countries. As a consequence, research on the antioxidant capacity of natural products is becoming more important. The health benefits of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables are obvious, as has been evidenced by various epidemiological studies. These benefits include the prevention of some diseases related to oxidative stress, e.g., cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Different natural pigments, chlorophylls, carotenoids, polyphenols, and particularly, anthocyanins have been presented as attractive alternatives to synthetic FD&C dyes and lakes for the food industry, because of their coloring properties and antioxidant capacity. Their biological activities are dependent on temperature, light, matrix composition, physical state, concentration, and chemical structure. However, it is difficult to determine their roles in the oxidative process because they are associated with different stress-preventative mechanisms including free radical scavenging, heavy metal chelation, singlet oxygen quenching, light blocking, and hydrogen donation. Such mechanisms can occur individually or in combination, depending on multiple factors. In general, the antioxidant properties of these compounds operate both in the food and in the living organism after intake.

Prof. Dr. Agustín G. Asuero
Dr. Noelia Tena
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • antioxidant capacity
  • anthocyanins
  • polyphenol pigments
  • chlorophylls
  • carotenoids
  • natural antioxidant
  • free radical scavenging
  • heavy metal chelation
  • light blocking
  • hydrogen donation
  • oxidation stability
  • encapsulation

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 188 KiB  
Editorial
Antioxidant Capacity of Anthocyanins and other Vegetal Pigments
by Noelia Tena and Agustin G. Asuero
Antioxidants 2020, 9(8), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080665 - 25 Jul 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2300
Abstract
Anthocyanins are the largest group of phenolic pigments, being effective hydrogen donors [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant capacity of Anthocyanins and Other Vegetal Pigments)

Research

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11 pages, 898 KiB  
Article
Screening and Characterization of Antiglycoxidant Anthocyanins from Vaccinium myrtillus Fruit Using DPPH and Methylglyoxal Pre-Column HPLC Assays
by Didier Fraisse, Alexis Bred, Catherine Felgines and François Senejoux
Antioxidants 2020, 9(6), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060512 - 10 Jun 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3525
Abstract
Vaccinium myrtillus fruit (bilberry) is well known for its high richness in anthocyanins, which may be responsible for its preventive effects on several oxidative and carbonyl stress-related pathologies. However, limited data are available regarding the antioxidant and antiglycative contributions of its constituents. Spectrometric [...] Read more.
Vaccinium myrtillus fruit (bilberry) is well known for its high richness in anthocyanins, which may be responsible for its preventive effects on several oxidative and carbonyl stress-related pathologies. However, limited data are available regarding the antioxidant and antiglycative contributions of its constituents. Spectrometric analyses were performed to evaluate anthocyanin content, radical scavenging and antiglycative properties of an anthocyanin-rich extract from bilberries. Additionally, original DPPH and methylglyoxal pre-column HPLC methods were instigated to allow straightforward identification of the main contributors to radical and carbonyl trapping effects. Finally, representative pure anthocyanins were evaluated using classical DPPH and antiglycation assays. Delphinidin, petunidin and cyanidin glycosides were identified as the most effective radical scavenging constituents in both HPLC and spectrometric DPPH evaluations. Potent antiglycative activities were also assessed for cyanidin, delphinidin and petunidin glucosides as attested by their respective IC50 values of 114.2 ± 7.8, 130.5 ± 2.8, and 132.4 ± 3.7 µM. Interestingly, methylglyoxal spiking evaluation demonstrated that all bilberry anthocyanins exerted noticeable and comparable α-dicarbonyl trapping effects. Anthocyanins can be regarded as potent antiglycoxidant agents that might account for some health benefits of bilberries consumption. Besides, significant differences in their contributions were successfully highlighted by the employed pre-column HPLC assays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant capacity of Anthocyanins and Other Vegetal Pigments)
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14 pages, 1787 KiB  
Article
Ex Vivo and In Vivo Assessment of the Penetration of Topically Applied Anthocyanins Utilizing ATR-FTIR/PLS Regression Models and HPLC-PDA-MS
by Alexandra Westfall, Gregory T. Sigurdson, Luis E. Rodriguez-Saona and M. Mónica Giusti
Antioxidants 2020, 9(6), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060486 - 03 Jun 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4118
Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural colorants with antioxidant properties, shown to inhibit photoaging reactions and reduce symptoms of some skin diseases. However, little is known about their penetration through the stratum corneum, a prerequisite for bioactivity. The aim was to investigate anthocyanin penetration from lipophilic [...] Read more.
Anthocyanins are natural colorants with antioxidant properties, shown to inhibit photoaging reactions and reduce symptoms of some skin diseases. However, little is known about their penetration through the stratum corneum, a prerequisite for bioactivity. The aim was to investigate anthocyanin penetration from lipophilic cosmetic formulations through the skin using a porcine ear model and human volunteers. ATR-FTIR/PLS regression and HPLC-PDA-MS were used to analyze anthocyanin permeation through the stratum corneum. Penetration of all anthocyanins was evident and correlated with molecular weight and hydrophilicity. Lower-molecular-weight (MW) anthocyanins from elderberry (449–581 Da) were more permeable within the skin in both ex vivo and in vivo models (Kp = 2.3–2.4 × 10−4 cm h−1) than the larger anthocyanins (933-1019 Da) from red radish (Kp = 2.0–2.1 × 10−4 cm h−1). Elderberry and red radish anthocyanins were found at all levels of the stratum corneum and at depths for activity as bioactive ingredients for skin health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant capacity of Anthocyanins and Other Vegetal Pigments)
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22 pages, 678 KiB  
Article
Anthocyanins in Blueberries Grown in Hot Climate Exert Strong Antioxidant Activity and May Be Effective against Urinary Tract Bacteria
by Ana B. Cerezo, Giorgiana M. Cătunescu, Mercedes Martínez-Pais González, Ruth Hornedo-Ortega, Carmen R. Pop, Crina Claudia Rusu, Flore Chirilă, Ancuța M. Rotar, M. Carmen Garcia-Parrilla and Ana M. Troncoso
Antioxidants 2020, 9(6), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060478 - 02 Jun 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7185
Abstract
Anthocyanins are extensively studied for their health-related properties, including antibacterial activity against urinary tract infections (UTI). Among common fruits, blueberries, with their remarkable antioxidant capacity, are one of the richest sources. Anthocyanin-rich extracts were obtained from four varieties: Snowchaser, Star, Stella Blue and [...] Read more.
Anthocyanins are extensively studied for their health-related properties, including antibacterial activity against urinary tract infections (UTI). Among common fruits, blueberries, with their remarkable antioxidant capacity, are one of the richest sources. Anthocyanin-rich extracts were obtained from four varieties: Snowchaser, Star, Stella Blue and Cristina Blue, grown in the hot climate of Southern Spain. Their total anthocyanins contents (TAC) were determined spectrophotometrically, and the anthocyanin profile by ultra high performance liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). Their antioxidant activity was assessed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, while antibacterial activity against strains isolated from UTI patients was assessed in vitro, helping to select the varieties with the highest bioactive potential. Star showed the highest TAC and antioxidant activity (1663 ± 159 mg of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (cy-3-O-glu) equivalents/100 g fresh weight (FW), 6345 ± 601 μmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/100 g FW, respectively), followed by Cristina Blue, Stella Blue and Snowchaser. As far as we know, this is the first time that cyanidin-3-rutinoside has been identified in blueberries. The extracts inhibited all the tested strains, MICs ranging from 0.4 mg/mL (for Stella Blue extract against UTI P. aeruginosa) to 9.5 mg/mL (for all extracts against UTI K. pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae). This is the first study that assessed in vitro the antibacterial activity of blueberries against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia stuartii and Micrococcus spp. strains isolated from UTI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant capacity of Anthocyanins and Other Vegetal Pigments)
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Review

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24 pages, 350 KiB  
Review
Edible Leafy Plants from Mexico as Sources of Antioxidant Compounds, and Their Nutritional, Nutraceutical and Antimicrobial Potential: A Review
by Lourdes Mateos-Maces, José Luis Chávez-Servia, Araceli Minerva Vera-Guzmán, Elia Nora Aquino-Bolaños, Jimena E. Alba-Jiménez and Bethsabe Belem Villagómez-González
Antioxidants 2020, 9(6), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060541 - 20 Jun 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6750
Abstract
A review of indigenous Mexican plants with edible stems and leaves and their nutritional and nutraceutical potential was conducted, complemented by the authors’ experiences. In Mexico, more than 250 species with edible stems, leaves, vines and flowers, known as “quelites,” are [...] Read more.
A review of indigenous Mexican plants with edible stems and leaves and their nutritional and nutraceutical potential was conducted, complemented by the authors’ experiences. In Mexico, more than 250 species with edible stems, leaves, vines and flowers, known as “quelites,” are collected or are cultivated and consumed. The assessment of the quelite composition depends on the chemical characteristics of the compounds being evaluated; the protein quality is a direct function of the amino acid content, which is evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the contribution of minerals is evaluated by atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) or ICP mass spectrometry. The total contents of phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, saponins and other general compounds have been analyzed using UV-vis spectrophotometry and by HPLC. For the determination of specific compounds such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, organic acids and other profiles, it is recommended to use HPLC-DAD, UHPLC-DAD, UFLC-PDA or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The current biochemical analysis and biological evaluations were performed to understand the mechanisms of action that lead to decreased glucose levels and lipid peroxidation, increased hypoglycemic and antitumor activity, immune system improvement, increased antibacterial and antifungal activity and, in some cases, anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant capacity of Anthocyanins and Other Vegetal Pigments)
38 pages, 4272 KiB  
Review
Carotenoids and Chlorophylls as Antioxidants
by Antonio Pérez-Gálvez, Isabel Viera and María Roca
Antioxidants 2020, 9(6), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060505 - 09 Jun 2020
Cited by 188 | Viewed by 12842
Abstract
Chlorophylls and carotenoids are natural pigments that are present in our daily diet, especially with the increasing tendency towards more natural and healthy behaviors among consumers. As disturbed antioxidant homeostasis capacities seem to be implicated in the progress of different pathologies, the antioxidant [...] Read more.
Chlorophylls and carotenoids are natural pigments that are present in our daily diet, especially with the increasing tendency towards more natural and healthy behaviors among consumers. As disturbed antioxidant homeostasis capacities seem to be implicated in the progress of different pathologies, the antioxidant properties of both groups of lipophilic compounds have been studied. The objective of this review was to analyze the state-of-the-art advances in this field. We conducted a systematic bibliographic search (Web of Science™ and Scopus®), followed by a comprehensive and critical description of the results, with special emphasis on highly cited and more recently published research. In addition to an evaluative description of the methodologies, this review discussed different approaches used to obtain a physiological perspective, from in vitro studies to in vivo assays using oxidative biomarkers. From a chemical viewpoint, many studies have demonstrated how a pigment’s structure influences its antioxidant response and the underlying mechanisms. The major outcome is that this knowledge is essential for interpreting new data in a metabolic networks context in the search for more direct applications to health. A promising era is coming where the term “antioxidant” is understood in terms of its broadest significance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant capacity of Anthocyanins and Other Vegetal Pigments)
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28 pages, 1412 KiB  
Review
State of the Art of Anthocyanins: Antioxidant Activity, Sources, Bioavailability, and Therapeutic Effect in Human Health
by Noelia Tena, Julia Martín and Agustín G. Asuero
Antioxidants 2020, 9(5), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050451 - 23 May 2020
Cited by 233 | Viewed by 20300
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins in food is well known. Numerous antioxidant assays have been proposed to measure the capacity of anthocyanins to prevent the oxidation process that naturally occurs. Different solvents, temperatures, and pH levels are applied in each assay, and these [...] Read more.
The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins in food is well known. Numerous antioxidant assays have been proposed to measure the capacity of anthocyanins to prevent the oxidation process that naturally occurs. Different solvents, temperatures, and pH levels are applied in each assay, and these factors should be taken into account in order to obtain useful and reproducible results. The concentration and the structure of these compounds are directly related to their antioxidant capacity and their environment. However, the effectiveness of the anthocyanin ingestion against diseases is also influenced by its bioavailability. Novel methodologies that simulate the digestion process have been developed in order to facilitate the current knowledge of anthocyanins bioavailability. Studies highlight the potential synergy effect between parent compounds and their derivatives (metabolites, conjugated products, and microbe-generated metabolites). The aim of this review is to provide an overview of advantages and disadvantages of the most common methods to determine the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins, chemical structure, and concentration of these compounds in different edible fruits, vegetables, and plants; their bioavailability after intake; as well as the main therapeutic effect described in the scientific literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant capacity of Anthocyanins and Other Vegetal Pigments)
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