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23 pages, 4098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Microbiome Landscape: A Metagenomic Study of Bacterial Diversity, Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Factors in the Sediments of the River Ganga, India

by Ajaya Kumar Rout, Partha Sarathi Tripathy, Sangita Dixit, Dibyajyoti Uttameswar Behera, Bhaskar Behera, Basanta Kumar Das and Bijay Kumar Behera

Antibiotics 2023, 12(12), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12121735 - 14 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1313

Abstract

The global rise in antibiotic resistance, fueled by indiscriminate antibiotic usage in medicine, aquaculture, agriculture, and the food industry, presents a significant public health challenge. Urban wastewater and sewage treatment plants have become key sources of antibiotic resistance proliferation. The present study focuses [...] Read more.

The global rise in antibiotic resistance, fueled by indiscriminate antibiotic usage in medicine, aquaculture, agriculture, and the food industry, presents a significant public health challenge. Urban wastewater and sewage treatment plants have become key sources of antibiotic resistance proliferation. The present study focuses on the river Ganges in India, which is heavily impacted by human activities and serves as a potential hotspot for the spread of antibiotic resistance. We conducted a metagenomic analysis of sediment samples from six distinct locations along the river to assess the prevalence and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within the microbial ecosystem. The metagenomic analysis revealed the predominance of Proteobacteria across regions of the river Ganges. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors were determined by various databases. In addition to this, KEGG and COG analysis revealed important pathways related to AMR. The outcomes highlight noticeable regional differences in the prevalence of AMR genes. The findings suggest that enhancing health and sanitation infrastructure could play a crucial role in mitigating the global impact of AMR. This research contributes vital insights into the environmental aspects of antibiotic resistance, highlighting the importance of targeted public health interventions in the fight against AMR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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13 pages, 589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Occurrence and Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Isolates from Foods and Containers

by Rada Kansaen, Parichart Boueroy, Rujirat Hatrongjit, Watcharaporn Kamjumphol, Anusak Kerdsin and Peechanika Chopjitt

Antibiotics 2023, 12(8), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12081287 - 04 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1141

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as an urgent global public health issue that requires immediate attention. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) is a major problem, as it may cause serious human and animal infections, eventually resulting in death. This study determined the proportional distribution, genetic [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as an urgent global public health issue that requires immediate attention. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) is a major problem, as it may cause serious human and animal infections, eventually resulting in death. This study determined the proportional distribution, genetic characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility of mecA- or mecC-carrying staphylococci isolated from food chain products. A total of 230 samples were taken from meat, food, fermented food, and food containers. Overall, 13.9% (32/230) of the samples were identified to have Staphylococcus aureus isolates; of those, 3.9% (9/230) were MRS, with eight mecA-positive and one mecC-positive samples, and 1.3% (3/230) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA strains belonging to three sequence types (ST9, ST22, and a newly identified ST), three different spa types (T005, t526, and a newly identified type), and three different SCCmec types (IV, V, and an unidentified SCCmec) were detected. Additionally, eight mecA-positive staphylococcal isolates were identified as S. haemolyticus, S. sciuri, S. simulans, and S. warneri, while the mecC-harboring isolate was S. xylosus. The enterotoxin gene, SEm, was detected at 1.56% in S. aureus, whereas SEq was detected at 0.31%, and SEi was also found in MRSA. Our study emphasizes the importance of enhanced hygiene standards in reducing the risk of occupational and foodborne MRSA infections associated with the handling or consumption of meat, food, and preserved food products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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20 pages, 4511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorptive–Photocatalytic Performance for Antibiotic and Personal Care Product Using Cu_0.5Mn_0.5Fe₂O₄

by Chanat Chokejaroenrat, Chainarong Sakulthaew, Athaphon Angkaew, Apiladda Pattanateeradetch, Wuttinun Raksajit, Kanokwan Teingtham, Piyaporn Phansak, Pawee Klongvessa, Daniel D. Snow, Clifford E. Harris and Steve D. Comfort

Antibiotics 2023, 12(7), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12071151 - 05 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 994

Abstract

The amount of antibiotics and personal care products entering local sewage systems and ultimately natural waters is increasing and raising concerns about long-term human health effects. We developed an adsorptive photocatalyst, Cu_0.5Mn_0.5Fe₂O₄ nanoparticles, utilizing co-precipitation and [...] Read more.

The amount of antibiotics and personal care products entering local sewage systems and ultimately natural waters is increasing and raising concerns about long-term human health effects. We developed an adsorptive photocatalyst, Cu_0.5Mn_0.5Fe₂O₄ nanoparticles, utilizing co-precipitation and calcination with melamine, and quantified its efficacy in removing paraben and oxytetracycline (OTC). During melamine calcination, Cu_0.5Mn_0.5Fe₂O₄ recrystallized, improving material crystallinity and purity for the adsorptive–photocatalytic reaction. Kinetic experiments showed that all four parabens and OTC were removed within 120 and 45 min. We found that contaminant adsorption and reaction with active radicals occurred almost simultaneously with the photocatalyst. OTC adsorption could be adequately described by the Brouers–Sotolongo kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models. OTC photocatalytic degradation started with a series of reactions at different carbon locations (i.e., decarboxamidation, deamination, dehydroxylation, demethylation, and tautomerization). Further toxicity testing showed that Zea mays L. and Vigna radiata L. shoot indexes were less affected by treated water than root indexes. The Zea mays L. endodermis thickness and area decreased considerably after exposure to the 25% (v/v)-treated water. Overall, Cu_0.5Mn_0.5Fe₂O₄ nanoparticles exhibit a remarkable adsorptive–photocatalytic performance for the degradation of tested antibiotics and personal care products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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19 pages, 2443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing a Slow-Release Permanganate Composite for Degrading Aquaculture Antibiotics

by Chainarong Sakulthaew, Chanat Chokejaroenrat, Sidaporn Panya, Apisit Songsasen, Kitipong Poomipuen, Saksit Imman, Nopparat Suriyachai, Torpong Kreetachat and Steve Comfort

Antibiotics 2023, 12(6), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061025 - 07 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1220

Abstract

Copious use of antibiotics in aquaculture farming systems has resulted in surface water contamination in some countries. Our objective was to develop a slow-release oxidant that could be used in situ to reduce antibiotic concentrations in discharges from aquaculture lagoons. We accomplished this [...] Read more.

Copious use of antibiotics in aquaculture farming systems has resulted in surface water contamination in some countries. Our objective was to develop a slow-release oxidant that could be used in situ to reduce antibiotic concentrations in discharges from aquaculture lagoons. We accomplished this by generating a slow-release permanganate (SR-MnO₄⁻) that was composed of a biodegradable wax and a phosphate-based dispersing agent. Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and its synergistic antibiotics were used as representative surrogates. Kinetic experiments verified that the antibiotic-MnO₄⁻ reactions were first-order with respect to MnO₄⁻ and initial antibiotic concentration (second-order rates: 0.056–0.128 s⁻¹ M⁻¹). A series of batch experiments showed that solution pH, water matrices, and humic acids impacted SDM degradation efficiency. Degradation plateaus were observed in the presence of humic acids (>20 mgL⁻¹), which caused greater MnO₂ production. A mixture of KMnO₄/beeswax/paraffin (SRB) at a ratio of 11.5:4:1 (w/w) was better for biodegradability and the continual release of MnO₄⁻, but MnO₂ formation altered release patterns. Adding tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP) into the composite resulted in delaying MnO₂ aggregation and increased SDM removal efficiency to 90% due to the increased oxidative sites on the MnO₂ particle surface. The MnO₄⁻ release data fit the Siepmann–Peppas model over the long term (t < 48 d) while a Higuchi model provided a better fit for shorter timeframes (t < 8 d). Our flow-through discharge tank system using SRB with TKPP continually reduced the SDM concentration in both DI water and lagoon wastewater. These results support SRB with TKPP as an effective composite for treating antibiotic residues in aquaculture discharge water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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10 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Real Practice Prescribing Antibiotics in Outpatients: A Failed Control Case Assessed through the Simulated Patient Method

by María Guadalupe Miranda-Novales, Karen Flores-Moreno, Mauricio Rodríguez-Álvarez, Yolanda López-Vidal, José Luis Soto-Hernández, Fortino Solórzano Santos and Samuel Ponce-de-León-Rosales

Antibiotics 2023, 12(5), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050915 - 16 May 2023

Viewed by 1544

Abstract

The first level of medical care provides the largest number of consultations for the most frequent diseases at the community level, including acute pharyngitis (AP), acute diarrhoea (AD) and uncomplicated acute urinary tract infections (UAUTIs). The inappropriate use of antibiotics in these diseases [...] Read more.

The first level of medical care provides the largest number of consultations for the most frequent diseases at the community level, including acute pharyngitis (AP), acute diarrhoea (AD) and uncomplicated acute urinary tract infections (UAUTIs). The inappropriate use of antibiotics in these diseases represents a high risk for the generation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria causing community infections. To evaluate the patterns of medical prescription for these diseases in medical offices adjacent to pharmacies, we used an adult simulated patient (SP) method representing the three diseases, AP, AD and UAUTI. Each person played a role in one of the three diseases, with the signs and symptoms described in the national clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic management were assessed. Information from 280 consultations in the Mexico City area was obtained. For the 101 AP consultations, in 90 cases (89.1%), one or more antibiotics or antivirals were prescribed; for the 127 AD, in 104 cases (81.8%), one or more antiparasitic drugs or intestinal antiseptics were prescribed; for the scenarios involving UAUTIs in adult women, in 51 of 52 cases (98.1%) one antibiotic was prescribed. The antibiotic group with the highest prescription pattern for AP, AD and UAUTIs was aminopenicillins and benzylpenicillins [27/90 (30%)], co-trimoxazole [35/104 (27.6%)] and quinolones [38/51 (73.1%)], respectively. Our findings reveal the highly inappropriate use of antibiotics for AP and AD in a sector of the first level of health care, which could be a widespread phenomenon at the regional and national level and highlights the urgent need to update antibiotic prescriptions for UAUTIs according to local resistance patterns. Supervision of adherence to the CPGs is needed, as well as raising awareness about the rational use of antibiotics and the threat posed by AMR at the first level of care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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18 pages, 2358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genotypic Diversity, Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Phenotypes of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Clinical Isolates from a Thai University Hospital Setting

by Orathai Yinsai, Manu Deeudom and Kwanjit Duangsonk

Antibiotics 2023, 12(2), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020410 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1702

Abstract

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multidrug-resistant organism that is emerging as an important opportunistic pathogen. Despite this, information on the epidemiology and characteristics of this bacterium, especially in Thailand, is rarely found. This study aimed to determine the demographic, genotypic, and phenotypic characteristics of [...] Read more.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multidrug-resistant organism that is emerging as an important opportunistic pathogen. Despite this, information on the epidemiology and characteristics of this bacterium, especially in Thailand, is rarely found. This study aimed to determine the demographic, genotypic, and phenotypic characteristics of S. maltophilia isolates from Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Thailand. A total of 200 S. maltophilia isolates were collected from four types of clinical specimens from 2015 to 2016 and most of the isolates were from sputum. In terms of clinical characteristics, male and aged patients were more susceptible to an S. maltophilia infection. The majority of included patients had underlying diseases and were hospitalized with associated invasive procedures. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. maltophilia isolates showed the highest frequency of resistance to ceftazidime and the lower frequency of resistance to chloramphenicol, levofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), and no resistance to minocycline. The predominant antibiotic resistance genes among the 200 isolates were the smeF gene (91.5%), followed by bla_L1 and bla_L2 genes (43% and 10%), respectively. Other antibiotic resistance genes detected were floR (8.5%), intI1 (7%), sul1 (6%), mfsA (4%) and sul2 (2%). Most S. maltophilia isolates could produce biofilm and could swim in a semisolid medium, however, none of the isolates could swarm. All isolates were positive for hemolysin production, whereas 91.5% and 22.5% of isolates could release protease and lipase enzymes, respectively. In MLST analysis, a high degree of genetic diversity was observed among the 200 S. maltophilia isolates. One hundred and forty-one sequence types (STs), including 130 novel STs, were identified and categorized into six different clonal complex groups. The differences in drug resistance patterns and genetic profiles exhibited various phenotypes of biofilm formation, motility, toxin, and enzymes production which support this bacterium in its virulence and pathogenicity. This study reviewed the characteristics of genotypes and phenotypes of S. maltophilia from Thailand which is necessary for the control and prevention of S. maltophilia local spreading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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10 pages, 9983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiplex PCR Detection of Common Carbapenemase Genes and Identification of Clinically Relevant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Complex

by Rujirat Hatrongjit, Peechanika Chopjitt, Parichart Boueroy and Anusak Kerdsin

Antibiotics 2023, 12(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010076 - 31 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2334

Abstract

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) species are top priority pathogens according to the World Health Organization. Rapid detection is necessary and useful for their surveillance and control globally. This study developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) detection of the common carbapenemase genes NDM, KPC, [...] Read more.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) species are top priority pathogens according to the World Health Organization. Rapid detection is necessary and useful for their surveillance and control globally. This study developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) detection of the common carbapenemase genes NDM, KPC, and OXA-48-like, together with identification of Escherichia coli, and distinguished a Klebsiella pneumoniae complex to be K. pneumoniae, K. quasipneumoniae, and K. variicola. Of 840 target Enterobacterales species, 190 E. coli, 598 K. pneumoniae, 28 K. quasipneumoniae, and 23 K. variicola. with and without NDM, KPC, or OXA-48-like were correctly detected for their species and carbapenemase genes. In contrast, for the Enterobacterales species other than E. coli or K. pneumoniae complex with carbapenemase genes, the mPCR assay could detect only NDM, KPC, or OXA-48-like. This PCR method should be useful in clinical microbiology laboratories requiring rapid detection of CRE for epidemiological investigation and for tracking the trends of carbapenemase gene dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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13 pages, 1339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation, Identification and Genetic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli from Frozen Chicken Meat Obtained from Supermarkets at Dhaka City in Bangladesh

by Mridha. Md. Kamal Hossain, Md. Sharifull Islam, Md. Salah Uddin, A. T. M. Mijanur Rahman, Asad Ud-Daula, Md. Ariful Islam, Rubaya Rubaya, Anjuman Ara Bhuiya, Md. Abdul Alim, Nusrat Jahan, Jinquan Li and Jahangir Alam

Antibiotics 2023, 12(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010041 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2637

Abstract

Antimicrobials have been used to improve animal welfare, food security, and food safety that promote the emergence, selection, and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. In this study, 50 E. coli were isolated from frozen chicken meat samples in Dhaka city. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns [...] Read more.

Antimicrobials have been used to improve animal welfare, food security, and food safety that promote the emergence, selection, and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. In this study, 50 E. coli were isolated from frozen chicken meat samples in Dhaka city. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were assessed through the disk diffusion method and finally screened for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among the 160 samples, the prevalence of E. coli was observed in fifty samples (31.25%). All of these isolates were found resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 52.0% of the isolates were resistant against 4–7 different antimicrobials. High resistance was shown to tetracycline (66.0%), followed by resistance to erythromycin (42.0%), ampicillin and streptomycin (38.0%), and sulfonamide (28.0%). In addition, the most prevalent ARGs were tet(A) (66.0%), ereA (64.0%), tet(B) (60.0%), aadA1 and sulI (56.0%), blaCITM (48.0%) and blaSHV (40.0%). About 90.0% of isolates were multidrug resistant. This study reveals for the first time the current situation of E. coli AMR in broilers, which is helpful for the clinical control of disease as well as for the development of policies and guidelines to reduce AMR in broilers production in Bangladesh. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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11 pages, 1205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Distribution of Mobile Colistin-Resistant Genes, Carbapenemase-Encoding Genes, and Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Natural Water Sources in Upper Northeast Thailand

by Pongthep Tabut, Rapeepan Yongyod, Ratchadaporn Ungcharoen and Anusak Kerdsin

Antibiotics 2022, 11(12), 1760; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121760 - 06 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1549

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered a serious problem in many countries, including Thailand. AMR and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) could transfer between humans, animals, and the environment causing a threat to human health. This study described the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli ( [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered a serious problem in many countries, including Thailand. AMR and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) could transfer between humans, animals, and the environment causing a threat to human health. This study described the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) from surface water, wastewater, and discharge water in the Namsuay watershed in upper northeast Thailand. The water samples were collected in the dry and wet seasons. The 113 E. coli isolates were confirmed using a polymerase chain reaction and examined for their antibiotic susceptibility, ARGs, and genetic relationship. The results indicated that E. coli was resistant to the following classes of antibiotics: fluoroquinolone, third-generation cephalosporin, polymyxin, and carbapenem. The isolates carried the mcr-1, mcr-8, mcr-9, bla_oxa-48-like, aac(6′)-bl-cr, qepA, and oqxAB genes. Phylogroup B1 was a predominant group among the E. coli in the study. In addition, the E. coli isolates from the discharge water (a hospital and a fish farm) had a higher prevalence of antibiotic resistance and harboured more ARGs than the other water sample sources. The presence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli and ARG contamination in the natural water source reflected an AMR management issue that could drive strategic policy regarding the active surveillance and prevention of AMR contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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14 pages, 1733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Irrigation Ponds as Sources of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in Agricultural Areas with Intensive Use of Poultry Litter

by Eliene S. Lopes, Cláudio E. T. Parente, Renata C. Picão and Lucy Seldin

Antibiotics 2022, 11(11), 1650; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111650 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1606

Abstract

Poultry litter is widely used worldwide as an organic fertilizer in agriculture. However, poultry litter may contain high concentrations of antibiotics and/or antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB), which can be mobilized through soil erosion to water bodies, contributing to the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes [...] Read more.

Poultry litter is widely used worldwide as an organic fertilizer in agriculture. However, poultry litter may contain high concentrations of antibiotics and/or antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB), which can be mobilized through soil erosion to water bodies, contributing to the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. To better comprehend this kind of mobilization, the bacterial communities of four ponds used for irrigation in agricultural and poultry production areas were determined in two periods of the year: at the beginning (low volume of rainfall) and at the end of the rainy season (high volume of rainfall). 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed not only significantly different bacterial community structures and compositions among the four ponds but also between the samplings. When the DNA obtained from the water samples was PCR amplified using primers for ARGs, those encoding integrases (intI1) and resistance to sulfonamides (sul1 and sul2) and β-lactams (bla_GES, bla_TEM and bla_SHV) were detected in three ponds. Moreover, bacterial strains were isolated from CHROMagar plates supplemented with sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin and identified as belonging to clinically important Enterobacteriaceae. The results presented here indicate a potential risk of spreading ARB through water resources in agricultural areas with extensive fertilization with poultry litter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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13 pages, 3358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occurrence and Characterization of NDM-1-Producing Shewanella spp. and Acinetobacter portensis Co-Harboring tet(X3) in a Chinese Dairy Farm

by Ruichao Li, Lifei Zhang, Xiaoyu Lu, Kai Peng, Yuan Liu, Xia Xiao, Hongqin Song and Zhiqiang Wang

Antibiotics 2022, 11(10), 1422; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101422 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1600

Abstract

Bacteria with carbapenem or tigecycline resistance have been spreading widely among humans, animals and the environment globally, being great threats to public health. However, bacteria co-carrying drug resistance genes of carbapenem and tigecycline in Shewanella and Acinetobacter species remain to be investigated. Here, [...] Read more.

Bacteria with carbapenem or tigecycline resistance have been spreading widely among humans, animals and the environment globally, being great threats to public health. However, bacteria co-carrying drug resistance genes of carbapenem and tigecycline in Shewanella and Acinetobacter species remain to be investigated. Here, we detected nine bla_NDM-1-carrying Shewanella spp. isolates as well as three A. portensis isolates co-harboring tet(X3) and bla_NDM-1 from seventy-two samples collected from a dairy farm in China. To explore their genomic characteristic and transmission mechanism, we utilized various methods, including PCR, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation experiment, whole-genome sequencing, circular intermediate identification and bioinformatics analysis. Clonal dissemination was found among three A. portensis, of which tet(X3) and bla_NDM-1 were located on a novel non-conjugative plasmid pJNE5-X3_NDM-1 (333,311 bp), and the circular intermediate ΔISCR2-tet(X3)-bla_NDM-1 was identified. Moreover, there was another copy of tet(X3) on the chromosome of A. portensis. It was verified that bla_NDM-1 could be transferred to Escherichia coli C600 from Shewanella spp. by conjugation, and self-transmissible IncA/C₂ plasmids mediated the transmission of bla_NDM-1 in Shewanella spp. strains. Stringent surveillance was warranted to curb the transmission of such vital resistance genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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20 pages, 3841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enrofloxacin and Sulfamethoxazole Sorption on Carbonized Leonardite: Kinetics, Isotherms, Influential Effects, and Antibacterial Activity toward S. aureus ATCC 25923

by Chanat Chokejaroenrat, Chainarong Sakulthaew, Khomson Satchasataporn, Daniel D. Snow, Tarik E. Ali, Mohammed A. Assiri, Apichon Watcharenwong, Saksit Imman, Nopparat Suriyachai and Torpong Kreetachat

Antibiotics 2022, 11(9), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091261 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1776

Abstract

Excessive antibiotic use in veterinary applications has resulted in water contamination and potentially poses a serious threat to aquatic environments and human health. The objective of the current study was to quantify carbonized leonardite (cLND) adsorption capabilities to remove sulfamethoxazole (SMX)- and enrofloxacin [...] Read more.

Excessive antibiotic use in veterinary applications has resulted in water contamination and potentially poses a serious threat to aquatic environments and human health. The objective of the current study was to quantify carbonized leonardite (cLND) adsorption capabilities to remove sulfamethoxazole (SMX)- and enrofloxacin (ENR)-contaminated water and to determine the microbial activity of ENR residuals on cLND following adsorption. The cLND samples prepared at 450 °C and 850 °C (cLND450 and cLND550, respectively) were evaluated for structural and physical characteristics and adsorption capabilities based on adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies. The low pyrolysis temperature of cLND resulted in a heterogeneous surface that was abundant in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups. SMX and ENR adsorption were best described using a pseudo-second-order rate expression. The SMX and ENR adsorption equilibrium data on cLND450 and cLND550 revealed their better compliance with a Langmuir isotherm than with four other models based on 2.3-fold higher values of q_mENR than q_mSMX. Under the presence of the environmental interference, the electrostatic interaction was the main contributing factor to the adsorption capability. Microbial activity experiments based on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 revealed that cLND could successfully adsorb and subsequently retain the adsorbed antibiotic on the cLND surface. This study demonstrated the potential of cLND550 as a suitable low-cost adsorbent for the highly efficient removal of antibiotics from water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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11 pages, 916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mortality in Thai Nursing Homes Based on Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterobacterales Carriage and COVID-19 Lockdown Timing: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Thundon Ngamprasertchai, Muthita Vanaporn, Sant Muangnoicharoen, Wirichada Pan-ngum, Narisa Ruenroengbun, Pittaya Piroonamornpun, Thitiya Ponam, Chatnapa Duangdee, Phanita Chankete, Anupop Jitmuang and Visanu Thamlikitkul

Antibiotics 2022, 11(6), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11060762 - 02 Jun 2022

Viewed by 2012

Abstract

Antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacterales carriage and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown measures may impact the incidence all-cause mortality rate among nursing home residents. To determine the all-cause mortality rate in the presence/absence of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacterales carriage and the incidence all-cause mortality rate before and [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacterales carriage and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown measures may impact the incidence all-cause mortality rate among nursing home residents. To determine the all-cause mortality rate in the presence/absence of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacterales carriage and the incidence all-cause mortality rate before and during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, this prospective closed-cohort study was conducted at various types of nursing homes in Bangkok, Thailand, from June 2020 to December 2021. The elderly residents included 142 participants (aged ≥60 years) living in nursing homes ≥3 months, who did not have terminal illnesses. Time-to-event analyses with Cox proportional hazards models and stratified log-rank tests were used. The all-cause mortality rate was 18%, and the incidence all-cause mortality rate was 0.59/1000 person-days in residents who had antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacterales carriage at baseline. Meanwhile, the incidence all-cause mortality rate among noncarriage was 0.17/1000 person-days. The mortality incidence rate of carriage was three times higher than residents who were noncarriage without statistical significance (HR 3.2; 95% CI 0.74, 13.83). Residents in nonprofit nursing homes had a higher mortality rate than those in for-profit nursing homes (OR 9.24; 95% CI 2.14, 39.86). The incidence mortality rate during and before lockdown were 0.62 and 0.30, respectively. Effective infection-control policies akin to hospital-based systems should be endorsed in all types of nursing homes. To limit the interruption of long-term chronic care, COVID-19 prevention should be individualized to nursing homes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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10 pages, 9050 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distinguishing Clinical Enterococcus faecium Strains and Resistance to Vancomycin Using a Simple In-House Screening Test

by Natkamon Saenhom, Parichart Boueroy, Peechanika Chopjitt, Rujirat Hatrongjit and Anusak Kerdsin

Antibiotics 2022, 11(3), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11030286 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2431

Abstract

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a major concern as microorganisms with antimicrobial resistance and as a public health threat contributing significantly to morbidity, mortality, and socio-economic costs. Among VREs, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is frequently isolated and is resistant to many antibiotics used to [...] Read more.

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a major concern as microorganisms with antimicrobial resistance and as a public health threat contributing significantly to morbidity, mortality, and socio-economic costs. Among VREs, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is frequently isolated and is resistant to many antibiotics used to treat patients with hospital-acquired infection. Accurate and rapid detection of VREfm results in effective antimicrobial therapy, immediate patient isolation, dissemination control, and appropriate disinfection measures. An in-house VREfm screening broth was developed and compared to the broth microdilution method and multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the detection of 105 enterococci, including 81 VRE isolates (61 E. faecium, 5 E. faecalis, 10 E. gallinarum, and 5 E. casseliflavus). Verification of this screening broth on 61 VREfm, 20 other VRE, and 24 non-VRE revealed greater validity for VREfm detection. The accuracy of this broth was 100% in distinguishing E. faecium from other enterococcal species. Our test revealed 93.3% accuracy, 97.5% sensitivity, and 79.2% specificity compared with broth microdilution and PCR detecting van genes. The kappa statistic to test interrater reliability was 0.8, revealing substantial agreement for this screening test to the broth microdilution method. In addition, the in-house VREfm screening broth produced rapid positivity after at least 8 h of incubation. Application of this assay to screen VREfm should be useful in clinical laboratories and hospital infection control units. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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Review

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20 pages, 1202 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bacteriophage Therapy as an Application for Bacterial Infection in China

by Shuang Liang, Yanling Qi, Huabo Yu, Wuwen Sun, Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza, Nada Alkhorayef, Samia S. Alkhalil, Essam Eldin Abdelhady Salama and Lei Zhang

Antibiotics 2023, 12(2), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020417 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4050

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant issue to be resolved around the world. Bacteriophage (phage), in contrast to antibiotics, can only kill the target bacteria with no adverse effect on the normal bacterial flora. In this review, we described the biological characteristics [...] Read more.

Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant issue to be resolved around the world. Bacteriophage (phage), in contrast to antibiotics, can only kill the target bacteria with no adverse effect on the normal bacterial flora. In this review, we described the biological characteristics of phage, and summarized the phage application in China, including in mammals, ovipara, aquatilia, and human clinical treatment. The data showed that phage had a good therapeutic effect on drug-resistant bacteria in veterinary fields, as well as in the clinical treatment of humans. However, we need to take more consideration of the narrow lysis spectrum, the immune response, the issues of storage, and the pharmacokinetics of phages. Due to the particularity of bacteriophage as a bacterial virus, there is no unified standard or regulation for the use of bacteriophage in the world at present, which hinders the application of bacteriophage as a substitute for antibiotic biological products. We aimed to highlight the rapidly advancing field of phage therapy as well as the challenges that China faces in reducing its reliance on antibiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Antibiotics in Human, Animal, and Agriculture: Resistance, Determinant, and Treatment)

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