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10 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phylogenetic Relationships of the Strongyloid Nematodes of Australasian Marsupials Based on Mitochondrial Protein Sequences

by Tanapan Sukee, Ian Beveridge, Anson V. Koehler, Ross S. Hall, Robin B. Gasser and Abdul Jabbar

Animals 2022, 12(21), 2900; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12212900 - 22 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1226

Abstract

Australasian marsupials harbour a diverse group of gastrointestinal strongyloid nematodes. These nematodes are currently grouped into two subfamilies, namely the Cloacininae and Phascolostrongylinae. Based on morphological criteria, the Cloacininae and Phascolostrongylinae were defined as monophyletic and placed in the family Cloacinidae, but this [...] Read more.

Australasian marsupials harbour a diverse group of gastrointestinal strongyloid nematodes. These nematodes are currently grouped into two subfamilies, namely the Cloacininae and Phascolostrongylinae. Based on morphological criteria, the Cloacininae and Phascolostrongylinae were defined as monophyletic and placed in the family Cloacinidae, but this has not been supported by molecular data and they are currently placed in the Chabertiidae. Although molecular data (internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes or mitochondrial protein-coding genes) have been used to verify morphological classifications within the Cloacininae and Phascolostrongylinae, the phylogenetic relationships between the subfamilies have not been rigorously tested. This study determined the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies Cloacininae and Phascolostrongylinae using amino acid sequences conceptually translated from the twelve concatenated mitochondrial protein-coding genes. The findings demonstrated that the Cloacininae and Phascolostrongylinae formed a well-supported monophyletic assemblage, consistent with their morphological classification as an independent family, Cloacinidae. Unexpectedly, however, the subfamily Phascolostrongylinae was split into two groups comprising the genera from macropodid hosts (kangaroos and wallabies) and those from vombatid hosts (wombats). Genera of the Cloacininae and Phascolostrongylinae occurring in macropodid hosts were more closely related compared to genera of the Phascolostrongylinae occurring in wombats that formed a sister relationship with the remaining genera from macropods. These findings provide molecular evidence supporting the monophyly of the family Cloacinidae and an alternative hypothesis for the origin of marsupial strongyloid nematodes in vombatid hosts that requires further exploration using molecular approaches and additional samples Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases)

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15 pages, 952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of Rambouillet Lambs to an Artificial Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection

by Jacob W. Thorne, Scott A. Bowdridge, Brenda M. Murdoch and R. Reid Redden

Animals 2022, 12(9), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091199 - 06 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1415

Abstract

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) threaten the productivity and health of sheep worldwide, prompting the need for genetic selection to reduce GIN susceptibility. Fecal egg count (FEC), packed-cell volume (PCV), and various production traits were examined in parasitized Rambouillet sheep and compared to sire FEC [...] Read more.

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) threaten the productivity and health of sheep worldwide, prompting the need for genetic selection to reduce GIN susceptibility. Fecal egg count (FEC), packed-cell volume (PCV), and various production traits were examined in parasitized Rambouillet sheep and compared to sire FEC estimated breeding value (EBV). Rambouillet lambs (n = 77) were inoculated with 10,000 H. contortus L3 larvae. Subsequently, FEC, PCV, and body weight (BW) were captured at seven-day intervals for six weeks. Lambs were sired by one of two rams with post-weaning FEC EBV of −9% or +9%. Mean FEC differed (p = 0.0132) with lambs from the lower EBV sire (“Sire L”) being reduced, versus those from the higher EBV sire (“Sire H”), being 2135 ± 211 vs. 2912 ± 207 eggs per gram, respectively. Males and females did not differ for FEC, but females exhibited a higher mean PCV than males, (33.74 vs. 29.65%, p < 0.0001). Lambs were shorn ~120 d post artificial infection and wool measurements were captured. A negative correlation between FEC and grease fleece weight was observed. Our results describe the response of Rambouillet lambs to artificial H. contortus infection and suggest FEC EBV can reduce susceptibility to GIN in this breed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases)

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9 pages, 1641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Protective Efficacy of Eimeria tenella Rhoptry Kinase Family Protein 17

by Xiaoxin Liu, Bingjin Mu, Wenbin Zheng, Yijing Meng, Linmei Yu, Wenwei Gao, Xingquan Zhu and Qing Liu

Animals 2022, 12(5), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050556 - 23 Feb 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1604

Abstract

Eimeria tenella encodes a genome of approximately 8000 genes. To date, however, very few data are available regarding E. tenella rhoptry kinase family proteins. In the present study, the gene fragment encoding the mature peptide of the rhoptry kinase family protein 17 of [...] Read more.

Eimeria tenella encodes a genome of approximately 8000 genes. To date, however, very few data are available regarding E. tenella rhoptry kinase family proteins. In the present study, the gene fragment encoding the mature peptide of the rhoptry kinase family protein 17 of E. tenella (EtROP17) was amplified by PCR and expressed in E. coli. Then, we generated polyclonal antibodies that recognize EtROP17 and investigated the expression of EtROP17 in the merozoite stage of E. tenella by immunofluorescent staining and Western blot analysis. Meanwhile, the protective efficacy of rEtROP17 against E. tenella was evaluated in chickens. Sequencing analysis showed that a single base difference at sequence position 1901 was observed between the SD-01 strain and the Houghton strain. EtROP17 was expressed in the merozoite stage of E. tenella. The results of the animal challenge experiments demonstrated that vaccination with rEtROP17 significantly reduced cecal lesions and oocyst outputs compared with the challenged control group. Our findings indicate that EtROP17 could serve as a potential candidate for developing a new vaccine against E. tenella. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases)

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10 pages, 650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Black Goats (Capra hircus) in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China

by Shi-Chen Xie, Yang Zou, Zhao Li, Jian-Fa Yang, Xing-Quan Zhu and Feng-Cai Zou

Animals 2021, 11(12), 3387; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123387 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1272

Abstract

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a fungus-like protist that can parasitize in the intestines of humans and various animals causing a threat to public health. However, there has been no data for E. bieneusi prevalence and genotypes in black goats in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. [...] Read more.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a fungus-like protist that can parasitize in the intestines of humans and various animals causing a threat to public health. However, there has been no data for E. bieneusi prevalence and genotypes in black goats in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. In this study, 907 fecal samples were collected from black goats in 5 counties from Yunnan Province. The prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi were examined by nested PCR amplification targeting the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was used to further examine the potential occurrence of genetic segregation. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in black goats in Yunnan Province was 10.3% (93/907). Statistical analysis revealed that E. bieneusi prevalence was significantly associated with the region, age and gender of black goats (p < 0.001). Four new genotypes (CYG-1, CYG-2, CYG-3, CYG-4) and 11 known genotypes (CHG1, CHG2, CHG3, CHG5, CHG28, J, D, BEB6, Wildboar3, CD6, SDD1) of E. bieneusi were identified. At the microsatellite and minisatellite loci, 15, 2, 17, and 33 sequences were obtained, respectively, forming one new multi-locus genotype (MLG27). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all 15 genotypes were clustered into group 1 and group 2, with zoonotic potential. This is the first report of E. bieneusi prevalence and genotypes in black goats in Yunnan Province, China. Effective control strategies and measures should be taken to reduce the risk of E. bieneusi transmission between black goats, other animals, and humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases)

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11 pages, 1140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Indirect Fluorescent Antibody, ELISA, and Immunochromatography Tests for Serological Diagnosis of Bovine Babesiosis Caused by Babesia bovis

by José Juan Lira-Amaya, Grecia Martínez-García, R. Montserrat Santamaria-Espinosa, Roberto O. Castañeda-Arriola, Juan J. Ojeda-Carrasco, Guillermina Ávila-Ramírez and Julio V. Figueroa-Millán

Animals 2021, 11(12), 3358; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123358 - 24 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2089

Abstract

The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) is the most frequently used test to conduct seroepidemiological studies so far, and it is regarded as the "gold standard" test for the serological diagnosis of bovine babesiosis. The aim of the present study was to compare [...] Read more.

The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) is the most frequently used test to conduct seroepidemiological studies so far, and it is regarded as the "gold standard" test for the serological diagnosis of bovine babesiosis. The aim of the present study was to compare the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the rapid immunochromatography test (ICT) for use in the serological diagnosis of cattle exposed to B. bovis in Mexico. The evaluation of test performance was carried out with 30 positive and 30 negative reference sera. A total of 72 bovine sera samples collected from cattle in a region with endemic bovine babesiosis were analyzed by ELISA and ICT, and the results were compared with those of IFAT. Kappa value (k) was also calculated to determine the agreement between tests. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA for detecting antibodies against B. bovis were 87% (26/30) and 80% (24/30), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of ICT for detecting antibodies against B. bovis were 90% (27/30) and 83.3% (25/30), respectively. The overall concordance determined for ELISA and ICT was 94.4% (68/72) and 98.6% (71/72), respectively, when the results were compared with those of IFAT. ICT was more sensitive and specific in this comparative study, showing good strength of agreement (k = 0.79) with respect to IFAT. ICT combines a strip-based assay system that is fast, practical, and sensitive for detection of antibodies to B. bovis, which suggests that it could be applied in the field without requiring any laboratory equipment for its use and interpretation of test results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases)

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11 pages, 700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization of Lipoptena fortisetosa from Environmental Samples Collected in North-Eastern Poland

by Remigiusz Gałęcki, Xuenan Xuan, Tadeusz Bakuła and Jerzy Jaroszewski

Animals 2021, 11(4), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041093 - 12 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2075

Abstract

Recent years have witnessed an increase in the population of Lipoptenafortisetosa in Central Europe. The genetic profile of this ectoparasite has not been studied in Poland to date. The aim of the present study was to confirm the presence of L.fortisetosa [...] Read more.

Recent years have witnessed an increase in the population of Lipoptenafortisetosa in Central Europe. The genetic profile of this ectoparasite has not been studied in Poland to date. The aim of the present study was to confirm the presence of L.fortisetosa in north-eastern Poland and to characterize the examined population with the use of molecular methods. Deer keds were collected between June and July 2019 in six natural, mixed forests. A fragment of the rRNA 16S gene was used as a marker to identify L.fortisetosa by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA samples were sequenced in the last step. Six new locations of L. fortisetosa were confirmed. No significant differences were observed in the sex ratios of L. cervi and L. fortisetosa (L. cervi p-value = 0.74; L. fortisetosa p-value = 0.65). Significant differences were noted between the total size of L. cervi and L. fortisetosa populations (p-value < 0.001). The similarity to GenBank sequences ranged from 95.56% to 100%. The obtained nucleotide sequences were very closely related to L. fortisetosa sequences from Lithuania, the Czech Republic, and Japan. Molecular analyses revealed considerable genetic diversity, which could indicate that various ectoparasite lineages have spread throughout Europe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases)

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18 pages, 4484 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Torquenema n. g., Wallabicola n. g., and Macropostrongyloides phascolomys n. sp.: New Genera and a New Species of Nematode (Strongylida: Phascolostrongylinae) Parasitic in Australian Macropodid and Vombatid Marsupials

by Tanapan Sukee, Ian Beveridge and Abdul Jabbar

Animals 2021, 11(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010175 - 13 Jan 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1804

Abstract

The strongyloid nematodes belonging to the subfamily Phascolostrongylinae occur primarily in the large intestines of macropodid and vombatid marsupials. Current molecular evidence suggests that the two nematode species, Macropostrongyloides dissimilis and Paramacropostrongylus toraliformis, from macropodid marsupials are distant from their respective congeners. [...] Read more.

The strongyloid nematodes belonging to the subfamily Phascolostrongylinae occur primarily in the large intestines of macropodid and vombatid marsupials. Current molecular evidence suggests that the two nematode species, Macropostrongyloides dissimilis and Paramacropostrongylus toraliformis, from macropodid marsupials are distant from their respective congeners. Furthermore, specimens of Macropostrongyloides lasiorhini from the large intestines of the southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) and the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) are genetically distinct. This study aimed to describe the new genera Torquenema n. g. (with T. toraliforme n. comb. as the type species) from the eastern grey kangaroo, Wallabicola n. g. (with W. dissimilis n. comb. as the type species) from the swamp wallaby and a new species Macropostrongyloides phascolomys n. sp. from the common wombat, using light and scanning electron microscopy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases)

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12 pages, 2092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal-Microclimatic Factors Affect the Phenology of Lipoptena fortisetosa in Central European Forests

by Remigiusz Gałęcki, Jerzy Jaroszewski, Xuenan Xuan and Tadeusz Bakuła

Animals 2020, 10(11), 2012; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112012 - 01 Nov 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2079

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the correlations between the abundance of Lipoptena fortisetosa on new potential hosts and selected temporal-microclimatic conditions in a forest at the beginning of the host-seeking period. Louse flies were collected between 6 May and 15 [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to determine the correlations between the abundance of Lipoptena fortisetosa on new potential hosts and selected temporal-microclimatic conditions in a forest at the beginning of the host-seeking period. Louse flies were collected between 6 May and 15 July of 2019 and 2020 in a natural mixed forest in Poland. Keds were collected by three investigators walking along the same forest route during each sampling session. The number of captured keds and the date (time), temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), air pressure (hPa) and wind speed (km/h) were recorded. A total of five measurements were performed during each sampling session. The influence of temporal-microclimatic conditions on the number of collected ectoparasites was evaluated with the use of a Generalized Additive Model (GAM). A total of 1995 individuals were obtained during field surveys. The results of the GAM revealed a correlation between the number of host seeking L. fortisetosa vs. time, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. An increase in temperature was most highly correlated with the abundance of louse flies in the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases)

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Review

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25 pages, 1399 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mining the Proteome of Toxoplasma Parasites Seeking Vaccine and Diagnostic Candidates

by Sajad Rashidi, Javier Sánchez-Montejo, Reza Mansouri, Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh, Amir Savardashtaki, Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Mohammadreza Karimazar, Raúl Manzano-Román and Paul Nguewa

Animals 2022, 12(9), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091098 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2924

Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogenic protozoan parasite that infects the nucleated cells of warm-blooded hosts leading to an infectious zoonotic disease known as toxoplasmosis. The infection outcomes might be severe and fatal in patients with immunodeficiency, diabetes, and pregnant women and infants. The [...] Read more.

Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogenic protozoan parasite that infects the nucleated cells of warm-blooded hosts leading to an infectious zoonotic disease known as toxoplasmosis. The infection outcomes might be severe and fatal in patients with immunodeficiency, diabetes, and pregnant women and infants. The One Health approach to toxoplasmosis highlights that the health of humans is closely related to the health of animals and our common environment. The presence of drug resistance and side effects, the further improvement of sensitivity and specificity of serodiagnostic tools and the potentiality of vaccine candidates to induce the host immune response are considered as justifiable reasons for the identification of novel targets for the better management of toxoplasmosis. Thus, the identification of new critical proteins in the proteome of Toxoplasma parasites can also be helpful in designing and test more effective drugs, vaccines, and diagnostic tools. Accordingly, in this study we present important proteins found in the proteome of the life cycle-specific stages of Toxoplasma parasites that are potential diagnostic or vaccine candidates. The current study might help to understand the complexity of these parasites and provide a possible source of strategies and biomolecules that can be further evaluated in the pathobiology of Toxoplasma parasites and for diagnostics and vaccine trials against this disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases)

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22 pages, 727 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans

by Una Ryan, Alireza Zahedi, Yaoyu Feng and Lihua Xiao

Animals 2021, 11(11), 3307; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113307 - 19 Nov 2021

Cited by 90 | Viewed by 6710

Abstract

The enteric parasite, Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in humans and animals worldwide. No effective therapeutics or vaccines are available and therefore control is dependent on understanding transmission dynamics. The development of molecular detection and typing tools has resulted in [...] Read more.

The enteric parasite, Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in humans and animals worldwide. No effective therapeutics or vaccines are available and therefore control is dependent on understanding transmission dynamics. The development of molecular detection and typing tools has resulted in the identification of a large number of cryptic species and genotypes and facilitated our understanding of their potential for zoonotic transmission. Of the 44 recognised Cryptosporidium species and >120 genotypes, 19 species, and four genotypes have been reported in humans with C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. canis and C. felis being the most prevalent. The development of typing tools that are still lacking some zoonotic species and genotypes and more extensive molecular epidemiological studies in countries where the potential for transmission is highest are required to further our understanding of this important zoonotic pathogen. Similarly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and amplicon next-generation sequencing (NGS) are important for more accurately tracking transmission and understanding the mechanisms behind host specificity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases)

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18 pages, 715 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sexual Development in Non-Human Parasitic Apicomplexa: Just Biology or Targets for Control?

by Teresa Cruz-Bustos, Anna Sophia Feix, Bärbel Ruttkowski and Anja Joachim

Animals 2021, 11(10), 2891; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102891 - 04 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5530

Abstract

The phylum Apicomplexa is a major group of protozoan parasites including gregarines, coccidia, haemogregarines, haemosporidia and piroplasms, with more than 6000 named species. Three of these subgroups, the coccidia, hemosporidia, and piroplasms, contain parasites that cause important diseases of humans and animals worldwide. [...] Read more.

The phylum Apicomplexa is a major group of protozoan parasites including gregarines, coccidia, haemogregarines, haemosporidia and piroplasms, with more than 6000 named species. Three of these subgroups, the coccidia, hemosporidia, and piroplasms, contain parasites that cause important diseases of humans and animals worldwide. All of them have complex life cycles involving a switch between asexual and sexual reproduction, which is key to their development. Fertilization (i.e., fusion of female and male cells) results in the formation of a zygote that undergoes meiosis, forming a new generation of asexual stages. In eukaryotes, sexual reproduction is the predominant mode of recombination and segregation of DNA. Sex is well documented in many protist groups, and together with meiosis, is frequently linked with transmission to new hosts. Apicomplexan sexual stages constitute a bottleneck in the life cycle of these parasites, as they are obligatory for the development of new transmissible stages. Consequently, the sexual stages represent attractive targets for vaccination. Detailed understanding of apicomplexan sexual biology will pave the way for the design and implementation of effective transmission-blocking strategies for parasite control. This article reviews the current knowledge on the sexual development of Apicomplexa and the progress in transmission-blocking vaccines for their control, their advantages and limitations and outstanding questions for the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases)

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19 pages, 956 KiB

Open AccessReview

In Vitro Assessment of Anticoccidials: Methods and Molecules

by Martina Felici, Benedetta Tugnoli, Andrea Piva and Ester Grilli

Animals 2021, 11(7), 1962; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071962 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5058

Abstract

Avian coccidiosis is a disease causing considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. It is caused by Eimeria spp., protozoan parasites characterized by an exogenous–endogenous lifecycle. In vitro research on these pathogens is very complicated and lacks standardization. This review provides a description [...] Read more.

Avian coccidiosis is a disease causing considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. It is caused by Eimeria spp., protozoan parasites characterized by an exogenous–endogenous lifecycle. In vitro research on these pathogens is very complicated and lacks standardization. This review provides a description of the main in vitro protocols so far assessed focusing on the exogenous phase, with oocyst viability and sporulation assays, and on the endogenous phase, with invasion and developmental assays in cell cultures and in ovo. An overview of these in vitro applications to screen both old and new remedies and to understand the relative mode of action is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases)

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34 pages, 1548 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Volatile Cues Influence Host-Choice in Arthropod Pests

by Jacqueline Poldy

Animals 2020, 10(11), 1984; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10111984 - 28 Oct 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3380

Abstract

Many arthropod pests of humans and other animals select their preferred hosts by recognising volatile odour compounds contained in the hosts’ ‘volatilome’. Although there is prolific literature on chemical emissions from humans, published data on volatiles and vector attraction in other species are [...] Read more.

Many arthropod pests of humans and other animals select their preferred hosts by recognising volatile odour compounds contained in the hosts’ ‘volatilome’. Although there is prolific literature on chemical emissions from humans, published data on volatiles and vector attraction in other species are more sporadic. Despite several decades since the identification of a small number of critical volatiles underpinning specific host–vector relationships, synthetic chemicals or mixtures still largely fail to reproduce the attractiveness of natural hosts to their disease vectors. This review documents allelochemicals from non-human terrestrial animals and considers where challenges in collection and analysis have left shortfalls in animal volatilome research. A total of 1287 volatile organic compounds were identified from 141 species. Despite comparable diversity of entities in each compound class, no specific chemical is ubiquitous in all species reviewed, and over half are reported as unique to a single species. This review provides a rationale for future enquiries by highlighting research gaps, such as disregard for the contribution of breath volatiles to the whole animal volatilome and evaluating the role of allomones as vector deterrents. New opportunities to improve vector surveillance and disrupt disease transmission may be unveiled by understanding the host-associated stimuli that drive vector-host interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites and Parasitic Diseases)

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