Agronomy

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19 pages, 5765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Herbicides on Development and Productivity of Sweet White Lupine (Lupinus albus L.)

by Csaba Juhász, Nóra Mendler-Drienyovszki, Katalin Magyar-Tábori, László Radócz and László Zsombik

Agronomy 2024, 14(3), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030488 - 28 Feb 2024

Viewed by 633

White lupine (Lupinus albus L.) is a well-known green manure crop in Hungary, but the production of seeds can be badly impacted by weeds. The sweet white lupine ‘Nelly’ was grown on acidic sandy soil, and experimental plots were treated with different [...] Read more.

White lupine (Lupinus albus L.) is a well-known green manure crop in Hungary, but the production of seeds can be badly impacted by weeds. The sweet white lupine ‘Nelly’ was grown on acidic sandy soil, and experimental plots were treated with different herbicides. Flumioxazin (0.06 kg ha⁻¹), pendimethalin (5 L ha⁻¹), dimethenamid-P (1.4 L ha⁻¹), pethoxamid (2 L ha⁻¹), clomazone (0.2 L ha⁻¹), metobromuron (3 L ha⁻¹), and metribuzin (0.55 L ha⁻¹) were applied pre-emergence (1–2 days after sowing). Imazamox was also tested and applied post-emergence (1 L ha⁻¹) when some basal leaves were clearly distinct (BBCH 2.3). In this paper, the weed control efficiency and the phytotoxicity of herbicides applied to lupine are examined. Vegetation index datasets were collected 12 times using a manual device and 2 times using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The phytotoxicity caused by herbicides was visually assessed on several occasions throughout the breeding season. The frequency of weed occurrence per treatment was assessed. The harvested seed yields, in kg ha⁻¹, were analyzed after the seeds were cleaned. The herbicides metribuzin and imazamox caused extensive damage to white lupine. While pendimethalin, dimethenamid-P, pethoxamid, and clomazone were outstanding in several measured indicators, the final ranking which summarizes all the variables showed that only the pethoxamid and clomazone treatments performed better than the control. Metribuzin and imazamox were highly phytotoxic to white lupine. In the future, it would be appropriate to integrate more post-emergence active substances into trials, and the pre-emergence herbicides involved in this study should be further tested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicides and Chemical Control of Weeds)

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10 pages, 2572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Pre-Emergence Herbicides on Weed Control and Yield of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Central Italy

by Euro Pannacci, Michela Farneselli, Vittorio Monni and Francesco Tei

Agronomy 2024, 14(3), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030482 - 28 Feb 2024

Viewed by 688

Abstract

Safflower is a multipurpose crop with several uses that can offer benefits to rainfed cereal-based cropping systems due to its tolerance to cold, drought, salinity, and its reduced need for agricultural inputs. Safflower requires good weed control for optimum yields because it is [...] Read more.

Safflower is a multipurpose crop with several uses that can offer benefits to rainfed cereal-based cropping systems due to its tolerance to cold, drought, salinity, and its reduced need for agricultural inputs. Safflower requires good weed control for optimum yields because it is a very poor competitor with weeds, especially at the early growth stage, but registered pre-emergence herbicides are not available. This research investigated the effects of several pre-emergence herbicides on weed control and the yield of safflower in central Italy, through two field experiments in 2019 and 2020. Aclonifen, metazachlor, s-metolachlor, propyzamide, and metribuzin were applied as pre-emergence herbicides. The main weeds were the following: Papaver rhoeas L., Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq., and Ammi majus L. in experiment 1, and wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in experiment 2. Metazachlor and metribuzin gave the highest phytotoxicity on safflower in both experiments, with values ranging from 48% to 75% and from 30% to 75% (in a scale of 0–100%), respectively, and seem to be not advisable as pre-emergence herbicides. Aclonifen, s-metolachlor, and propyzamide can be considered selective and safe to the safflower, showing the lowest values of phytotoxicity that ranged from 0 to 10%. Metazachlor and s-metolachlor gave the highest total weed control with values of 92% and 97%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicides and Chemical Control of Weeds)

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13 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa L.) and Cotton Response to Pre- and Early Post-Emergence Herbicides

by Vaya Kati, Thomas Gitsopoulos, Ioannis Vasilakoglou, Christos Vlachos, Philippos Mylonas and George Menexes

Agronomy 2023, 13(10), 2466; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102466 - 24 Sep 2023

Viewed by 841

Abstract

Prickly sida is a troublesome annual weed native to the USA. It was introduced in Greece over two decades ago and has since been infesting cotton crops, where it proved difficult to control. A two-year field study (2021–2022) was conducted in a cotton [...] Read more.

Prickly sida is a troublesome annual weed native to the USA. It was introduced in Greece over two decades ago and has since been infesting cotton crops, where it proved difficult to control. A two-year field study (2021–2022) was conducted in a cotton field (Karditsa, central Greece) heavily infested with prickly sida to evaluate the efficacy of nine treatments against this weed, using pre-emergence (PRE) and early post-emergence (EPOST) herbicides applied at the field rate. At 8 weeks after treatment, prickly sida control was over 90% with pyrithiobac PRE (68.9 g ai ha⁻¹) alone or in mixture with s-metolachlor (960 g ai ha⁻¹) or with isoxaben (150 g ai ha⁻¹) and with the application of pyrithiobac + s-metolachlor PRE (34.5 + 960 g ai ha⁻¹) followed by pyrithiobac EPOST (34.5 g ai ha⁻¹). Flurochloridone + fluometuron PRE (375 + 2000 g ai ha⁻¹), flumioxazin + s-metolachlor PRE (50 + 960 g ai ha⁻¹), or pendimethalin + terbuthylazine PRE (1500 + 750 g ai ha⁻¹) controlled prickly sida by 89–93% in 2021 and 82–90% in 2022. Pyrithiobac EPOST alone or in mixture with trifloxysulfuron did not adequately control prickly sida. Yield was significantly lower in the weedy check and EPOST compared with the PRE treatments. None of the herbicides caused any visual injury to the crop or any reduction in cotton density. Our results can help in the successful management of prickly sida in non-transgenic cotton to maximize cotton yield and quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicides and Chemical Control of Weeds)

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12 pages, 2416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Weed Response to ALS-Inhibitor Herbicide (Sulfosulfuron + Metsulfuron Methyl) under Increased Temperature and Carbon Dioxide

by Yousef Ghazikhanlou Sani, Ali Reza Yousefi, Khalil Jamshidi, Farid Shekari, Jose L. Gonzalez-Andujar and Nicholas E. Korres

Agronomy 2023, 13(8), 2084; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082084 - 08 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1102

Abstract

Information on the impact of climate change on the growth of weed species and their sensitivity to herbicides could help to establish an efficient weed management strategy. Due to the excessive use of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor herbicides, resistance to those herbicides is increasing [...] Read more.

Information on the impact of climate change on the growth of weed species and their sensitivity to herbicides could help to establish an efficient weed management strategy. Due to the excessive use of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor herbicides, resistance to those herbicides is increasing globally. It is, thus, crucial to find out whether the efficacy of these herbicides will change in the future due to the increase in temperatures and carbon dioxide concentration. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the impact of temperature and carbon dioxide (CO₂) changes on the growth of Amaranthus retroflexus, Bromus tectorum, Chenopodium album, and Echinochloa crus-galli, including the assessment of sulfosulfuron 75% + metsulfuron methyl 5% efficacy in these weeds. A factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement (2 × 2 × 6), including two CO₂ concentrations (400 and 700 ppm), two temperature regimes (30/20 °C and 34/24 °C day/night), and six herbicide rates (0, 25, 37.5, 50, 62.5, and 75 g ha⁻¹). As a result, it was seen that temperature and CO₂ concentration changes influenced the morphological variables of the weeds. The temperature regime affected the herbicide’s effectiveness on B. tectorum and E. crus-galli. The herbicide’s efficacy on weed species was affected by the interaction of herbicide rates and the temperature regime, except for on E. crus-galli; the highest efficacy was observed at 30/20 °C and at a rate 50% higher (75 g ha⁻¹) than the recommended one (50 g ha⁻¹). Except for E. crus-galli, increasing CO₂ concentrations enhanced the herbicide efficacy and ALS enzyme activity inhibition in all the weed species, but had the greatest effect on C₃ weeds. We found that temperature and CO₂ levels can alter the efficacy of weed control with herbicides, with clear differences between C₃ and C₄ plants. As a result, increased temperature and CO₂ concentration will possibly allow better control of weed species such as B. tectorum, C. album and A. retroflexus at lower doses of the ALS herbicide under investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicides and Chemical Control of Weeds)

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11 pages, 796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Looking beyond Glyphosate for Site-Specific Fallow Weed Control in Australian Grain Production

by Angus Malmo, John C. Broster and Michael J. Walsh

Agronomy 2023, 13(7), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071878 - 16 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 842

Abstract

Summer annual weed species in northern Australian summer fallows are frequently present at low densities and, increasingly, are glyphosate-resistant, creating the need for alternative herbicides for site-specific weed control. Alternative non-selective herbicide treatments are effective on problematic summer fallow weeds; however, many are [...] Read more.

Summer annual weed species in northern Australian summer fallows are frequently present at low densities and, increasingly, are glyphosate-resistant, creating the need for alternative herbicides for site-specific weed control. Alternative non-selective herbicide treatments are effective on problematic summer fallow weeds; however, many are yet to be evaluated as site-specific (spot spraying) treatments. This study aimed to identify herbicides that could be used in place of glyphosate to control larger/mature Chloris virgata and Sonchus oleraceus plants. The response of these weed species to 12 herbicide treatments was evaluated in pot experiments conducted over summer/autumn 2022. Despite herbicide treatments not being consistently effective across both species, there were instances where control was achieved by some herbicide treatments. S. oleraceus was controlled (i.e., ≤10% plant survival) by glufosinate-ammonium, paraquat and also with protoporphyrinogen-oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides saflufenacil, tiafenacil and trifludimoxazin. However, these results were not consistent in repeated studies or for C. virgata. Glyphosate was the only herbicide that controlled C. virgata. A glyphosate replacement as a spot-spraying treatment was not identified, and until further studies are more successful, alternative approaches are needed to preserve the ongoing effectiveness of this herbicide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicides and Chemical Control of Weeds)

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13 pages, 7988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Herbicide Resistance in Summer Annual Weeds of Australia’s Northern Grains Region

by John C. Broster, Adam Jalaludin, Michael J. Widderick, Allison J. Chambers and Michael J. Walsh

Agronomy 2023, 13(7), 1862; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071862 - 14 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1065

Abstract

For more than two decades, glyphosate has been relied on to control summer annual weeds in fallow systems in Australia’s northern grains region. With numerous cases of glyphosate resistance reported in weed species collected from this region, there are concerns about the future [...] Read more.

For more than two decades, glyphosate has been relied on to control summer annual weeds in fallow systems in Australia’s northern grains region. With numerous cases of glyphosate resistance reported in weed species collected from this region, there are concerns about the future viability of this herbicide. A random seed collection survey of summer weeds was conducted between 2016 and 2018 with the aim of determining the frequency and distribution of resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides commonly used for summer weed control. Glyphosate resistance was ubiquitous in fleabane, with all collected populations resistant to this herbicide. Glyphosate resistance was also prevalent in feathertop Rhodes grass, windmill grass, and awnless barnyard grass, with resistance detected in 68%, 58%, and 36% of populations, respectively. Only 14% of sowthistle populations collected between 2013 and 2108 were resistant to glyphosate. Resistance to haloxyfop was detected in feathertop Rhodes grass, albeit at a low frequency (2%). Other herbicides, such as 2,4-D amine, propaquizafop, and clethodim, provided good control of the broadleaf and grass weeds tested. The results from these surveys conducted between 2013 and 2017 provide a first glimpse of the state of herbicide resistance in key crop weeds for Queensland and the northern region of New South Wales. It is clear that farmers and agronomists need to consider incorporating non-chemical weed management tactics to promote the sustainability of current herbicides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicides and Chemical Control of Weeds)

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16 pages, 1102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of ALS Herbicide-Resistant Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Population on Growth Rate and Competitive Ability against Wheat

by Aristeidis P. Papapanagiotou, Dimitrios Loukovitis, Eleni Anthimidou and Ilias G. Eleftherohorinos

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1641; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061641 - 19 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1206

Abstract

Three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) populations (R1, R2, and R3) with suspected resistance (R) to acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) herbicides were collected from wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields in northwestern Greece to study the underlying mechanisms of [...] Read more.

Three perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) populations (R1, R2, and R3) with suspected resistance (R) to acetolactate synthase (ALS) or acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) herbicides were collected from wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields in northwestern Greece to study the underlying mechanisms of resistance and their impact on growth rate and competitive ability against wheat. Preemergence and postemergence plant dose–response assays showed that the R1 population was cross-resistant to the ALS inhibitors chlorsulfuron, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, and pyroxsulam, but susceptible (S) to imazamox. However, all populations were susceptible to the ACCase inhibitors clodinafop-propargyl, clethodim, diclofop-methyl, and pinoxaden. The analysis of the ALS gene sequence revealed a substitution of Pro197 by His or Leu in the ALS enzyme in L. perenne, which is reported for the first time in this weed and indicates a potential mechanism of target site-mediated resistance. The R1 population grown in the absence or presence of wheat competition displayed similar aboveground biomass and tiller number trends, and therefore similar estimated growth rates. In addition, the aboveground biomass of wheat was similarly reduced by both the R1 and S populations, supporting the evidence of their similar competitive ability against wheat. In general, these findings indicate that there is no clear evidence for the fitness advantage of R1 over the S population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicides and Chemical Control of Weeds)

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11 pages, 2811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Filago pyramidata Tolerant to ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides: A New Invasive Weed in Olive Groves of Southern Spain

by Candelario Palma-Bautista, Jose G. Vázquez-García, José Alfredo Domínguez-Valenzuela, Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz, Rafael De Prado and João Portugal

Agronomy 2023, 13(5), 1273; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051273 - 28 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1102

Abstract

Weeds that usually grow in non-agricultural areas have become increasingly common invading perennial crops. Species of the genus Filago, in addition to invading Spanish olive groves, have developed certain levels of natural tolerance to the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicide flazasulfuron. The [...] Read more.

Weeds that usually grow in non-agricultural areas have become increasingly common invading perennial crops. Species of the genus Filago, in addition to invading Spanish olive groves, have developed certain levels of natural tolerance to the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicide flazasulfuron. The objective of this study was to determine the level and the mechanism involved in the tolerance to flazasulfuron in Filago pyramidata L., which occurs in olive groves of southern Spain, as well as to identify possible cross- or multiple-tolerances by evaluating alternative herbicides for its control. A population resistant (R) to flazasulfuron and a susceptible (S) one of Conyza canadensis were used as references. The accessions of F. pyramidata presented LD₅₀ values (from 72 to 81 g active ingredient (ai) ha⁻¹) higher than the field dose of flazasulfuron (50 g ai ha⁻¹), being 11–12.5 times more tolerant than the S population of C. canadensis, but less than half the R population (170 g ai ha⁻¹). Enzymatically, F. pyramidata was as sensitive to flazasulfuron (I₅₀ = 17.3 μM) as the S population of C. canadensis. Filago pyramidata plants treated with flazasulfuron, combined with 4-chloro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole, had a growth reduction of up to 85%, revealing the participation of glutathione-S-transferases in herbicide metabolism. Filago pyramidata presented cross-tolerance to the different chemical groups of ALS inhibitors, except triazolinones (florasulam). Synthetic auxins (2,4-D and fluroxypyr) presented good control, but some individuals survived (low multiple resistance). Cellulose synthesis, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase, photosystem I, and photosystem II inhibitor herbicides, applied in PRE or POST-emergence, presented excellent levels of control of F. pyramidata. These results confirmed the natural tolerance of F. pyramidata to flazasulfuron and cross-tolerance to most ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The mechanism involved was enhanced metabolism mediated by glutathione-S-transferases, which also conferred low multiple tolerance to synthetic auxins. Even so, herbicides with other mechanisms of action still offer excellent levels of control of F. pyramidata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Herbicides and Chemical Control of Weeds)

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