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A special issue of Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395). This special issue belongs to the section "Innovative Cropping Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 14003

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Dr. Guoqiang Zhang

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Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: agronomy; yield potential; water-saving irrigation; resource-use efficiency; nutrient resource management; sustainable production
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Dr. Peng Hou

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Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: maize; high yield; high efficiency; environmental effects; physiological and ecological mechanism
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Dr. Rongfa Li

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Guest Editor

College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
Interests: high yield; high efficiency; root; stress; sustainable production
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sustainable agricultural production and food security are universal issues of public concern all over the world. The integration and optimization of crop management practices to increase crop productivity is a future development goal of agriculture, and these practices will result in the production of substantially more food on limited land to sustain and meet the needs of the expanding world population. Crop growth, yield formation, farmland ecology and resource utilization are significantly affected by agronomic practices. Hence, the integration and optimization agronomic practices can promote crop yields and sustainable crop production.

This Special Issue, entitled “Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production”, aims to collect studies on yield formation and the physiological ecology responses of crops to crop management practices. This including issues of the management of planting density, water, fertilizer, sowing date, mulching, soil conservation, conservation tillage, etc. Therefore, we welcome quality, highly interdisciplinary studies from disparate research fields. Original research articles and reviews are welcome.

Dr. Guoqiang Zhang
Dr. Peng Hou
Dr. Rongfa Li
Guest Editors

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Keywords

agronomy
crop
yield
quality
planting density
water-saving irrigation
fertilization management
integration of water and fertilizer
resource utilization efficiency
conservation tillage
soil management
environmental stresses
greenhouse gas emissions

Related Special Issue

Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production—2nd Edition in Agronomy

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 2732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interplanting of Corn (Zea mays L.) Shifts Nitrogen Utilization by Promoting Rhizosphere Microbial Nitrogen Nitrification

by Zhengyan Miao, Haipeng Shang, Mengjie Lin, Rui Song, Jiashuai He, Xinmei Li, Leikang Sun, Xiaoyong Li, Hangzhao Guo, Yuxia Li, Rongfa Li, Quanjun Liu, Zhibo Feng, Xucun Jia and Qun Wang

Agronomy 2024, 14(3), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030586 - 14 Mar 2024

Viewed by 574

Abstract

Interplanting is an efficient method of improving nutrient utilization. However, the impact of intraspecific interplanting on rhizosphere microbial nitrogen cycling needs to be studied further. In this study, two corn cultivars were selected as the materials: Zhengdan958 (ZD958, high nitrogen use efficiency) and Denghai3622 (DH3622, low nitrogen use efficiency). Three planting patterns (interplanting, ZD958 monocropping, and DH3622 monocropping) were set up to study the effects of interplanting on crop growth and rhizosphere microbial nitrogen cycle function under two nitrogen levels: low nitrogen (140 kg N ha⁻¹) and normal nitrogen (280 kg N ha⁻¹). The results showed that the grain yield and nitrogen content in interplanting were significantly increased due to an enhanced leaf area index and root dry weight. The nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen use efficiency were enhanced by 8.14% and 19.38% in interplanting, which resulted in reductions in NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ content in the rhizosphere. Interplanting enhanced rhizosphere nitrogen cycling processes; nitrification, denitrification, and nitrate reduction were increased. This study demonstrated that interplanting promotes corn nitrogen acquisition from the soil and indirectly regulates rhizosphere microbial function. These findings imply that the intraspecific interplanting of crops with appropriate functional traits is a promising approach to establishing diversified, productive, and efficient resource utilization ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production)

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14 pages, 2642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increasing Planting Density and Optimizing Irrigation to Improve Maize Yield and Water-Use Efficiency in Northeast China

by Dongping Shen, Keru Wang, Linli Zhou, Liang Fang, Zhen Wang, Jiale Fu, Tingting Zhang, Zhongyu Liang, Ruizhi Xie, Bo Ming, Peng Hou, Jun Xue, Jianmin Li, Xiaojun Kang, Guoqiang Zhang and Shaokun Li

Agronomy 2024, 14(2), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14020400 - 19 Feb 2024

Viewed by 673

Abstract

We investigated the effects of variety, planting density, and irrigation amount on grain yield, water-use efficiency (WUE), and evapotranspiration (ETc). The trial was conducted in Tong Liao, Inner Mongolia, from 2021 to 2022, with compact variety Dika159 (DK159) and conventional variety Zhengdan958 (ZD958) as the test materials. The planting density was set to 6.0 × 10⁴ plants/ha (D1, local farmer planting density) and 9.0 × 10⁴ plants/ha (D2), with five irrigation levels: 450 mm (W₄₅₀, irrigation amount used by local farmers, CK); 360 mm (W₃₆₀); 270 mm (W₂₇₀); 180 mm (W₁₈₀); and 90 mm (W₉₀). The results indicate that the yield and WUE of variety DK159 increased by 7.48% and 5.00%, compared to ZD958, respectively. Increasing planting density enhanced yield by 13.32–15.57% in maize yield and 9.55–11.47% in WUE. Maize yield exhibited a trend of increasing linearly with the irrigation amount before reaching a plateau, reaching a maximum (16.62–17.39 t/ha) and high WUE (2.45–2.49 kg/m³) with DK159-D2-W₂₇₀. The highest water consumption intensity occurred during the silking stage to the milk stage for different densities and varieties. The results indicate that selecting compact varieties, increasing planting density, and optimizing irrigation amount through integrated drip irrigation and water fertilizer can effectively improve maize yield and WUE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production)

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18 pages, 8770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Effects of Long-Term Salinity Stress on the Growth and Physiology of Mono and Mixed Crops

by Khulan Sharavdorj, Ser-Oddamba Byambadorj, Yeongmi Jang, Youngjik Ahn and Jin-Woong Cho

Agronomy 2024, 14(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14020287 - 27 Jan 2024

Viewed by 572

Abstract

Soil salinity is a key factor to limiting agricultural products throughout the world, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, since it intervenes with plant morpho-physiology, resulting in reduced growth and development, as well as disruption of ion homeostasis. This work examined the effects of salinity stress on the mono-cropping of T. pratense, F. arundinacea, and M. sativa and CaSO₄ and MgSO₄ on the mixed-cropping of T. pratense and F. arundinacea under saline conditions. Plants were assessed by dry weights, physiological parameters (photosynthesis rate, SPAD, SLA), forage quality, and ion concentrations. The biomass of all mono species decreased under salinity, except M. sativa, and mixed cropping was affected less than mono-cropping. The values of the mono-cropping of SPAD were decreased in the long term, and SLA was higher than the control in mixed cropping, with the photosynthesis rate of mono-cropping being higher in medium salinity in the long-term; moreover, CaSO₄ and MgSO₄ enhanced the photosynthesis rate of mixed cropping. Overall, we concluded that M. sativa is tolerant to medium salinity, and mixed cropping plus MgSO₄ and CaSO₄ were efficient under salinity stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production)

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23 pages, 3265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strip-Till Farming: Combining Controlled-Release Blended Fertilizer to Enhance Rainfed Maize Yield While Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

by Zhipeng Cheng, Lanfang Bai, Zhen Wang, Fugui Wang, Yukai Wang, Hongwei Liang, Yongqiang Wang, Meiren Rong and Zhigang Wang

Agronomy 2024, 14(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010136 - 04 Jan 2024

Viewed by 765

Abstract

The two major concerns of sustainable agriculture are safeguarding food security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Studies on the performance of strip-till with controlled-release blended fertilizer on rainfed maize grain yield, greenhouse gas emissions, and net ecosystem economic budget are scarce in the hilly region of northeast China. In this study, the differences between strip-till (RST) and conventional ridge cropping (CP), straw off-field no-tillage (NT), and no-tillage with straw mulching (RNT) were comparatively investigated in the conventional fertilizer (Sd) mode. And meanwhile, four fertilization modes were also set up under strip-till (RST): conventional fertilization (Sd), controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer blended with normal urea 3:7 (30%Cr), controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer blended with normal urea 5:5 (50%Cr), and no-nitrogen fertilization. We analyzed maize yield, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI), net income and net ecosystem economic budget (NEEB) for different treatments. The results showed that, under conventional fertilizer (Sd) mode, the maize yield of RST increased by 4.2%, 6.0% and 7.2% compared with NT, CP and RNT and the net income increased by 7.0%, 9.7% and 10.0%, respectively. Compared with CP and NT, although RST increased CO₂ and N₂O emissions, the GHGI of RST was not significantly different from CP and NT, and was 8.0% lower than that of RNT. The NEEB of RST increased by 6.8%, 9.7% and 11.0%, respectively, compared with NT, CP and RNT. Under strip-till, compared with 30%Cr and Sd, the yield of 50%Cr increased by 4.0% and 9.2% and the net income increased by 3.5% and 6.9%, respectively. There was no significant difference in GHGI between 50%Cr and 30%Cr, and 50%Cr decreased by 10.4% compared with Sd. The NEEB of 50%Cr increased by 3.8% and 7.4% compared to 30%Cr and Sd. Strip-till combines controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer blended with normal urea 5:5 (50%Cr) and can be applied as a sustainable strategy to improve the economic efficiency of maize and reduce environmental costs in the hilly region of northeast China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production)

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12 pages, 321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Fruit Yield under Irrigation and Mycorrhiza Conditions

by Halina Buczkowska, Andrzej Sałata and Renata Nurzyńska-Wierdak

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1559; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061559 - 06 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1796

Abstract

The size and quality of the melon fruit yield depend on the cultivar, climatic and agronomic factors. A three-year field experiment investigated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) application and irrigation (IR) on the fruit yield of melon (Cucumis melo L. var. saccharinus Naud.) cultivars. The study was conducted on a certified organic farm located in south-eastern Poland (51.36° N, 22.83° E). The factors of the experiment were as follows: cultivar (Melba, Emir F1, Seledyn F1, Oliwin) and cultivation method (AMF and IR; AMF and non-IR; non-AMF and IR; non-AMF and non-IR as control). The dry matter (%), soluble solid (%), total sugar and reducing sugar (% fresh weight, FM), L-ascorbic acid (mg · 100 g⁻¹ FM), and carotenoid (mg · 100 g⁻¹ FM) contents of the fruit were determined. The highest total and marketable fruit yields were obtained using AMF and IR. Fruit from the AMF series (IR and non-IR) had the most carotenoids (respectively: 801.5 and 788.8 µg · 100 g⁻¹ FM). The fruits of the AMF and IR plants contained the most total sugars (5.98%) and reducing sugars (2.91%) compared to the others. The control plants had the lowest number of marketable fruit, total and marketable fruit yield, and accumulated the least L-ascorbic acid, total sugars and reducing sugars. We suggest that AMF and IR can be recommended as a practical agronomic solutions for the field cultivation of melon under temperate climate conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production)

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17 pages, 10428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen Application Effect on Maize Yield, NH₃, and N₂O Emissions in Northeast China by Meta-Analysis

by Lingchun Zhang, Xinyue Zhang, Qiang Gao and Li Yan

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1479; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061479 - 26 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1479

Abstract

Ammonia volatilization (NH₃) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission are the main underliers of nitrogen loss in farmlands, which can decrease nitrogen use efficiency and trigger environmental problems regarding greenhouse effects. Previous studies have regional limitations and lack universal guiding significance, as they are primarily based on individual experiments related to the effects of applying nitrogen fertilizer on maize. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis on a regional scale to investigate the overall impact of nitrogen fertilizer application on maize yield, N₂O, and NH₃ in Northeast China. The database included 85 studies and 1147 pairs of experimental data that were analyzed. The results showed that applying nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased maize yield, N₂O emissions, and NH₃ volatilization effects, and the growth rates (E) were 50.64%, 64.39%, and 69.25%, respectively. In Northeast China, the average emission factors of N₂O and NH₃ were 0.72% and 8.21%, respectively. The optimum nitrogen application rate for maize in Northeast China was 205 kg ha⁻¹, resulting in 8.37% nitrogen loss (through N₂O and NH₃). Soil texture, alkaline nitrogen (AN) content in the soil, mean annual precipitation (MAP), nitrogen application rate, and fertilizer type were the key influential factors affecting changes in maize yield and N loss (N₂O and NH₃). Yield-scaled N₂O and NH₃ were found to be the significant emission reduction parameters that ensured maize yield. However, there was a remarkable ‘seesaw effect’ between yield-scaled N₂O and NH₃ under the same natural conditions (MAP and soil texture). Therefore, human activities such as reducing N surplus in soil, and N fertilizer application rate, along with selecting suitable fertilizer types should be given more attention to reduce yield-scaled N₂O and NH₃. Moreover, minimizing NH₃ and N₂O dual emission should be the main objective for green agriculture in Northeast China, rather than over-emphasizing on single emission reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production)

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12 pages, 7225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of Grain Yield to Planting Density and Maize Hybrid Selection in High Latitude China—A Multisource Data Analysis

by Shanwen Sun, Zhaofu Huang, Haiyan Liu, Jian Xu, Xu Zheng, Jun Xue and Shaokun Li

Agronomy 2023, 13(5), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051333 - 10 May 2023

Viewed by 1750

Abstract

Identifying the relationships between the yield of rainfed maize and planting densities as well as the hybrids used is crucial for ensuring the sustainable development of the grain industry in high latitude China. In this study, we collected 108 grain yield date points from our multiyear (2017–2020) field experiments and combined 213 data points collected from 21 published papers to appraise the impact of planting density and hybrids on maize yield. It was found that grain yield forms a curvilinear relationship with plant density as it increased from 22,500 to 112,500 plants ha⁻¹. The optimum plant density (OPD) was determined to be 72500 plants ha⁻¹, with a maximum maize grain yield of 10.56 Mg ha⁻¹. The interannual variability in grain yields among hybrids with different planting densities was mainly due to the differences in dry matter (DM), especially post-silking. Grain yields increased significantly with a rise in the proportion of post-silking DM to DM at maturity. In addition, both the collected literature and our field experiments showed that the OPD was positively correlated with solar radiation accumulated during the maize growth period and with each hybrid’s year of release. This study suggests that increasing plant density and selecting new hybrids with suitable growth periods are effective approaches for increasing grain yield in high latitude China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production)

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16 pages, 3221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Co-Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Benefits Topsoil Properties and Maize Productivity in a Medium-Productivity Meadow-Cinnamon Soil

by Lichao Zhai, Mengjing Zheng, Lihua Zhang, Jing Chen, Jingting Zhang and Xiuling Jia

Agronomy 2023, 13(3), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030944 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1386

Abstract

Co-application of organic-chemical fertilizer (CAOFCF) has attracted wide attention in China in recent years. However, its short-term effect on topsoil quality and maize yield in a medium-productivity meadow-cinnamon soil is not clear. In order to address this problem, a 3-year (2019–2021) field trial was established by arranging the following five treatments: (1) CF, applying chemical fertilizer alone; (2) OFCF1, 15% organic fertilizer + 85% chemical fertilizer; (3) OFCF2, 30% organic fertilizer + 70% chemical fertilizer; (4) OFCF3, 45% organic fertilizer + 55% chemical fertilizer; (5) OFCF4, 60% organic fertilizer + 40% chemical fertilizer. The results showed that short-term CAOFCF treatments were beneficial to the topsoil aggregate stability by increasing the percentage and mean weight diameter of macro-aggregate in topsoil. In addition, lower soil bulk density and higher soil organic carbon sequestration in topsoil were observed under the CAOFCF treatments. There was no difference in rhizosphere microbial diversity among all treatments. Compared to CF, OFCF1 and OFCF2 improved the activities of some key enzymes, including sucrase, urease, and acid phosphatase. Moreover, higher relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi were observed under the CAOFCF treatments. The root-shoot dry matter and maize grain yield were obviously higher in OFCF1 and OFCF2 than in CF; however, no significant difference was found in the OFCF3 and OFCF4 treatments compared to CF. The analysis of correlation suggested that there were no direct correlations between maize yield and various soil indexes measured. Nevertheless, root dry weight and root-shoot ratio were positively correlated with the activities of urease and sucrase. Meanwhile, the relationships between root dry weight, root-shoot ratio, shoot dry weight, and grain yield were all significant. In conclusion, short-term co-application of organic and chemical fertilizer (i.e., replacing 15–30% chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer with an equal N rate) was beneficial to soil properties and maize grain yield in a medium-productivity meadow-cinnamon soil. The higher grain yield was associated with a strong maize root system, which was driven by the improved rhizosphere urease and sucrase activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production)

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33 pages, 467 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Quantitative Approaches in Assessing Soil Organic Matter Dynamics for Sustainable Management

by Yves Theoneste Murindangabo, Marek Kopecký, Petr Konvalina, Mohammad Ghorbani, Kristýna Perná, Thi Giang Nguyen, Jaroslav Bernas, Sadia Babar Baloch, Trong Nghia Hoang, Festus Onyebuchi Eze and Shahzaib Ali

Agronomy 2023, 13(7), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071776 - 30 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1832

Abstract

The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the approaches and methods used to assess the dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM). This included identifying relevant processes that describe and estimate SOM decomposition, lability, and humification for the purpose of sustainable management. Various existing techniques and models for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of SOM were evaluated to gain a better understanding of advances in organic matter transformation. This evaluation aimed to identify the strengths, limitations, and applications of these techniques and models, and to highlight new research directions in the field. Quantitative analysis of SOM can be performed using various parameters, including oxidation kinetics, lability, carbon management index, humification degree, humification index, and humification ratio. On the other hand, qualitative evaluation of SOM can involve techniques such as oxidizability, high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, visual examination, smell, assessment of microorganism content, plant growth, cation exchange capacity, type of organic material, and decomposition. These techniques and parameters provide valuable insights into the characteristics and transformation of SOM, enabling a comprehensive understanding of its dynamics. Evaluating SOM dynamics is of utmost importance as it is a determining factor for soil health, fertility, organic matter stability, and sustainability. Therefore, developing SOM models and other assessment techniques based on soil properties, environmental factors, and management practices can serve as a tool for sustainable management. Long-term or extensive short-term experimental data should be used for modeling to obtain reliable results, especially for quantitative SOM transformation analysis, and changes in the quality and quantity of SOM should be considered when developing sustainable soil management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production)

Other

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11 pages, 4556 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Research Progress and Development Trends of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cereal–Legume Intercropping Systems

by Fanyun Yao, Yang Wu, Xiaodan Liu, Yujun Cao, Yanjie Lv, Wenwen Wei, Wenhua Xu, Zhiming Liu, Jie Liang and Yongjun Wang

Agronomy 2023, 13(4), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041085 - 10 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1929

Abstract

High yields and low carbon emissions are new challenges for modern crop production. Balancing the crop yield and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has become a new field of agronomic technology innovation. Cereal–legume intercropping is a typical diversification planting system, which has been expected to achieve the dual goals of high production and low GHG emissions. However, the synergistic effect of integrating various technologies in an intercropping system on GHG emissions and whether it will achieve the high yield and low emissions goal remains to be determined. Therefore, bibliometric analysis has investigated the worldwide development trend of cereal–legume intercropping designs. The literature on the GHG emissions of the cereal–legume intercropping system was summarized. Additionally, the effects and mechanisms of different agricultural management methods regarding soil nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions in the cereal–legume intercropping system were summarized. The research on GHG emissions of cereal–legume intercropping systems in non-growing seasons must be revised. In situ observations of GHG emissions from intercropping systems in different regions should be strengthened. This work is valuable in supporting and evaluating the potential of GHG reduction in a cereal–legume intercropping system in various farming areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production)

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