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Agronomy
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Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal(AM) Fungi on Crop and Its Mechanism
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Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal(AM) Fungi on Crop and Its Mechanism

A special issue of Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395). This special issue belongs to the section "Soil and Plant Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 February 2023) | Viewed by 13614

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yinli Bi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Ecological and Environmental Restoration in Mine Areas of West China, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
Interests: Soil microbe; Agroecosystem; soil remediation
Prof. Dr. Fuyong Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Interests: AM fungi; crop; soil health; mineral nutrients
Dr. Hui Tian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
Interests: AM fungi; wheat; nutrient; genetic; genome

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ubiquitous in agronomic ecosystems, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi readily develop obligate symbionts with most crops growing in field situations, including wheat, corn, rice, bean, etc. The symbionts may play essential roles in delivering macronutrients (N, P ) and micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, Se, etc) to host plants. An additional, sustainable tool to improve micronutrient concentrations in crops could be AM fungi. Moreover, AM fungi result in better plant performance and soil quality. In the context of this Special Issue, the influence and mechanisms of AM fungi on uptake and utilization of macronutrients or micronutrients in crops are highly important. In this Special Issue, we aim to exchange knowledge on any aspect related to crops colonized with AM fungi both under indoor or field conditions, thus improving quantity and quality of crop production at the less environmental cost.

Prof. Dr. Yinli Bi
Prof. Dr. Fuyong Wu
Dr. Hui Tian
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Agronomy is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
  • Crop plant
  • Mineral nutrients
  • Soil health

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 4995 KiB  
Article
Rhizoglomus intraradices Is More Prominent in Improving Soil Aggregate Distribution and Stability Than in Improving Plant Physiological Activities
by Wei-Jia Wu, Ying-Ning Zou, Abeer Hashem, Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada, Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah and Qiang-Sheng Wu
Agronomy 2023, 13(5), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051427 - 22 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1349
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) confer positive and negative effects on many plants, but it is unclear whether AMF has an effect on soil fertility, aggregate distribution, and stability. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of Rhizoglomus intraradices on plant [...] Read more.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) confer positive and negative effects on many plants, but it is unclear whether AMF has an effect on soil fertility, aggregate distribution, and stability. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of Rhizoglomus intraradices on plant growth, root morphology, leaf chlorophyll and gas exchange, sugar concentrations, and soil nutrients, aggregate distribution, and stability in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), maize (Zea mays L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) plants. Twelve weeks after R. intraradices inoculation, maize presented the highest mycorrhizal development, while mycorrhizal dependence was shown to be the decreasing trend in marigold > white clover > vetch > maize. AMF inoculation significantly increased the chlorophyll index of marigold and white clover, the net photosynthetic rate of white clover, the stomatal conductance of maize and white clover, and the transpiration rate of maize. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose in the four plants were differentially affected by R. intraradices. R. intraradices significantly increased the soil organic carbon (SOC) of marigold, maize, and white clover, the Olsen-P of white clover, the available K content of marigold, the easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) of maize, and the difficultly extractable and total GRSP levels of marigold and vetch. In addition, R. intraradices significantly increased the stability of soil water-stable aggregates (WSAs) in all four plants, plus it increased WSA at 0.5–4 mm sizes. Root AMF colonization was significantly positively correlated with WSA stability, SOC, difficultly extractable GRSP, and total GRSP. It is concluded that AMF-triggered changes in plant growth, physiological activities, and soil fertility depended on plant species, but AMF-improved WSA distribution and stability were not dependent on plant species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal(AM) Fungi on Crop and Its Mechanism)
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15 pages, 3911 KiB  
Article
Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Leaf N: P: K Stoichiometry in Agroecosystem
by Shanwei Wu, Zhaoyong Shi, Ming Huang, Youjun Li and Jiakai Gao
Agronomy 2023, 13(2), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020358 - 26 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1596
Abstract
Leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) stoichiometry can reflect plant strategies of nutrient allocation, which play key roles in ensuring food security and maintaining nutrient balance in the agroecosystem. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation is an effective and green management measure [...] Read more.
Leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) stoichiometry can reflect plant strategies of nutrient allocation, which play key roles in ensuring food security and maintaining nutrient balance in the agroecosystem. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation is an effective and green management measure affecting nutrient uptake and utilization strategies, especially in the agroecosystem. However, the interplay between AMF and leaf nutrient stoichiometry that is important for sustainable agriculture remain underexplored. Therefore, the efficacy of AMF in improving leaf nutrients of host plants in agricultural ecosystems were tested with meta-analysis by 1932 pairs of observations in research publications from 1995 to 2022. Overall analysis showed that AMF inoculation increases leaf N, P, and K by 8.75%, 24.61%, and 13.54%, respectively. Moreover, leaf P: K increased by 11.74% by AMF inocula, but leaf N: P and N: K of host plants decreased by 15.38% and 5.52%, respectively. Furthermore, the AMF effect on leaf nutrient stoichiometry was significantly regulated by species, life cycle, and growth habits of host plants. The prominent efficacy of AMF was higher for leaf P in fruit (30.06%), perennial (30.19%), and woody plants (31.6%) than other groups. Moreover, AMF effects on leaf N: P: K stoichiometry of inoculated crops varied depending on the identity of AMF. The Glomeraceae (especially Rhizophagus genera) increased more leaf P content than other AMF families. Thus, the leaf nutrient of host plants significantly increased by AMF inocula, especially leaf P content in the agroecosystem. The effect of AMF on leaf N: P: K stoichiometry was related to plant species, plant life cycle, plant growth habits, and the identity of AMF. These findings highlight the response of AMF to the strategies of nutrient in host plants and provide a theoretical and applicable way for better crop yield and sustainable agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal(AM) Fungi on Crop and Its Mechanism)
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22 pages, 2713 KiB  
Article
Yields of Buckwheat and Alfalfa in an Intercropping System Inoculated with Dark Septate Endophytes in a Coal Mining Subsidence Dryland Area
by Yakun Gao, Yinli Bi, Shaopeng Ma, Yanxu Zhang, Yun Guo, Yang Zhou, Shihao Xu and Peter Christie
Agronomy 2022, 12(11), 2860; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112860 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1333
Abstract
Coal mining subsidence areas in north Shaanxi province in north China are commonly low-fertility drylands, and intercropping is a popular method locally of maximizing crop yields. Inoculation with dark septate endophytes (DSE) can increase the yields of conventional crops grown in monoculture, but [...] Read more.
Coal mining subsidence areas in north Shaanxi province in north China are commonly low-fertility drylands, and intercropping is a popular method locally of maximizing crop yields. Inoculation with dark septate endophytes (DSE) can increase the yields of conventional crops grown in monoculture, but the effects of DSE on the growth and yield of intercropped plants are unknown. Here, a field experiment was conducted in a coal mining subsidence area on the loess plateau in 2020 and 2021. The two crops were buckwheat and alfalfa, with four treatments for each crop: sole cropping control, sole cropping with DSE inoculation, intercropping control, and intercropping with DSE inoculation. The yields, land equivalent ratios, DSE colonization rates, and yield components of buckwheat and alfalfa were compared in the different treatments. Stepwise regression and path analysis was conducted to identify the factors that determined crop yields. Yields of intercropped buckwheat and alfalfa with DSE inoculation increased in two consecutive years compared with sole cropping control, with yields increasing in 2020 by 117 and 86%, respectively. In 2021, the yield of buckwheat in intercropping with DSE inoculation did not increase significantly, but the yield of alfalfa increased by 120% compared with the sole cropping control. Buckwheat-alfalfa intercropping has the advantage of increasing the yield. DSE inoculation significantly increased the yield of buckwheat-alfalfa intercropping in 2020, but there was no yield advantage in 2021. The yield components of buckwheat and alfalfa showed inconsistent differences among experimental treatments. Stepwise regression and path analysis shows that the DSE colonization rate played an important role in the yield, which was an increased in buckwheat and alfalfa in 2020 and 2021. DSE affected the buckwheat yield indirectly by increasing the grain weight per plant, plant phosphorus uptake, and plant nitrogen content. DSE indirectly affected alfalfa yields by increasing plant nitrogen uptake and plant height. DSE may therefore have some potential to increase yields in buckwheat-alfalfa intercropping systems in coal mining subsidence areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal(AM) Fungi on Crop and Its Mechanism)
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15 pages, 3195 KiB  
Article
Mycorrhizal Types Regulated the Responses of Biomass in Different Plant Organs to N Addition
by Mengyuan Luo, Zhaoyong Shi, Shuang Yang, Menghan Zhang, Shanwei Wu and Mengge Zhang
Agronomy 2022, 12(10), 2357; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102357 - 30 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1332
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition is known to significantly affect plant growth. Mycorrhizas play an important role in plant productivity, and plants of different mycorrhizal types respond differently to global change, which will inevitably affect plant response to N deposition. However, little is known about [...] Read more.
Nitrogen (N) deposition is known to significantly affect plant growth. Mycorrhizas play an important role in plant productivity, and plants of different mycorrhizal types respond differently to global change, which will inevitably affect plant response to N deposition. However, little is known about the differences of different mycorrhizas in biomass allocation of host plants in response to N addition. Here, a meta-analysis of data from N addition experiments was carried out to analyze the response of biomass in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and ectomycorrhiza (ECM) plants to N addition. The results showed that biomass of leaf, stem, fine root (FR), and litter between AM and ECM plants responded differently to N addition (p < 0.05). Among them, biomass of leaf and stem in ECM plants (leaf: 46.89%; stem: 45.59%) was more sensitive (positively) to N addition than AM plants (leaf: 27.84%; stem: 10.30%) (p < 0.05). N addition suppressed biomass of FR in AM plants (−11.22%) but promoted that in ECM plants (13.77%). The effects on biomass also varied with different functional groups between AM and ECM plants. However, the N responses were influenced by other resources. When other treatments were added, biomass was less varied in AM plants compared to ECM plants. In addition, the N response of WB (whole biomass) and root biomass were positively correlated with annual temperature in ECM plants, but that in AM plants did not. The effects on shoot biomass in AM and ECM plants to N addition both decreased with annual temperature. The N response of root biomass increased with annual precipitation. It can be seen that different mycorrhizal types regulate the response of different plant organ biomass to N addition, which is significant for predicting ecosystem responses and feedback to environmental change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal(AM) Fungi on Crop and Its Mechanism)
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13 pages, 2738 KiB  
Article
Identification of Unsound Grains in Wheat Using Deep Learning and Terahertz Spectral Imaging Technology
by Yuying Jiang, Fei Wang, Hongyi Ge, Guangming Li, Xinyu Chen, Li Li, Ming Lv and Yuan Zhang
Agronomy 2022, 12(5), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051093 - 29 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1890
Abstract
This paper offers a prospective solution to the poor quality and less prominent features of the original terahertz spectral images of unsound wheat grains caused due to the imaging system and background noise. In this paper, a CBDNet-V terahertz spectral image enhancement model [...] Read more.
This paper offers a prospective solution to the poor quality and less prominent features of the original terahertz spectral images of unsound wheat grains caused due to the imaging system and background noise. In this paper, a CBDNet-V terahertz spectral image enhancement model is proposed. Compared with the traditional algorithms, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) of the obtained enhanced images using the proposed model show performance improvement. As validated by the ResNet-50 classification network, the proposed model processes images with an accuracy of 94.8%, and the recognition accuracy is improved by 3.7% and 1.9%, respectively, compared to the images with only denoising and feature extraction. The experimental results indicate that the deep learning-based terahertz spectral image technology for unsound wheat kernels has good prospects in the identification of unsound wheat kernels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal(AM) Fungi on Crop and Its Mechanism)
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Review

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19 pages, 1820 KiB  
Review
The Roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Influencing Plant Nutrients, Photosynthesis, and Metabolites of Cereal Crops—A Review
by Yaseen Khan, Sulaiman Shah and Tian Hui
Agronomy 2022, 12(9), 2191; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092191 - 15 Sep 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5386
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are one of the important microbiota involved in a relationship with plant roots in which the plants and fungi both share and exchange nutrients and shelter. Cereal crops are the most essential sources of carbohydrates, dietary protein, and vitamin [...] Read more.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are one of the important microbiota involved in a relationship with plant roots in which the plants and fungi both share and exchange nutrients and shelter. Cereal crops are the most essential sources of carbohydrates, dietary protein, and vitamin B for humans, and they supply the most fundamental diets. AM fungi are introduced as the optimal approach for real agricultural systems for increasing growth and productivity. According to a study from the previous decade, AM fungi were shown to promote crop growth and production, particularly in cereal crops. The AM fungi symbiosis provides a pleasant environment for microorganisms in the root and soil system, which promotes plant nutrition and water availability. AM fungi increase nutrient uptake and assimilation and also increase photosynthetic activity, which is directly associated with plant growth. Furthermore, AM fungi increase the primary and secondary metabolites, as well as soluble proteins and carbohydrates, in cereals crops. AM fungi have been shown to improve plant biomass, yield, and productivity in cereal crops. Additionally, the use of AM fungi enhances plants’ stress tolerance against various environmental stresses. In this review, we integrate the recent findings regarding the effects of AM fungi application on soil, root systems, nutrient availability and uptake, photosynthesis, metabolites, plant growth, and productivity. Furthermore, a large number of studies have been reviewed, and several limitations and research gaps have been identified that must be addressed in future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal(AM) Fungi on Crop and Its Mechanism)
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