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Volume 3
Issue 2
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Electron. Mater., Volume 3, Issue 2 (June 2022) – 4 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): A commercial module is analyzed in detail by acquiring thermography images and IV curves. The conclusions derived from these measurements are compared with each other and verified via direct measurement of the IV characteristic and the resistance of individual cells. In parallel, theoretical cell and module behaviors are presented. The rounded IV output of the module under analysis is explained by cell mismatch, with simulations justifying this statement. During the present study, a thermal breakdown before avalanche breakdown was observed in one of the cells, evidencing a hot spot. We believe that a better understanding of the relationship between these two phenomena is essential to prevent hot spots in the future, as they are the main defect related to the degradation of modern modules. View this paper
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17 pages, 5296 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells for Electric Vehicle Operational Scenarios
by Ashwin Gaonkar, Homero Valladares, Andres Tovar, Likun Zhu and Hazim El-Mounayri
Electron. Mater. 2022, 3(2), 201-217; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat3020017 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2759
Abstract
The development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based on current practice allows an energy density increase estimated at 10% per year. However, the required power for portable electronic devices is predicted to increase at a much faster rate, namely 20% per year. Similarly, the [...] Read more.
The development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based on current practice allows an energy density increase estimated at 10% per year. However, the required power for portable electronic devices is predicted to increase at a much faster rate, namely 20% per year. Similarly, the global electric vehicle battery capacity is expected to increase from around 170 GWh per year today to 1.5 TWh per year in 2030—this is an increase of 125% per year. Without a breakthrough in battery design technology, it will be difficult to keep up with their increasing energy demand. The objective of this investigation is to develop a design methodology to accelerate the LIB development through the integration of electro-chemical numerical simulations and machine learning algorithms. In this work, the Gaussian process (GP) regression model is used as a fast approximation of numerical simulation (conducted using Simcenter Battery Design Studio®). The GP regression models are systematically updated through a multi-objective Bayesian optimization algorithm, which enables the exploration of innovative designs as well as the determination of optimal configurations. The results reported in this work include optimal thickness and porosities of LIB electrodes for several practical charge–discharge scenarios which maximize energy density and minimize capacity fade. Full article
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16 pages, 3798 KiB  
Article
Hydrodynamic and Energy Transport Model-Based Hot-Carrier Effect in GaAs pin Solar Cell
by Tomah Sogabe, Kodai Shiba and Katsuyoshi Sakamoto
Electron. Mater. 2022, 3(2), 185-200; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat3020016 - 11 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2103
Abstract
The hot-carrier effect and hot-carrier dynamics in GaAs solar cell device performance were investigated. Hot-carrier solar cells based on the conventional operation principle were simulated based on the detailed balance thermodynamic model and the hydrodynamic energy transportation model. A quasi-equivalence between these two [...] Read more.
The hot-carrier effect and hot-carrier dynamics in GaAs solar cell device performance were investigated. Hot-carrier solar cells based on the conventional operation principle were simulated based on the detailed balance thermodynamic model and the hydrodynamic energy transportation model. A quasi-equivalence between these two models was demonstrated for the first time. In the simulation, a specially designed GaAs solar cell was used, and an increase in the open-circuit voltage was observed by increasing the hot-carrier energy relaxation time. A detailed analysis was presented regarding the spatial distribution of hot-carrier temperature and its interplay with the electric field and three hot-carrier recombination processes: Auger, Shockley–Read–Hall, and radiative recombinations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Electronic Materials II)
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12 pages, 1746 KiB  
Article
Lead-Free BiFeO3 Thin Film: Ferroelectric and Pyroelectric Properties
by Mihaela Botea, Cristina Chirila, Georgia Andra Boni, Iuliana Pasuk, Lucian Trupina, Ioana Pintilie, Luminiţa Mirela Hrib, Becherescu Nicu and Lucian Pintilie
Electron. Mater. 2022, 3(2), 173-184; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat3020015 - 01 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3655
Abstract
The ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties of bismuth ferrite (BFO) epitaxial thin film have been investigated. The ferroelectric epitaxial thin layer has been deposited on strontium titanate (STO) (001) substrate by pulsed laser deposition, in a capacitor geometry using as top and bottom electrode [...] Read more.
The ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties of bismuth ferrite (BFO) epitaxial thin film have been investigated. The ferroelectric epitaxial thin layer has been deposited on strontium titanate (STO) (001) substrate by pulsed laser deposition, in a capacitor geometry using as top and bottom electrode a conductive oxide of strontium ruthenate (SRO). The structural characterizations performed by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy demonstrate the epitaxial character of the ferroelectric thin film. The macroscopic ferroelectric characterization of BFO revealed a rectangular shape of a polarization-voltage loop with a remnant polarization of 30 μC/c m2 and a coercive electric field of 633 KV/cm at room temperature. Due to low leakage current, the BFO capacitor structure could be totally pooled despite large coercive fields. A strong variation of polarization is obtained in 80–400 K range which determines a large pyroelectric coefficient of about 10−4 C/m2 K deduced both by an indirect and also by a direct method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Processes in Ferroelectrics)
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19 pages, 9849 KiB  
Article
Detection, Characterization and Modeling of Localized Defects and Thermal Breakdown in Photovoltaic Panels from Thermal Images and IV Curves
by Nekane Azkona, Alvaro Llaria, Octavian Curea and Federico Recart
Electron. Mater. 2022, 3(2), 154-172; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat3020014 - 01 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2287
Abstract
In this work, a defective commercial module with a rounded IV characteristic is analyzed in detail to identify the sources of its malfunction. The analysis of the module includes thermography images taken under diverse conditions, the IV response of the module obtained without [...] Read more.
In this work, a defective commercial module with a rounded IV characteristic is analyzed in detail to identify the sources of its malfunction. The analysis of the module includes thermography images taken under diverse conditions, the IV response of the module obtained without any shadow, and shadowing one cell at a time, as recommended by the IEC 61215 Standard. Additionally, a direct measurement of the IV characteristic and resistance of single cells in the panel has been conducted to verify the isolation between the p and n areas. In parallel, theoretical cell and module behaviors are presented. In this frame, simulations show how cell mismatch can be the explanation to the rounded IV output of the solar panel under study. From the thermal images of the module, several localized hot spots related to failing cells have been revealed. During the present study, thermal breakdown is seen before avalanche breakdown in one of the cells, evidencing a hot spot. Not many papers have dealt with this problem, whereas we believe it is important to analyze the relationship between thermal breakdown and hot spotting in order to prevent it in the future, since hot spots are the main defects related to degradation of modern modules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Electronic Materials)
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