Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

15 pages, 4384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Air Cavity under a Stepped Planing Hull

by Dongmei Yang, Zhiyuan Sun, Yi Jiang and Zeyang Gao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120468 - 17 Dec 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4182

Based on the FVM (finite volume method) numerical method, the flow field around the stepped planing hull in Taunton series was simulated. According to the general procedure of numerical uncertainty analysis, the numerical uncertainty in the high-speed flow field simulation of the stepped [...] Read more.

Based on the FVM (finite volume method) numerical method, the flow field around the stepped planing hull in Taunton series was simulated. According to the general procedure of numerical uncertainty analysis, the numerical uncertainty in the high-speed flow field simulation of the stepped planing hull was discussed. Combined with the wave-making characteristics of the hull, the generation mechanism, shape evolution of air cavity, and the pressure distribution characteristics under the influence of the cavity, focuses on the variation of the flow around the stepped planing when the hull is in the triangle planing stage. Numerical results suggest that, as the air cavity enlarges, the cover rate of the air cavity can rise up to 77.8% of the whole wetted surface of the planing hull bottom. While, in the triangle planing stage, there is additional wetting at the aft bilge, which leads to the decrease of the air cavity rate and the increase of the wetted area. At the same time, the pressure distribution concentrates to the center of gravity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Hydrodynamics)

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19 pages, 5982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sea Waves Transport of Inertial Micro-Plastics: Mathematical Model and Applications

by Alessandro Stocchino, Francesco De Leo and Giovanni Besio

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120467 - 17 Dec 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2996

Abstract

Plastic pollution in seas and oceans has recently been recognized as one of the most impacting threats for the environment, and the increasing number of scientific studies proves that this is an issue of primary concern. Being able to predict plastic paths and [...] Read more.

Plastic pollution in seas and oceans has recently been recognized as one of the most impacting threats for the environment, and the increasing number of scientific studies proves that this is an issue of primary concern. Being able to predict plastic paths and concentrations within the sea is therefore fundamental to properly face this challenge. In the present work, we evaluated the effects of sea waves on inertial micro-plastics dynamics. We hypothesized a stationary input number of particles in a given control volume below the sea surface, solving their trajectories and distributions under a second-order regular wave. We developed an exhaustive group of datasets, spanning the most plausible values for particles densities and diameters and wave characteristics, with a specific focus on the Mediterranean Sea. Results show how the particles inertia significantly affects the total transport of such debris by waves. Full article

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18 pages, 1838 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Bioconcentration of Essential and Nonessential Elements in Black Sea Turbot (Psetta Maxima Maeotica Linnaeus, 1758) in Relation to Fish Gender

by Ira-Adeline Simionov, Victor Cristea, Stefan-Mihai Petrea, Alina Mogodan, Mircea Nicoara, Emanuel Stefan Baltag, Stefan-Adrian Strungaru and Caterina Faggio

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120466 - 17 Dec 2019

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3770

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of gender in the bioconcentration of essential and nonessential elements in different parts of Black Sea turbot (Psetta maxima maeotica) body, from an area considered under high anthropogenic pressure (the Constanta City Black Sea Coastal Area [...] Read more.

This study investigates the influence of gender in the bioconcentration of essential and nonessential elements in different parts of Black Sea turbot (Psetta maxima maeotica) body, from an area considered under high anthropogenic pressure (the Constanta City Black Sea Coastal Area in Romania). A number of 13 elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, As, Pb and Cd) were measured in various sample types: muscle, stomach, stomach content, intestine, intestine content, gonads, liver, spleen, gills and caudal fin. Turbot adults (4–5 years old) were separated, according to their gender, into two groups (20 males, 20 females, respectively), and a high total number of samples (1200 from both groups) were prepared and analyzed, in triplicate, with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and High-Resolution Continuum Source Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Graphite Furnace techniques. The results were statistically analyzed in order to emphasize the bioconcentration of the determined elements in different tissues of wild turbot males vs. females, and also to contribute to an upgraded characterization of the Romanian Black Sea Coast, around Constanta City, in terms of heavy metals pollution. The essential elements Mg and Zn have different roles in the gonads of males and females, as they were the only elements with completely different patterns between the analyzed groups of specimens. The concentrations of studied elements in muscle were not similar with the data provided by literature, suggesting that chemistry of the habitat and food plays a major role in the availability of the metals in the body of analyzed fish species. The gender influenced the bioaccumulation process of all analyzed elements in most tissues since turbot male specimens accumulated higher concentration of metals compared to females. The highest bioaccumulation capacity in terms of Ca, Mg, Na, Ni, As, Zn and Cd was registered in caudal fin, liver and intestine tissues. Also, other elements such as K, Fe, Cu and Mn had the highest bioaccumulation in their muscle, spleen, liver and gills tissues. The concentrations of toxic metals in Black Sea turbot from this study were lower in the muscle samples compared with the studies conducted in Turkey, suggesting that the anthropogenic activity in the studied area did not pose a major impact upon the habitat contamination. Full article

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22 pages, 8338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Noise Characteristics Analysis of the Horizontal Axis Hydrokinetic Turbine Designed for Unmanned Underwater Mooring Platforms

by Zhigao Dang, Zhaoyong Mao, Baowei Song and Wenlong Tian

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120465 - 17 Dec 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2610

Abstract

Operating horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbine (HAHT) generates noise affecting the ocean environment adversely. Therefore, it is essential to determine the noise characteristics of such types of HAHT, as large-scale turbine sets would release more noise pollution to the ocean. Like other rotating machinery, [...] Read more.

Operating horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbine (HAHT) generates noise affecting the ocean environment adversely. Therefore, it is essential to determine the noise characteristics of such types of HAHT, as large-scale turbine sets would release more noise pollution to the ocean. Like other rotating machinery, the hydrodynamic noise generated by the rotating turbine has been known to be the most important noise source. In the present work, the transient turbulent flow field of the HAHT is obtained by incompressible large eddy simulation, thereafter, the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy formulation is carried out to predict the noise generated from the pressure fluctuations of the blade surface. The coefficient of power is compared with the experimental results, with a good agreement being achieved. It is seen from the pressure contours that the 80% span of the blade has the most severe pressure fluctuations, which concentrate on the region of leading the edge of the airfoil and the suction surface of the airfoil. Then, the noise characteristics around a single turbine are systematically studied, in accordance with the results of the flow field. The noise characteristics around the whole turbine are also investigated to determine the directionality of the noise emission of HAHT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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19 pages, 1290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Reasoned Comparison between Two Hydrodynamic Models: Delft3D-Flow and ROMS (Regional Oceanic Modelling System)

by Stefano Putzu, Francesco Enrile, Giovanni Besio, Andrea Cucco, Laura Cutroneo, Marco Capello and Alessandro Stocchino

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120464 - 17 Dec 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4849

Abstract

Useful information, such as water levels, currents, salinity and temperature dynamics in water bodies, are obtained through numerical models in order to pursue scientific research or consultancy. Model validation dates back long ago, since such models started to be developed in the 1960s. [...] Read more.

Useful information, such as water levels, currents, salinity and temperature dynamics in water bodies, are obtained through numerical models in order to pursue scientific research or consultancy. Model validation dates back long ago, since such models started to be developed in the 1960s. Despite their usefulness and reliability in complex situations, some issues related to well-known benchmarks are still present. This work aims to analyse in detail the behaviour of the velocity profile, vertical eddy viscosity and tangential stresses at the bed in two cases of free surface flows; namely: uniform flow in an inclined rectangular channel and a wind-induced circulation in a closed basin. Computational results strongly depend on the turbulence closure model employed and a reasoned comparison is necessary to highlight possible improvements of these models. The strong differences that arise are deeply analysed in this work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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18 pages, 3951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Machine-Learning Model for Zonal Ship Flow Prediction Using AIS Data: A Case Study in the South Atlantic States Region

by Xuantong Wang, Jing Li and Tong Zhang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120463 - 16 Dec 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3246

Abstract

Predicting traffic flow is critical in efficient maritime transportation management, coordination, and planning. Scientists have proposed many prediction methods, most of which are designed for specific locations or for short-term prediction. For the purpose of management, methods that enable long-term prediction for large [...] Read more.

Predicting traffic flow is critical in efficient maritime transportation management, coordination, and planning. Scientists have proposed many prediction methods, most of which are designed for specific locations or for short-term prediction. For the purpose of management, methods that enable long-term prediction for large areas are highly desirable. Therefore, we propose developing a spatiotemporal approach that can describe and predict traffic flows within a region. We designed the model based on a multiple hexagon-based convolutional neural network (mh-CNN) model that takes both the flow dynamics and environmental conditions into account. This model is highly flexible in that it predicts zonal traffic flow within variable time windows. We applied the method to measure and predict the daily and hourly traffic flows in the South Atlantic States region by taking the impacts of extreme weather events into consideration. Results show that our method outperformed other methods in daily prediction during normal days and hourly prediction during hurricane events. Based on the results, we also provide some recommendations regarding the future usage and customization of the model. Full article

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22 pages, 6658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Origin of Pumice in Sediments from the Middle Okinawa Trough: Constraints from Whole-Rock Geochemical Compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb Isotopes

by Xue Fang, Zhigang Zeng, Siyi Hu, Xiaohui Li, Zuxing Chen, Shuai Chen and Bowen Zhu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120462 - 16 Dec 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3314

Abstract

Frequent volcanic activity has occurred in the Okinawa Trough (OT) during the late Quaternary, which attracted much attention to the origin of volcanic rocks. Pumice collected from the seafloor has been extensively investigated, whereas few studies paid attention to the pumice in the [...] Read more.

Frequent volcanic activity has occurred in the Okinawa Trough (OT) during the late Quaternary, which attracted much attention to the origin of volcanic rocks. Pumice collected from the seafloor has been extensively investigated, whereas few studies paid attention to the pumice in the sediment. The geochemical compositions of pumice preserved in sediments generally provide insight into past volcanic activity and regional magmatism. Here, we present major and trace element compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data, together with the established age framework for pumice samples recovered from sediment core S9 in the middle OT (MOT) to investigate their possible formation. Compositionally, the S9 pumice samples are dacite and are characterized by relatively higher Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.70480–0.70502) and Pb (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.321-18.436, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.622–15.624, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.52–38.63) and lower Nd (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.51272–0.51274) isotope compositions than basalts from the MOT. The geochemical compositions of pumice clasts from different layers of core S9 display no temporal variation trends and vary within narrow ranges. On the basis of the geochemical characteristics of S9 pumice samples, we infer that the parent magma of these samples might generate from hybrid magma through an extensive fractional crystallization process. The Indian Ocean MORB-type mantle was first metasomatized by the subducted Philippine Sea sediments to form the primitive magma; then, followed by assimilation of a small amount of lower crustal component occurred in the lower crust. The long-term magmatism and relatively consistent isotopic compositions indicate that a magma chamber might have existed in the lower crust of the MOT between 11.22 and 12.96 cal. ka BP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geological Oceanography)

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14 pages, 4310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Use of Synthetic Aperture Radar and Optical Imagery to Monitor Surface Accumulation of Cyanobacteria in the Curonian Lagoon

by Francesca De Santi, Giulia Luciani, Mariano Bresciani, Claudia Giardino, Francesco Paolo Lovergine, Guido Pasquariello, Diana Vaiciute and Giacomo De Carolis

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120461 - 14 Dec 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2907

Abstract

Phytoplankton blooms in internal water bodies are an unpleasant sight that often emerges on top like a layer of foam containing high concentrations of toxins (scum event). Monitoring the concentration of algae and the occurrence of scum in lakes and lagoons has become [...] Read more.

Phytoplankton blooms in internal water bodies are an unpleasant sight that often emerges on top like a layer of foam containing high concentrations of toxins (scum event). Monitoring the concentration of algae and the occurrence of scum in lakes and lagoons has become a topic of interest for management and science. Optical remote sensing is a validated tool but unfortunately it is highly hindered by clouds. For regions with frequent cloud cover, such as the Baltic region, this means loss of data, which limits the purpose of sensing to spatially and temporally characterize any scum for a comprehensive ecological analysis. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images can compensate for the weaknesses of optical images for cyanobacteria bloom monitoring purposes in the event of cloudy skies. A “ready to use” approach to detect cyanobacteria bloom in the Curonian Lagoon based on the level 2 ocean product of Sentinel-1 images is proposed. This method is empirically validated for the images of summer/autumn 2018 of the Curonian Lagoon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radar Technology for Coastal Areas and Open Sea Monitoring)

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14 pages, 303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prospects for Genetic Improvement in Objective Measurements of Body Colour in Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

by Cao Truong Giang, Wayne Knibb, Tran The Muu, Nguyen Huu Ninh and Nguyen Hong Nguyen

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120460 - 14 Dec 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2936

Abstract

Body colour, together with growth and survival, are traits of commercial importance in Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). However, heritability estimates for objective measurements of body colour are not available in Whiteleg shrimp species, including L. vannamei. Further, the effect [...] Read more.

Body colour, together with growth and survival, are traits of commercial importance in Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). However, heritability estimates for objective measurements of body colour are not available in Whiteleg shrimp species, including L. vannamei. Further, the effect of genotype by environment interactions (G × E) on this trait (i.e., the objective measures of body colour) and its genetic associations with growth are not known in this species. The present study presented the first attempt at understanding the genetic architecture of this complex character (body colour) that is of economic significance to the shrimp aquaculture sector world-wide. Specifically, we investigated the quantitative genetic basis of shrimp colour, while using the measurement tool (colorimeter) for a Whiteleg shrimp population reared in two contrasting environments. A total of 5464 shrimp had the objective measurements of body colour (lightness, yellowness, and redness) and growth trait records (weight, length and width). They were the offspring of 204 dams and 197 sires. The restricted maximum likelihood mixed model analysis showed that there were heritable additive genetic components for all of the measurements of shrimp colour, with the heritability (h²) ranging from 0.11–0.55. The h² estimates for redness and yellowness traits differed between the two environments (h² = 0.66–0.82 in Khanhhoa vs. 0.00–0.03 in Haiphong). However, the heritability for colour traits was moderate (0.11–0.55) when the two environments were combined. There is existence of (co)-genetic variances between the studied traits. The genetic correlations of body traits with redness or yellowness colour of the shrimp were moderate and positive (a*: 0.13–0.32 for redness and b*: 0.19–0.40 for yellowness). The effect of G × E interactions on shrimp colours could be important, as the genetic correlations for these traits between the two environments were low (−0.41 to 0.16). Our results showed that the genetic improvement for body colour can be achieved through direct selection and the increased redness colour is also expected to have favorable impacts on growth traits. Breeding programs to improve shrimp colour should account for the effects of environmental factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomic Prediction and Functional Genomics in Aquaculture)

15 pages, 9591 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Automatic Shoreline Detection from Eight-Band VHR Satellite Imagery

by Maria Alicandro, Valerio Baiocchi, Raffaella Brigante and Fabio Radicioni

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120459 - 13 Dec 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3432

Abstract

Coastal erosion, which is naturally present in many areas of the world, can be significantly increased by factors such as the reduced transport of sediments as a result of hydraulic works carried out to minimize flooding. Erosion has a significant impact on both [...] Read more.

Coastal erosion, which is naturally present in many areas of the world, can be significantly increased by factors such as the reduced transport of sediments as a result of hydraulic works carried out to minimize flooding. Erosion has a significant impact on both marine ecosystems and human activities; for this reason, several international projects have been developed to study monitoring techniques and propose operational methodologies. The increasing number of available high-resolution satellite platforms (i.e., Copernicus Sentinel) and algorithms to treat them allows the study of original approaches for the monitoring of the land in general and for the study of the coastline in particular. The present project aims to define a methodology for identifying the instantaneous shoreline, through images acquired from the WorldView 2 satellite, on eight spectral bands, with a geometric resolution of 0.5 m for the panchromatic image and 1.8 m for the multispectral one. A pixel-based classification methodology is used to identify the various types of land cover and to make combinations between the eight available bands. The experiments were carried out on a coastal area with contrasting morphologies. The eight bands in which the images are taken produce good results both in the classification process and in the combination of the bands, through the algorithms of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), spectral angle mapper (SAM), and matched filtering (MF), with regard to the identification of the various soil coverings and, in particular, the separation line between dry and wet sand. In addition, the real applicability of an algorithm that extracts bathymetry in shallow water using the “coastal blue” band was tested. These data refer to the instantaneous shoreline and could be corrected in the future with morphological and tidal data of the coastal areas under study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Coastline Detection)

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22 pages, 8638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of a Mechanical Recovery System’s Oil Recovery Capacity by Considering Boom Loss

by Hyeonuk Kim, Yunseon Choe and Cheol Huh

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120458 - 13 Dec 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2961

Abstract

Ability to estimate the recovery potential of countermeasures is vital in establishing a rational response solution for oil spills at sea. This requires estimation of how much oil can be recovered and the determination of the rational quantities and operating conditions of the [...] Read more.

Ability to estimate the recovery potential of countermeasures is vital in establishing a rational response solution for oil spills at sea. This requires estimation of how much oil can be recovered and the determination of the rational quantities and operating conditions of the response equipment. In this study, a constant loss rate model and a variable loss rate model were developed to estimate the recovery potential of a mechanical oil recovery system, while considering the escape of oil containment booms. The latter model could calculate the speed at which oil loss began to occur and the volume of oil lost. A case study was performed to analyze the significance of oil loss and to calculate changes in recovery potential with respect to adjustable vital variables. The developed model was able to estimate the best operating situation, which optimizes the recovery potential for different response times and environmental conditions. Full article

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11 pages, 1048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculation of the Mass Transfer Coefficient for the Dissolution of Multiple Carbon Dioxide Bubbles in Sea Water under Varying Conditions

by Hee-Joo Cho and Jungho Choi

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120457 - 13 Dec 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6372

Abstract

Underwater weapon systems with reforming fuel cells have been developed to increase the number of possible days that the former can be submerged. Reforming hydrocarbons generate a large quantity of carbon dioxide gas that must be completely dissolved in water and released. In [...] Read more.

Underwater weapon systems with reforming fuel cells have been developed to increase the number of possible days that the former can be submerged. Reforming hydrocarbons generate a large quantity of carbon dioxide gas that must be completely dissolved in water and released. In this study, the mass transfer coefficient was derived experimentally while changing the process variables that affect mass transfer, such as bubble size, presence/absence of an inline mixer, retention time, pressure, and solvent type. It was found that retention time was most affected, followed by type of solvent, presence/absence of the inline mixer, and bubble size. In addition, by reducing bubble size and retention time and applying an inline mixer, the effect can be like that dissolved at high pressure even at low pressure. Applications of this study are expected to reduce the size of underwater weapon systems. Therefore, further studies on increasing the power consumption of underwater weapon systems due to reduction of bubble size and the application of inline mixers should be conducted. Full article

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24 pages, 9210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Self-Burial Mechanism of Pipeline with Spoiler under Steady Flow Conditions

by Woo-Dong Lee, Hyo-Jae Jo, Han-Sol Kim, Min-Jun Kang, Kwang-Hyo Jung and Dong-Soo Hur

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120456 - 12 Dec 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3334

Abstract

Herein, hydraulic model experiments and numerical simulations were performed to understand the self-burial mechanism of subsea pipelines with spoilers under steady flow conditions. First, scour characteristics and self-burial functions according to the spoiler length-to-pipe diameter ratio (S/D) were investigated through hydraulic [...] Read more.

Herein, hydraulic model experiments and numerical simulations were performed to understand the self-burial mechanism of subsea pipelines with spoilers under steady flow conditions. First, scour characteristics and self-burial functions according to the spoiler length-to-pipe diameter ratio (S/D) were investigated through hydraulic experiments. Further, the Navier–Stokes solver was verified. The experimental values of the velocity at the bottom of the pipeline with a spoiler and the pressure on the sand foundation where the pipeline rested were represented with the degree of conformity. Scour characteristics of a sand foundation were investigated from the numerical analysis results of the velocity and vorticity surrounding the pipelines with spoilers. The compilation of results from the hydraulic experiment and numerical analysis showed that the projected area increased when a spoiler was attached to the subsea pipes. This consequently increased the velocity of fluid leaving the top and bottom of the pipe, and high vorticity was formed within and above the sand foundation. This aggravated scouring at the pipe base and increased the top and bottom asymmetry of the dynamic pressure field, which developed a downward force on the pipeline. These two primary effects acting simultaneously under steady flow conditions explained the self-burial of pipelines with a spoiler attachment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Models in Coastal Hazards and Coastal Environment)

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20 pages, 12820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Rudder Existence on Propeller Eccentric Force

by Gisu Song, Hyounggil Park and Taegoo Lee

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120455 - 12 Dec 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3169

Abstract

In order to design a safe shafting system in a ship, it is vital to precisely predict load on stern tube bearing. It is well known that load on stern tube bearing is directly influenced by the eccentric force of a propeller. In [...] Read more.

In order to design a safe shafting system in a ship, it is vital to precisely predict load on stern tube bearing. It is well known that load on stern tube bearing is directly influenced by the eccentric force of a propeller. In this paper, the effect of rudder existence on propeller eccentric force was studied based on numerical analysis with a 10,000 TEU class container vessel. To obtain propeller eccentric force, numerical simulations including propeller rotation motion using a sliding mesh technique were carried out. When a ship is turning, propeller eccentric force significantly changes compared to those of straight run. For starboard turning especially, the propeller vertical moment was decreased by about 50% due to the existence of a rudder compared to that without a rudder. In contrast, as for port turning, the results of simulations with and without a rudder were similar to each other. This difference is fundamentally due to the interaction between the direction of propeller rotation and the inflow direction to a propeller. Based on this study, it is inferred that the influence of appendages around a propeller need to be considered to ensure the reliable prediction of propeller eccentric force. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the Sixth International Symposium on Marine Propulsors)

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19 pages, 8871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation on Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression of a Circular Cylinder with Axial-Slats

by Wei Wang, Zhaoyong Mao, Wenlong Tian and Tingying Zhang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120454 - 11 Dec 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3835

Abstract

The vortex-induced vibration (VIV) suppression of a circular cylinder with the axial-slats is numerically investigated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method for Reynolds number range of 8.0 × 10³–5.6 × 10⁴. The two-dimensional unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) [...] Read more.

The vortex-induced vibration (VIV) suppression of a circular cylinder with the axial-slats is numerically investigated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method for Reynolds number range of 8.0 × 10³–5.6 × 10⁴. The two-dimensional unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and Shear-Stress-Transport (SST) turbulence model are used to calculate the flow around the cylinder in ANSYS Fluent. The Newmark-β method is used to evaluate structural dynamics. The amplitude response, frequency response and vortex pattern are discussed. The suppression effect of the axial-slats is the best when the gap ratio is 0.10 and the coverage ratio is 30%. Based on the VIV response, the whole VIV response region is divided into four regions (Region I, Region II, Region III and Region IV). The frequency ratio of isolated cylinder jumps between region II and region III. However, the frequency ratio jumps between region I and region II for a cylinder with the axial-slats. The axial-slats destroy the original vortex and make the vortex easier to separate. The online amplitude ratio is almost completely suppressed, and the cross-flow amplitude ratio is significantly suppressed. Full article

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18 pages, 6048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Hydrodynamics around a Vertical Cylinder in Waves

by Sara Corvaro, Andrea Crivellini, Francesco Marini, Andrea Cimarelli, Loris Capitanelli and Alessandro Mancinelli

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120453 - 10 Dec 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2721

Abstract

The present study provides an extensive analysis on the hydrodynamics induced by a vertical slender pile under wave action. The authors carried out the study both experimentally and numerically, thus enabling a deep understanding of the flow physics. The experiments took place at [...] Read more.

The present study provides an extensive analysis on the hydrodynamics induced by a vertical slender pile under wave action. The authors carried out the study both experimentally and numerically, thus enabling a deep understanding of the flow physics. The experiments took place at a wave flume of the Università Politecnica delle Marche. Two different experimental campaigns were performed: In the former one, a mobile bed model was realized with the aims to study both the scour process and the hydrodynamics around the cylinder; in the latter one, the seabed was rigid in order to make undisturbed optical measurements, providing a deeper analysis of the hydrodynamics. The numerical investigation was made by performing a direct numerical simulation. A second order numerical discretization, both in time and in space, was used to solve the Navier–Stokes equations while a volume of fluid (VOF) approach was adopted for tracking the free surface. The comparison between experimental and numerical results is provided in terms of velocity, pressure distributions around the cylinder, and total force on it. The analysis of the pressure gradient was used to evaluate the generation and evolution of vortices around the cylinder. Finally, the relation between scour and bed shear stresses due to the structure of the vortex pattern around the pile was assessed. It is worth noting that the physical understanding of this last analysis was enabled by the combined use of experimental data on scour and numerical data on the flow pattern. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Coastlab18 Conference)

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18 pages, 2652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sliding Mode Control in Backstepping Framework for a Class of Nonlinear Systems

by He Shen, Joseph Iorio and Ni Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120452 - 09 Dec 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4015

Abstract

Both backstepping control (BC) and sliding mode control (SMC) have been studied extensively over the past few decades, and many variations of controller designs based on them can be found in the literature. In this paper, sliding mode control in a backstepping framework [...] Read more.

Both backstepping control (BC) and sliding mode control (SMC) have been studied extensively over the past few decades, and many variations of controller designs based on them can be found in the literature. In this paper, sliding mode control in a backstepping framework (SBC) for a class of nonlinear systems is proposed and its connections to SMC studied. SMC is shown to be a special case of SBC. Without losing generality, the regulation control problem is studied, while tracking control is achieved by replacing the states with the difference between the states and their desired values. The SBCs are designed for nonlinear single-input-single-output (SISO) and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems with the presence of bounded uncertainties from unmodeled dynamics, parametric variations, disturbances, and measurement noise, and the closed loop systems are proven to be asymptotically stable using the Lyapunov stability theory. The comparison of SBC to SMC from the design process, chattering effects, and chatter reduction are also discussed. SBC inherits the merits of backstepping control in choosing gains independently, while leveraging useful nonlinear dynamics for controller design simplification. Hence, it provides more flexibility in controller design in the sense of controlling coverage speed and making use of useful nonlinearities in the dynamics. To demonstrate the effectiveness of SBC, an application on cruise tracking control of an autonomous underwater vehicle was studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Marine Robotics Modelling, Simulation and Applications)

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3 pages, 158 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Dynamics of the Coastal Zone

by Matteo Postacchini and Alessandro Romano

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120451 - 09 Dec 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2039

Abstract

The coastal zone hosts many human activities and interests, which have significantly increased in the last few decades [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics of the Coastal Zone)

23 pages, 2398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Model for Intact and Damage Stability Evaluation of CNG Ships during the Concept Design Stage

by Francesco Mauro, Luca Braidotti and Giorgio Trincas

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120450 - 08 Dec 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2638

Abstract

To face the design of a new ship concept, the evaluation of multiple feasible solutions concerning several aspects of naval architecture and marine engineering is necessary. Compressed natural gas technologies are in continuous development; therefore, there are no available databases for existing ships [...] Read more.

To face the design of a new ship concept, the evaluation of multiple feasible solutions concerning several aspects of naval architecture and marine engineering is necessary. Compressed natural gas technologies are in continuous development; therefore, there are no available databases for existing ships to use as a basis for the design process of a new unit. In this sense, the adoption of a modern multi-attribute decision-based method can help the designer for the study of a completely new ship prototype. A database of compressed natural gas ships was generated starting from a baseline hull, varying six hull-form parameters by means of the design of experiment technique. Between the attributes involved in the concept design process, stability is for sure one of the most relevant topics, both for intact and damaged cases. This work describes two approaches to identify the compliance of a ship with the intact stability regulations based on the ship main geometrical quantities. Moreover, a metamodel based on the maximum floodable length concept (damage stability) allows determining the main internal subdivision of the ship. The metamodel outcomes were compared with results from direct calculations on a ship external to the database, highlighting the adequate accuracy given by the developed methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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13 pages, 2246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Migration and Diffusion of Heavy Metal Cu from the Interior of Sediment during Wave-Induced Sediment Liquefaction Process

by Fang Lu, Haoqing Zhang, Yonggang Jia, Wenquan Liu and Hui Wang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120449 - 08 Dec 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2616

Abstract

Sediments are an important sink for heavy metal pollutants on account of their strong adsorption capacity. Elevated content of Cu was observed in the Chengdao area of the Yellow River Delta, where the surface sediment is mainly silt and is prone to be [...] Read more.

Sediments are an important sink for heavy metal pollutants on account of their strong adsorption capacity. Elevated content of Cu was observed in the Chengdao area of the Yellow River Delta, where the surface sediment is mainly silt and is prone to be liquefied under hydrodynamic forces. The vertical transport of fine particles, along with pore water seepage, during the liquefaction process could promote the migration and diffusion of Cu from the interior of sediment. The present study involved a series of wave flume experiments to simulate the migration and diffusion of Cu from the interior of sediment in the subaqueous Yellow River Delta area under wave actions. The results indicated that sediment liquefaction significantly promoted the release of Cu from internal sediment to overlying water. The variations of Cu concentrations in the overlying water were opposite to the suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs). The sediment liquefaction caused high initial rises of SSCs, but led to a rapid decline of dissolved Cu concentration at the initial period of sediment liquefaction due to the adsorption by fine particles. Afterwards, the SSCs slightly increased and then gradually decreased. Meanwhile, the dissolved Cu concentration generally kept increasing under combined effects of intensively mix of sediment and overlying water, pore water seepage, and desorption. The dissolved Cu concentration in the overlying water during sediment liquefaction phase was 1.5–2.2 times that during the consolidation phase. Sediment liquefaction also caused vertical diffusion of Cu in sediment and the diffusion depth was in accordance with the liquefaction depth. The results of the present study may provide reference for the environmental management in the study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Marine Engineering Geology)

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16 pages, 7165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Ship Collision Risk Evaluation Method for Korea Maritime Safety Audit Considering Traffic Flow Characteristics

by Yunja Yoo and Tae-Goun Kim

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120448 - 07 Dec 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3887

Abstract

Ship collision accidents account for the majority of marine accidents. The collision risk can be even greater in ports where the traffic density is high and terrain conditions are difficult. The proximity assessment model of the Korea Maritime Safety Audit (KMSA), which is [...] Read more.

Ship collision accidents account for the majority of marine accidents. The collision risk can be even greater in ports where the traffic density is high and terrain conditions are difficult. The proximity assessment model of the Korea Maritime Safety Audit (KMSA), which is a tool for improving maritime traffic safety, employs a normal distribution of ship traffic to calculate the ship collision risk. However, ship traffic characteristics can differ according to the characteristics of the sea area and shipping route. Therefore, this study simulates collision probabilities by estimating the best-fit distribution function of ship traffic flow in Ulsan Port, which is the largest hazardous cargo vessel handling port in Korea. A comparison of collision probability simulation results using the best-fit function and the normal distribution function reveals a difference of approximately 1.5–2.4 times for each route. Moreover, the collision probability estimates are not accurate when the normal distribution function is uniformly applied without considering the characteristics of each route. These findings can be used to improve the KMSA evaluation method for ship collision risks, particularly in hazardous port areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maritime Safety)

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17 pages, 2793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Reproduction Ability of a Numerical Model for Simulating the Outflow Rate of Backfilling Materials from a Coastal Structure

by Kornvisith Silarom and Yoshimichi Yamamoto

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120447 - 06 Dec 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2350

Abstract

In very shallow areas, the frequency by which coastal structures (like dikes and seawalls) are directly broken by large wave forces is low because large waves are broken in deeper areas. The main cause for such destruction is ground scour in front of [...] Read more.

In very shallow areas, the frequency by which coastal structures (like dikes and seawalls) are directly broken by large wave forces is low because large waves are broken in deeper areas. The main cause for such destruction is ground scour in front of the structures and outflow of backfilling materials by middle-scale waves; therefore, the scour and the outflow should be considered when designing a coastal structure in a very shallow area. In this paper, a numerical model consisting of CADMAS-SURF, which can calculate fluid motion in porous media, and empirical equations for simulating the outflow phenomena are introduced; thereafter, practical calculations on field cases in Thailand and Japan are demonstrated. Additionally, since the effects of wave periods and water depth to the outflow rate have never been clarified, hydraulic model experiments, empirical calculations using an existing formula, and numerical simulations are performed in order to examine these effects on the outflow rate. The simulated results using the numerical model align well with the experimental results. Moreover, both results show that the outflow rate is proportional to the wave period and inversely proportional to water depth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Models in Coastal Hazards and Coastal Environment)

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12 pages, 814 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Coastal Boulder Deposits of the Neogene World: A Synopsis

by Dmitry A. Ruban

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120446 - 05 Dec 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2163

Abstract

Modern geoscience research pays significant attention to Quaternary coastal boulder deposits, although the evidence from the earlier geologic periods can be of great importance. The undertaken compilation of the literature permits to indicate 21 articles devoted to such deposits of Neogene age. These [...] Read more.

Modern geoscience research pays significant attention to Quaternary coastal boulder deposits, although the evidence from the earlier geologic periods can be of great importance. The undertaken compilation of the literature permits to indicate 21 articles devoted to such deposits of Neogene age. These are chiefly case studies. Such an insufficiency of investigations may be linked to poor preservation potential of coastal boulder deposits and methodological difficulties. Equal attention has been paid by geoscientists to Miocene and Pliocene deposits. Taking into account the much shorter duration of the Pliocene, an overemphasis of boulders of this age becomes evident. Hypothetically, this can be explained by more favorable conditions for boulder formation, including a larger number of hurricanes due to the Pliocene warming. Geographically, the studies of the Neogene coastal boulder deposits have been undertaken in different parts of the world, but generally in those locations where rocky shores occur nowadays. The relevance of these deposits to storms and tsunamis, rocky shores and deltas, gravity processes, and volcanism has been discussed; however, some other mechanisms of boulder production, transportation, and accumulation (e.g., linked to seismicity and weathering) have been missed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Boulder Deposits Linked to Late Neogene Hurricane Events)

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23 pages, 1204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of an Adaptive Sliding Mode Control for a Micro-AUV Subject to Water Currents and Parametric Uncertainties

by Jonathan Rodriguez, Herman Castañeda and J. L. Gordillo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120445 - 04 Dec 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2793

Abstract

This paper addresses the design of an adaptive sliding mode control for an autonomous underwater vehicle with the objective to reject bounded internal and external perturbations. The proposed control is used to achieve velocity regulation and autonomous path-following using waypoints. Each task is [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the design of an adaptive sliding mode control for an autonomous underwater vehicle with the objective to reject bounded internal and external perturbations. The proposed control is used to achieve velocity regulation and autonomous path-following using waypoints. Each task is successfully performed in the presence of parametric uncertainties and irrotational water currents. Due to complex dynamics and random external perturbations, underwater vehicles need robust control. The closed-loop stability and finite-time convergence of the system are demonstrated using the Lyapunov direct method. To provide a detailed and realistic testing environment for the proposed adaptive controller, a dynamic model of the vehicle using the Lagrange method is derived where all underwater effects are included. On that basis, the proposed adaptive sliding mode controller is compared to its non-adaptive equivalent and PD (Proportional Derivative) computed torque control. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive control has better robustness and precision for this particular type of vehicle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Oceanic and Mechatronic Systems Engineering)

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22 pages, 4171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

System Modeling and Simulation of an Unmanned Aerial Underwater Vehicle

by Yuqing Chen, Yaowen Liu, Yangrui Meng, Shuanghe Yu and Yan Zhuang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120444 - 04 Dec 2019

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3907

Abstract

Unmanned Aerial Underwater Vehicles (UAUVs) with multiple propellers can operate in two distinct mediums, air and underwater, and the system modeling of the autonomous vehicles is a key issue to adapt to these different external environments. In this paper, only a single set [...] Read more.

Unmanned Aerial Underwater Vehicles (UAUVs) with multiple propellers can operate in two distinct mediums, air and underwater, and the system modeling of the autonomous vehicles is a key issue to adapt to these different external environments. In this paper, only a single set of aerial rotors with switching propulsion abilities are designed as driving components, and then a compound multi-model method is investigated to achieve good performance of the cross-medium motion. Furthermore, some additional variables, such as water resistance, buoyancy and their corresponding moments are considered for the underwater case. In particular, a critical coefficient for air-to-water switching is presented to express these gradually changing additional variables in the cross-medium motion process. Finally, the sliding mode control method is used to reduce the altitude error and attitude error of the vehicles with external environmental disturbances. The proposed scheme is tested and the model is verified on the simulation platform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Marine Robotics Modelling, Simulation and Applications)

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22 pages, 5795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Path Tracking Control of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

by Yushan Sun, Chenming Zhang, Guocheng Zhang, Hao Xu and Xiangrui Ran

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120443 - 03 Dec 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3618

Abstract

In this paper, the three-dimensional (3D) path tracking control of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) under the action of sea currents was researched. A novel reward function was proposed to improve learning ability and a disturbance observer was developed to observe the disturbance [...] Read more.

In this paper, the three-dimensional (3D) path tracking control of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) under the action of sea currents was researched. A novel reward function was proposed to improve learning ability and a disturbance observer was developed to observe the disturbance caused by currents. Based on existing models, the dynamic and kinematic models of the AUV were established. Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient, a deep reinforcement learning, was employed for designing the path tracking controller. Compared with the backstepping sliding mode controller, the controller proposed in this article showed excellent performance, at least in the particular study developed in this article. The improved reward function and the disturbance observer were also found to work well with improving path tracking performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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19 pages, 6278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordination of Marine Functional Zoning Revision at the Provincial and Municipal Levels: A Case Study of Putian, China

by Faming Huang, Yanhong Lin, Huixin Liang, Rongrong Zhao, Qiuming Chen, Jie Lin and Jinliang Huang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120442 - 03 Dec 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2940

Abstract

Marine functional zoning (MFZ) is a type of marine spatial planning (MSP) implemented widely in China and one of the three major systems defined in the Law of the PRC on the Administration of Sea Area Use. China adopts “top-down management” for MFZ, [...] Read more.

Marine functional zoning (MFZ) is a type of marine spatial planning (MSP) implemented widely in China and one of the three major systems defined in the Law of the PRC on the Administration of Sea Area Use. China adopts “top-down management” for MFZ, in which upper management levels impose clear constraints and restrictions on lower levels. However, this approach has led to issues, such as a rigid MFZ classification system and unreasonable re-allocation of control indicators in the process of assigning MFZ classification at different levels. In this study, we propose and demonstrate the coordination of MFZ revision in terms of the classification system and the re-allocation of control indicators in the coastal city of Putian, China. The results show that the proposed measures could help realize the effective and reasonable coordination of MFZ revisions at the provincial and municipal levels, providing a reference for such MFZ revisions in other regions of China and the coordination of MSP between different levels in other countries. Full article

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18 pages, 2083 KiB

Open AccessReview

Foundations in Offshore Wind Farms: Evolution, Characteristics and Range of Use. Analysis of Main Dimensional Parameters in Monopile Foundations

by Sergio Sánchez, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro and M. Dolores Esteban

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120441 - 02 Dec 2019

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 8095

Abstract

Renewable energies are the future, and offshore wind is undoubtedly one of the renewable energy sources for the future. Foundations of offshore wind turbines are essential for its right development. There are several types: monopiles, gravity-based structures, jackets, tripods, floating support, etc., being [...] Read more.

Renewable energies are the future, and offshore wind is undoubtedly one of the renewable energy sources for the future. Foundations of offshore wind turbines are essential for its right development. There are several types: monopiles, gravity-based structures, jackets, tripods, floating support, etc., being the first ones that are most used up to now. This manuscript begins with a review of the offshore wind power installed around the world and the exposition of the different types of foundations in the industry. For that, a database has been created, and all the data are being processed to be exposed in clear graphic summarizing the current use of the different foundation types, considering mainly distance to the coast and water depth. Later, the paper includes an analysis of the evolution and parameters of the design of monopiles, including wind turbine and monopile characteristics. Some monomials are considered in this specific analysis and also the soil type. So, a general view of the current state of monopile foundations is achieved, based on a database with the offshore wind farms in operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Farms)

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18 pages, 4777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Riprap Scour Protection for Monopiles in Offshore Wind Farms

by M.Dolores Esteban, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro and Luciano Sanz

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120440 - 02 Dec 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6872

Abstract

The scour phenomenon is critical for monopile structures in offshore wind farms. There are two possible strategies: allowing the development of scour holes around the monopile or avoiding it by placing scour protection. The last one is the most used up to now. [...] Read more.

The scour phenomenon is critical for monopile structures in offshore wind farms. There are two possible strategies: allowing the development of scour holes around the monopile or avoiding it by placing scour protection. The last one is the most used up to now. This paper is focused on the determination of the weight of the stones forming the scour protection. There are some formulas for the design of these parameters, having a lot of uncertainties around them. Some of them were created for fluvial environment, with a different flow to the marine one. Other formulas were elaborated specifically for coastal structures, closer to the coast than offshore wind farms, and with dimensions completely different. This paper presents the analysis of three formulas: Isbash, corresponding to fluvial environment, and Soulsby, and De Vos, corresponding to marine environment. The results of the application of those formulas are compared with real data of scour protection systems showing good results in five offshore wind facilities in operation (Arklow Bank phase 1, Egmond aan Zee, Horns Rev phase 1, Princess Amalia, and Scroby Sands), giving conclusion about the uncertainties of the use of these formulas and recommendations for using them in offshore wind. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Farms)

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23 pages, 12129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study of the Interaction between Level Ice and Wind Turbine Tower for Estimation of Ice Crushing Loads on Structure

by Ming Song, Wei Shi, Zhengru Ren and Li Zhou

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120439 - 01 Dec 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2624

Abstract

In this paper, the interaction between level ice and wind turbine tower is simulated by the explicit nonlinear code LS-DYNA. The isotropic elasto-plastic material model is used for the level ice, in which ice crushing failure is considered. The effects of ice mesh [...] Read more.

In this paper, the interaction between level ice and wind turbine tower is simulated by the explicit nonlinear code LS-DYNA. The isotropic elasto-plastic material model is used for the level ice, in which ice crushing failure is considered. The effects of ice mesh size and ice failure strain on ice forces are investigated. The results indicate that these parameters have a significant effect on the ice crushing loads. To validate and benchmark the numerical simulations, experimental data on level ice-wind turbine tower interactions are used. First, the failure strains of the ice models with different mesh sizes are calibrated using the measured maximum ice force from one test. Next, the calibrated ice models with different mesh sizes are applied for other tests, and the simulated results are compared to corresponding model test data. The effects of the impact speed and the size of wind turbine tower on the comparison between the simulated and measured results are studied. The comparison results show that the numerical simulations can capture the trend of the ice loads with the impact speed and the size of wind turbine tower. When a mesh size of ice model is 1.5 times the ice thickness, the simulations can give more accurate estimations in terms of maximum ice loads for all tests, i.e., good agreement between the simulated and measured results is achieved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ocean Renewable Energy Systems (ORES); Wave–Structure Interaction Analysis and Design Methods)

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J. Mar. Sci. Eng., Volume 7, Issue 12 (December 2019) – 48 articles

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