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2 pages, 163 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Remote Sensing in Coastline Detection

by Donatella Dominici and Sara Zollini

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070498 - 07 Jul 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1599

Abstract

“Is beach erosion a natural cycle or is it getting worse with rising sea levels [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Coastline Detection)

Research

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18 pages, 8168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sea Level Rise Scenario for 2100 A.D. in the Heritage Site of Pyrgi (Santa Severa, Italy)

by Marco Anzidei, Fawzi Doumaz, Antonio Vecchio, Enrico Serpelloni, Luca Pizzimenti, Riccardo Civico, Michele Greco, Giovanni Martino and Flavio Enei

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020064 - 21 Jan 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3242

Abstract

Sea level rise is one of the main risk factors for the preservation of cultural heritage sites located along the coasts of the Mediterranean basin. Coastal retreat, erosion, and storm surges are posing serious threats to archaeological and historical structures built along the [...] Read more.

Sea level rise is one of the main risk factors for the preservation of cultural heritage sites located along the coasts of the Mediterranean basin. Coastal retreat, erosion, and storm surges are posing serious threats to archaeological and historical structures built along the coastal zones of this region. In order to assess the coastal changes by the end of 2100 under the expected sea level rise of about 1 m, we need a detailed determination of the current coastline position based on high resolution Digital Surface Models (DSM). This paper focuses on the use of very high-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) imagery for the generation of ultra-high-resolution mapping of the coastal archaeological area of Pyrgi, Italy, which is located near Rome. The processing of the UAV imagery resulted in the generation of a DSM and an orthophoto with an accuracy of 1.94 cm/pixel. The integration of topographic data with two sea level rise projections in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 2.6 and 8.5 climatic scenarios for this area of the Mediterranean are used to map sea level rise scenarios for 2050 and 2100. The effects of the Vertical Land Motion (VLM) as estimated from two nearby continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations located as close as possible to the coastline are included in the analysis. Relative sea level rise projections provide values at 0.30 ± 0.15 cm by 2050 and 0.56 ± 0.22 cm by 2100 for the IPCC AR5 8.5 scenarios and at 0.13 ± 0.05 cm by 2050 and 0.17 ± 0.22 cm by 2100, for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) 2.6 scenario. These values of rise correspond to a potential beach loss between 12.6% and 23.5% in 2100 for Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively, while, during the highest tides, the beach will be provisionally reduced by up to 46.4%. In higher sea level positions and storm surge conditions, the expected maximum wave run up for return time of 1 and 100 years is at 3.37 m and 5.76 m, respectively, which is capable to exceed the local dune system. With these sea level rise scenarios, Pyrgi with its nearby Etruscan temples and the medieval castle of Santa Severa will be exposed to high risk of marine flooding, especially during storm surges. Our scenarios show that suitable adaptation and protection strategies are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Coastline Detection)

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16 pages, 10233 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

UAV Photogrammetry and Ground Surveys as a Mapping Tool for Quickly Monitoring Shoreline and Beach Changes

by Antonio Zanutta, Alessandro Lambertini and Luca Vittuari

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010052 - 18 Jan 2020

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6081

Abstract

The aim of this work is to evaluate UAV photogrammetric and GNSS techniques to investigate coastal zone morphological changes due to both natural and anthropogenic factors. Monitoring morphological beach change and coastline evolution trends is necessary to plan efficient maintenance work, sand refill [...] Read more.

The aim of this work is to evaluate UAV photogrammetric and GNSS techniques to investigate coastal zone morphological changes due to both natural and anthropogenic factors. Monitoring morphological beach change and coastline evolution trends is necessary to plan efficient maintenance work, sand refill and engineering structures to avoid coastal drift. The test area is located on the Northern Adriatic coast, a few kilometres from Ravenna (Italy). Three multi-temporal UAV surveys were performed using UAVs supported by GCPs, and Post Processed Kinematic (PPK) surveys were carried out to produce three-dimensional models to be used for comparison and validation. The statistical method based on Crossover Error Analysis was used to assess the empirical accuracy of the PPK surveys. GNSS surveys were then adopted to evaluate the accuracy of the 2019 photogrammetric DTMs. A multi-temporal analysis was carried out by gathering LiDAR dataset (2013) provided by the “Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare” (MATTM), 1:5000 Regional Technical Cartography (CTR, 1998; DBTR 2013), and 1:5000 AGEA orthophotos (2008, 2011). The digitization of shoreline position on multi-temporal orthophotos and maps, together with DTM comparison, permitted historical coastal changes to be highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Coastline Detection)

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17 pages, 9542 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Shoreline Extraction Based on an Active Connection Matrix (ACM) Image Enhancement Strategy

by Sara Zollini, Maria Alicandro, María Cuevas-González, Valerio Baiocchi, Donatella Dominici and Paolo Massimo Buscema

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8010009 - 23 Dec 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3810

Abstract

Coastal environments are facing constant changes over time due to their dynamic nature and geological, geomorphological, hydrodynamic, biological, climatic and anthropogenic factors. For these reasons, the monitoring of these areas is crucial for the safeguarding of the cultural heritage and the populations living [...] Read more.

Coastal environments are facing constant changes over time due to their dynamic nature and geological, geomorphological, hydrodynamic, biological, climatic and anthropogenic factors. For these reasons, the monitoring of these areas is crucial for the safeguarding of the cultural heritage and the populations living there. The focus of this paper is shoreline extraction by means of an experimental algorithm, called J-Net Dynamic (Semeion Research Center of Sciences of Communication, Rome, Italy). It was tested on two types of image: a very high resolution (VHR) multispectral image (WorldView-2) and a high resolution (HR) radar synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image (Sentinel-1). The extracted shorelines were compared with those manually digitized for both images independently. The results obtained with the J-Net Dynamic algorithm were also compared with common algorithms, widely used in the literature, including the WorldView water index and the Canny edge detector. The results show that the experimental algorithm is more effective than the others, as it improves shoreline extraction accuracy both in the optical and SAR images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Coastline Detection)

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15 pages, 9591 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Automatic Shoreline Detection from Eight-Band VHR Satellite Imagery

by Maria Alicandro, Valerio Baiocchi, Raffaella Brigante and Fabio Radicioni

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(12), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120459 - 13 Dec 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3412

Abstract

Coastal erosion, which is naturally present in many areas of the world, can be significantly increased by factors such as the reduced transport of sediments as a result of hydraulic works carried out to minimize flooding. Erosion has a significant impact on both [...] Read more.

Coastal erosion, which is naturally present in many areas of the world, can be significantly increased by factors such as the reduced transport of sediments as a result of hydraulic works carried out to minimize flooding. Erosion has a significant impact on both marine ecosystems and human activities; for this reason, several international projects have been developed to study monitoring techniques and propose operational methodologies. The increasing number of available high-resolution satellite platforms (i.e., Copernicus Sentinel) and algorithms to treat them allows the study of original approaches for the monitoring of the land in general and for the study of the coastline in particular. The present project aims to define a methodology for identifying the instantaneous shoreline, through images acquired from the WorldView 2 satellite, on eight spectral bands, with a geometric resolution of 0.5 m for the panchromatic image and 1.8 m for the multispectral one. A pixel-based classification methodology is used to identify the various types of land cover and to make combinations between the eight available bands. The experiments were carried out on a coastal area with contrasting morphologies. The eight bands in which the images are taken produce good results both in the classification process and in the combination of the bands, through the algorithms of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), spectral angle mapper (SAM), and matched filtering (MF), with regard to the identification of the various soil coverings and, in particular, the separation line between dry and wet sand. In addition, the real applicability of an algorithm that extracts bathymetry in shallow water using the “coastal blue” band was tested. These data refer to the instantaneous shoreline and could be corrected in the future with morphological and tidal data of the coastal areas under study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Coastline Detection)

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30 pages, 17814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Benthic Habitat Morphodynamics-Using Remote Sensing to Quantify Storm-Induced Changes in Nearshore Bathymetry and Surface Sediment Texture at Assateague National Seashore

by Arthur Trembanis, Alimjan Abla, Ken Haulsee and Carter DuVal

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(10), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7100371 - 18 Oct 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2731

Abstract

This study utilizes repeated geoacoustic mapping to quantify the morphodynamic response of the nearshore to storm-induced changes. The aim of this study was to quantitatively map the nearshore zone of Assateague Island National Seashore (ASIS) to determine what changes in bottom geomorphology and [...] Read more.

This study utilizes repeated geoacoustic mapping to quantify the morphodynamic response of the nearshore to storm-induced changes. The aim of this study was to quantitatively map the nearshore zone of Assateague Island National Seashore (ASIS) to determine what changes in bottom geomorphology and benthic habitats are attributable to storm events including hurricane Sandy and the passage of hurricane Joaquin. Specifically, (1) the entire domain of the National Parks Service offshore area was mapped with side-scan sonar and multibeam bathymetry at a resolution comparable to that of the existing pre-storm survey, (2) a subset of the benthic stations were resampled that represented all sediment strata previously identified, and (3) newly obtained data were compared to that from the pre-storm survey to determined changes that could be attributed to specific storms such as Sandy and Joaquin. Capturing event specific dynamics requires rapid response surveys in close temporal association of the before and after period. The time-lapse between the pre-storm surveys for Sandy and our study meant that only a time and storm integrated signature for that storm could be obtained whereas with hurricane Joaquin we could identify impacts to the habitat type and geomorphology more directly related to that particular storm. This storm impacts study provides for the National Park Service direct documentation of storm-related changes in sediments and marine habitats on multiple scales: From large scale, side-scan sonar maps and interpretation of acoustic bottom types, to characterize as fully as possible habitats from 1 to 10 m up to many kilometer scales, as well as from point benthic samples within each sediment stratum and these results can help guide management of the island resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Coastline Detection)

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16 pages, 6088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Sentinel-2 Multispectral Data for Habitat Mapping of Pacific Islands: Palau Republic (Micronesia, Pacific Ocean)

by Francesco Immordino, Mattia Barsanti, Elena Candigliota, Silvia Cocito, Ivana Delbono and Andrea Peirano

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(9), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7090316 - 12 Sep 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4345

Abstract

Sustainable and ecosystem-based marine spatial planning is a priority of Pacific Island countries basing their economy on marine resources. The urgency of management coral reef systems and associated coastal environments, threatened by the effects of climate change, require a detailed habitat mapping of [...] Read more.

Sustainable and ecosystem-based marine spatial planning is a priority of Pacific Island countries basing their economy on marine resources. The urgency of management coral reef systems and associated coastal environments, threatened by the effects of climate change, require a detailed habitat mapping of the present status and a future monitoring of changes over time. Here, we present a remote sensing study using free available Sentinel-2 imagery for mapping at large scale the most sensible and high value habitats (corals, seagrasses, mangroves) of Palau Republic (Micronesia, Pacific Ocean), carried out without any sea truth validation. Remote sensing ‘supervised’ and ‘unsupervised’ classification methods applied to 2017 Sentinel-2 imagery with 10 m resolution together with comparisons with free ancillary data on web platform and available scientific literature were used to map mangrove, coral, and seagrass communities in the Palau Archipelago. This paper addresses the challenge of multispectral benthic mapping estimation using commercial software for preprocessing steps (ERDAS ATCOR) and for benthic classification (ENVI) on the base of satellite image analysis. The accuracy of the methods was tested comparing results with reference NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA) habitat maps achieved through Ikonos and Quickbird imagery interpretation and sea-truth validations. Results showed how the proposed approach allowed an overall good classification of marine habitats, namely a good concordance of mangroves cover around Palau Archipelago with previous literature and a good identification of coastal habitats in two sites (barrier reef and coastal reef) with an accuracy of 39.8–56.8%, suitable for survey and monitoring of most sensible habitats in tropical remote islands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Coastline Detection)

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16 pages, 8274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Statistical Deviations in Shoreline Detection Obtained with Direct and Remote Observations

by Giovanni Pugliano, Umberto Robustelli, Diana Di Luccio, Luigi Mucerino, Guido Benassai and Raffaele Montella

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(5), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050137 - 11 May 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2922

Abstract

Remote video imagery is widely used for shoreline detection, which plays a fundamental role in geomorphological studies and in risk assessment, but, up to now, few measurements of accuracy have been undertaken. In this paper, the comparison of video-based and GPS-derived shoreline measurements [...] Read more.

Remote video imagery is widely used for shoreline detection, which plays a fundamental role in geomorphological studies and in risk assessment, but, up to now, few measurements of accuracy have been undertaken. In this paper, the comparison of video-based and GPS-derived shoreline measurements was performed on a sandy micro-tidal beach located in Italy (central Tyrrhenian Sea). The GPS survey was performed using a single frequency, code, and carrier phase receiver as a rover. Raw measurements have been post-processed by using a carrier-based positioning algorithm. The comparison between video camera and DGPS coastline has been carried out on the whole beach, measuring the error as the deviation from the DGPS line computed along the normal to the DGPS itself. The deviations between the two dataset were examined in order to establish possible spatial dependence on video camera point of view and on beach slope in the intertidal zone. The results revealed that, generally, the error increased with the distance from the acquisition system and with the wash up length (inversely proportional to the beach slope). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Coastline Detection)

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