A Robust Computer-Aided Automated Brain Tumor Diagnosis Approach Using PSO-ReliefF Optimized Gaussian and Non-Linear Feature Space
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Brain Experimental MRI Dataset
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Extraction of Features
3.1.1. KAZE
3.1.2. Speeded Up Robust Feature (SURF)
3.2. Feature Vector Dimension Reduction Using ReliefF
Algorithm 1 Working framework of ReliefF [35,36]. |
Input: for each training instance a vector of attribute values and the class value. Output: the vector W of estimations of the qualities of attributes. 1. set all weights W [A] := 0.0; 2. for i := 1 to n do begin 3. randomly select an instance Ri; 4. find k nearest hits Hj; 5. for each class C ≠ class (Ri) do 6. from class C find k nearest misses Mj(C); 7. for A := 1 to a do 8. 9. end; |
3.3. Particle Swarm Optimization
3.4. Support Vector Machine (SVM)
3.5. Proposed Framework
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Brain MRI Images | No. of Brain MRI Images |
---|---|---|
No-tumor | 395 | |
Glioma Tumor | 826 | |
Meningioma Tumor | 822 | |
Pituitary Tumor | 827 |
Class | Classified as | TPR (%) | FNR (%) | PPV (%) | FDR (%) | Accuracy (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glioma Tumor | Meningioma Tumor | No- Tumor | Pituitary Tumor | ||||||
Glioma Tumor | 779 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 94.31 | 5.69 | 97.13 | 2.87 | 94.70 |
Meningioma Tumor | 22 | 744 | 35 | 21 | 90.51 | 9.49 | 91.63 | 8.37 | |
No-tumor | 1 | 18 | 374 | 2 | 94.68 | 5.32 | 90.78 | 9.22 | |
Pituitary Tumor | 0 | 3 | 3 | 821 | 99.27 | 0.73 | 97.27 | 2.73 |
Class | Classified as | TPR (%) | FNR (%) | PPV (%) | FDR (%) | Accuracy (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glioma Tumor | Meningioma Tumor | No- Tumor | Pituitary Tumor | ||||||
Glioma Tumor | 788 | 34 | 0 | 4 | 95.40 | 4.60 | 96.81 | 3.19 | 95.02 |
Meningioma Tumor | 18 | 766 | 25 | 13 | 93.19 | 6.81 | 91.96 | 8.04 | |
No-tumor | 8 | 24 | 357 | 6 | 90.38 | 9.62 | 92.97 | 7.03 | |
Pituitary Tumor | 0 | 9 | 2 | 816 | 98.67 | 1.33 | 97.26 | 2.74 |
Class | Classified as | TPR (%) | FNR (%) | PPV (%) | FDR (%) | Accuracy (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glioma Tumor | Meningioma Tumor | No- Tumor | Pituitary Tumor | ||||||
Glioma Tumor | 792 | 33 | 0 | 1 | 95.88 | 4.12 | 98.02 | 1.98 | 96.30 |
Meningioma Tumor | 14 | 775 | 20 | 13 | 94.28 | 5.72 | 93.94 | 6.06 | |
No-tumor | 2 | 15 | 375 | 3 | 94.94 | 5.06 | 94.22 | 5.78 | |
Pituitary Tumor | 0 | 2 | 3 | 822 | 99.40 | 0.60 | 97.97 | 2.03 |
Study | Methodology | Accuracy (%) |
---|---|---|
Afshar et al. [50] | CNN | 90.89 |
Cheng et al. [24] | Intensity histogram, gray level co-occurrence Matrix, and bag-of-words | 91.28 |
Irmak. [16] | Deep learning model | 92.66 |
Kang et al. [25] | Deep features | 93.72 |
Almalki et al. [26] | SURF and KAZE | 95.33 |
Alanazi et al. [19] | Pre-trained deep learning model | 95.75 |
Rehman et al. [51] | Pre-trained deep learning model | 95.86 |
Proposed Model | PSO-ReliefF SURF + KAZE | 96.30 |
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Ali, M.U.; Kallu, K.D.; Masood, H.; Hussain, S.J.; Ullah, S.; Byun, J.H.; Zafar, A.; Kim, K.S. A Robust Computer-Aided Automated Brain Tumor Diagnosis Approach Using PSO-ReliefF Optimized Gaussian and Non-Linear Feature Space. Life 2022, 12, 2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122036
Ali MU, Kallu KD, Masood H, Hussain SJ, Ullah S, Byun JH, Zafar A, Kim KS. A Robust Computer-Aided Automated Brain Tumor Diagnosis Approach Using PSO-ReliefF Optimized Gaussian and Non-Linear Feature Space. Life. 2022; 12(12):2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122036
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Muhammad Umair, Karam Dad Kallu, Haris Masood, Shaik Javeed Hussain, Safee Ullah, Jong Hyuk Byun, Amad Zafar, and Kawang Su Kim. 2022. "A Robust Computer-Aided Automated Brain Tumor Diagnosis Approach Using PSO-ReliefF Optimized Gaussian and Non-Linear Feature Space" Life 12, no. 12: 2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122036