Mucosal Immunity to Infectious Diseases

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mucosal immunity plays an important role in host defense against diverse infectious diseases. Composed of anatomically remote compartments, the mucosal immune system constitutes the first line of defense against various pathogens. Mucosal immunity, which includes innate and adaptive immunity, is mainly induced in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues. By inducing effective mucosal immunity, infections can be prevented or aborted at the port of entry before the pathogens disseminate systemically. Moreover, mucosal immunity has the advantage of eliminating small/residual niduses locally. Studying the induction of mucosal immunity can help us to understand the mechanisms involved in controlling pathogens that are transmitted through the mucosa. In addition, this information will facilitate the of design vaccines and treatments against infectious diseases. This Topic aims to publish papers on the induction and application of mucosal immunity. Thus, we invite you to submit your recent findings to this Topic in the form of original research or review articles and communications focusing on the induction and application of mucosal immunity against infectious diseases.

Dr. Jay A. Berzofsky
Dr. Yongjun Sui
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Cells cells	6.0	9.0	2012	16.6 Days	CHF 2700
Pathogens pathogens	3.7	5.1	2012	16.4 Days	CHF 2700
Receptors receptors	-	-	2022	15.0 days *	CHF 1000
Vaccines vaccines	7.8	7.0	2013	19.2 Days	CHF 2700
Viruses viruses	4.7	7.1	2009	13.8 Days	CHF 2600

* Median value for all MDPI journals in the second half of 2023.

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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All Cells Pathogens Receptors Vaccines Viruses

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0 pages, 3993 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

A CTB-SARS-CoV-2-ACE-2 RBD Mucosal Vaccine Protects Against Coronavirus Infection

by Béla Dénes, Ryan N. Fuller, Wayne Kelin, Tessa R. Levin, Jaipuneet Gil, Aaren Harewood, Márta Lőrincz, Nathan R. Wall, Anthony F. Firek and William H. R. Langridge

Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1865; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121865 - 18 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1633

Abstract

Mucosal vaccines protect against respiratory virus infection by stimulating the production of IgA antibodies that protect against virus invasion of the mucosal epithelium. In this study, a novel protein subunit mucosal vaccine was constructed for protection against infection by the beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. [...] Read more.

Mucosal vaccines protect against respiratory virus infection by stimulating the production of IgA antibodies that protect against virus invasion of the mucosal epithelium. In this study, a novel protein subunit mucosal vaccine was constructed for protection against infection by the beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The vaccine was assembled by linking a gene encoding the SARS-CoV-2 virus S1 angiotensin converting enzyme receptor binding domain (ACE-2-RBD) downstream from a DNA fragment encoding the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), a mucosal adjuvant known to stimulate vaccine immunogenicity. A 42 kDa vaccine fusion protein was identified in homogenates of transformed E. coli BL-21 cells by acrylamide gel electrophoresis and by immunoblotting against anti-CTB and anti-ACE-2-RBD primary antibodies. The chimeric CTB-SARS-CoV-2-ACE-2-RBD vaccine fusion protein was partially purified from clarified bacterial homogenates by nickel affinity column chromatography. Further vaccine purification was accomplished by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electro-elution of the 42 kDa chimeric vaccine protein. Vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection was assessed by oral, nasal, and parenteral immunization of BALB/c mice with the CTB-SARS-CoV-2-ACE-2-RBD protein. Vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies were quantified in immunized mouse serum by ELISA analysis. Serum from immunized mice contained IgG and IgA antibodies that neutralized SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero E6 cell cultures. In contrast to unimmunized mice, cytological examination of cell necrosis in lung tissues excised from immunized mice revealed no detectable cellular abnormalities. Mouse behavior following vaccine immunization remained normal throughout the duration of the experiments. Together, our data show that a CTB-adjuvant-stimulated CTB-SARS-CoV-2-ACE-2-RBD chimeric mucosal vaccine protein synthesized in bacteria can produce durable and persistent IgA antibodies in mice that neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 subvariant Omicron BA.1.1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mucosal Immunity to Infectious Diseases)

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13 pages, 1946 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Suitability of Polymyxin B as a Mucosal Adjuvant for Intranasal Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines

by Naoto Yoshino, Takuya Yokoyama, Hironori Sakai, Ikumi Sugiyama, Takashi Odagiri, Masahiro Kimura, Wataru Hojo, Tomoyuki Saino and Yasushi Muraki

Vaccines 2023, 11(11), 1727; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11111727 - 18 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1350

Abstract

Polymyxin B (PMB) is an antibiotic that exhibits mucosal adjuvanticity for ovalbumin (OVA), which enhances the immune response in the mucosal compartments of mice. Frequent breakthrough infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants indicate that the IgA antibody levels elicited [...] Read more.

Polymyxin B (PMB) is an antibiotic that exhibits mucosal adjuvanticity for ovalbumin (OVA), which enhances the immune response in the mucosal compartments of mice. Frequent breakthrough infections of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants indicate that the IgA antibody levels elicited by the mRNA vaccines in the mucosal tissues were insufficient for the prophylaxis of this infection. It remains unknown whether PMB exhibits mucosal adjuvanticity for antigens other than OVA. This study investigated the adjuvanticity of PMB for the virus proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A virus, and the S1 subunit and S protein of SARS-CoV-2. BALB/c mice immunized either intranasally or subcutaneously with these antigens alone or in combination with PMB were examined, and the antigen-specific antibodies were quantified. PMB substantially increased the production of antigen-specific IgA antibodies in mucosal secretions and IgG antibodies in plasma, indicating its adjuvanticity for both HA and S proteins. This study also revealed that the PMB-virus antigen complex diameter is crucial for the induction of mucosal immunity. No detrimental effects were observed on the nasal mucosa or olfactory bulb. These findings highlight the potential of PMB as a safe candidate for intranasal vaccination to induce mucosal IgA antibodies for prophylaxis against mucosally transmitted infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mucosal Immunity to Infectious Diseases)

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13 pages, 4689 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Postbiotic Fractions of Probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum 299v and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Show Immune-Modulating Effects

by Agnieszka Magryś and Mateusz Pawlik

Cells 2023, 12(21), 2538; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12212538 - 28 Oct 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1930

Abstract

Probiotic bacteria belonging to Lactobacillus spp. are important producers of bioactive molecules, known as postbiotics, that play essential roles in the immunological support of the intestinal mucosa. In this study, the system of co-culture of intestinal epithelial cells with macrophage cells in vitro [...] Read more.

Probiotic bacteria belonging to Lactobacillus spp. are important producers of bioactive molecules, known as postbiotics, that play essential roles in the immunological support of the intestinal mucosa. In this study, the system of co-culture of intestinal epithelial cells with macrophage cells in vitro was used to study the potential effect of postbiotic fractions of L. rhamonosus and L. plantarum on the modulation of the immune response induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli. This study’s results revealed that the presence of probiotic bacterial components on the mucosal surface in the early and late stage of inflammatory conditions is based on cellular interactions that control inflammation and consequent damage to the intestinal epithelium. In our studies, heat killed fractions of probiotic bacteria and their extracted proteins showed a beneficial effect on controlling inflammation, regardless of the strain tested, consequently protecting intestinal barrier damage. In conclusion, the presented results emphasize that the fractions of probiotic bacteria of L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus may play a significant role in the regulation of LPS-mediated cytotoxic activity in intestinal epithelial cells. The fractions of probiotic strains of L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum showed the potential to suppress inflammation, effectively activating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and modulating the IL-18-related response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Mucosal Immunity to Infectious Diseases)

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