Advances and Applications of 2D Materials, 2nd Volume

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.7	4.5	2011	16.9 Days	CHF 2400
Fluids fluids	1.9	2.8	2016	20.7 Days	CHF 1800
Materials materials	3.4	5.2	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600
Nanomaterials nanomaterials	5.3	7.4	2010	13.6 Days	CHF 2900
Polymers polymers	5.0	6.6	2009	13.7 Days	CHF 2700

8 pages, 2488 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Possibilities of Controlling the Quantum States of Hole Qubits in an Ultrathin Germanium Layer Using a Magnetic Substrate: Results from ab Initio Calculations

by Andrey N. Chibisov, Mary A. Chibisova, Anastasiia V. Prokhorenko, Kirill V. Obrazcov, Aleksandr S. Fedorov and Yang-Xin Yu

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(23), 3070; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13233070 - 03 Dec 2023

Viewed by 871

Abstract

Using density functional theory in the noncollinear approximation, the behavior of quantum states of hole qubits in a Ge/Co:ZnO system was studied in this work. A detailed analysis of the electronic structure and the distribution of total charge density and hole states was [...] Read more.

Using density functional theory in the noncollinear approximation, the behavior of quantum states of hole qubits in a Ge/Co:ZnO system was studied in this work. A detailed analysis of the electronic structure and the distribution of total charge density and hole states was carried out. It was shown that in the presence of holes, the energetically more favorable quantum state is the state |0˃, in contrast to the state |1˃ when there is no hole in the system. The favorability of hole states was found to be dependent on the polarity of the applied electric field. Full article

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12 pages, 4692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Two-Dimensional Copper p-Aminophenol Metal–Organic Framework and Investigation of Its Tribological Properties

by Lei Li, Zhijun Liu, Chuan Li, Xiaodong Wang and Mingling Li

Materials 2023, 16(17), 6061; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16176061 - 04 Sep 2023

Viewed by 864

Abstract

Here, a novel copper p-aminophenol metal–organic framework (Cu(PAP)₂) is first reported. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectra (FTIR), Raman spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), in combination with a structure simulation, indicated that Cu(PAP)₂ is a [...] Read more.

Here, a novel copper p-aminophenol metal–organic framework (Cu(PAP)₂) is first reported. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectra (FTIR), Raman spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), in combination with a structure simulation, indicated that Cu(PAP)₂ is a two-dimensional (2D) material with a staggered structure analogous to that of graphite. Based on its 2D graphite-like layer structure, Cu(PAP)₂ was expected to exhibit preferable tribological behaviors as an additive in liquid lubricants, and the tribological properties of Cu(PAP)₂ as a lubricating additive in hydrogenated polydecene (PAO6) or deionized water were investigated. Compared to PAO6 or deionized water, the results indicated that deionized water-based Cu(PAP)₂ showed much better friction reduction and anti-wear behavior than PAO6-based Cu(PAP)₂ did, which was due to Cu(PAP)₂ penetrating the interface between friction pairs in deionized water, but not in PAO6, thus producing lower friction and wear resistance values. Full article

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11 pages, 2223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of MoS₂ Using Chemical Vapor Deposition and Conventional Hydrothermal Methods: Applications to Respiration Sensing

by Eunjin Kim, Ja-Yeon Kim and Min-Ki Kwon

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(10), 6084; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13106084 - 15 May 2023

Viewed by 1438

Abstract

A promising alternative to methods for the conventional medical diagnosis of many disorders is respiratory monitoring. Unfortunately, current respiratory monitoring methods can be expensive and require inconvenient equipment, significantly limiting their medical applicability. In this study, we fabricated a respiration sensor that uses [...] Read more.

A promising alternative to methods for the conventional medical diagnosis of many disorders is respiratory monitoring. Unfortunately, current respiratory monitoring methods can be expensive and require inconvenient equipment, significantly limiting their medical applicability. In this study, we fabricated a respiration sensor that uses MoS₂-based resistance measurements and analyzed the cause of the slow response time previously reported for MoS₂-based sensors. Our results confirm that the crystal phase change of MoS₂ affects the absorption and desorption of H₂O and the use of the 2H structure results in high sensitivity, a fast response time, and a linear response to water vapor absorption during breathing. This study demonstrates the potential of two-dimensional nanomaterials for humidity and respiration sensors that can be applied in various fields. Full article

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16 pages, 3068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Physics behind the Modulation of Thermionic Current in Photodetectors Based on Graphene Embedded between Amorphous and Crystalline Silicon

by Teresa Crisci, Piera Maccagnani, Luigi Moretti, Caterina Summonte, Mariano Gioffrè, Rita Rizzoli and Maurizio Casalino

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(5), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13050872 - 26 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1270

Abstract

In this work, we investigate a vertically illuminated near-infrared photodetector based on a graphene layer physically embedded between a crystalline and a hydrogenated silicon layer. Under near-infrared illumination, our devices show an unforeseen increase in the thermionic current. This effect has been ascribed [...] Read more.

In this work, we investigate a vertically illuminated near-infrared photodetector based on a graphene layer physically embedded between a crystalline and a hydrogenated silicon layer. Under near-infrared illumination, our devices show an unforeseen increase in the thermionic current. This effect has been ascribed to the lowering of the graphene/crystalline silicon Schottky barrier as the result of an upward shift in the graphene Fermi level induced by the charge carriers released from traps localized at the graphene/amorphous silicon interface under illumination. A complex model reproducing the experimental observations has been presented and discussed. Responsivity of our devices exhibits a maximum value of 27 mA/W at 1543 nm under an optical power of 8.7 μW, which could be further improved at lower optical power. Our findings offer new insights, highlighting at the same time a new detection mechanism which could be exploited for developing near-infrared silicon photodetectors suitable for power monitoring applications. Full article

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23 pages, 5880 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress and Applications of 2D Antimonene

by Tingting Zhong, Lina Zeng, Zaijin Li, Li Sun, Zhongliang Qiao, Yi Qu, Guojun Liu and Lin Li

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010035 - 20 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1712

Abstract

Antimonene has attracted much attention due to its excellent properties such as high carrier mobility, excellent thermoelectric performance and high stability. In order to verify its theoretical advantages, a large number of experimental studies have been carried out and its applications explored. This [...] Read more.

Antimonene has attracted much attention due to its excellent properties such as high carrier mobility, excellent thermoelectric performance and high stability. In order to verify its theoretical advantages, a large number of experimental studies have been carried out and its applications explored. This paper mainly introduces the experimental preparation of antimonene by mechanical exfoliation, liquid phase exfoliation and epitaxial growth, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and describes the applications of antimonene in sensor, battery, medicine and laser. Finally, prospects have been made to the future applications of antimonene in photoelectric field. Full article

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10 pages, 5201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Band Structure and Quantum Transport of Bent Bilayer Graphene

by Xue Wang and Lei Xu

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238664 - 05 Dec 2022

Viewed by 919

Abstract

We investigate the band structures and transport properties of a zigzag-edged bent bilayer graphene nanoribbon under a uniform perpendicular magnetic field. Due to its unique geometry, the edge and interface states can be controlled by an electric field or local potential, and the [...] Read more.

We investigate the band structures and transport properties of a zigzag-edged bent bilayer graphene nanoribbon under a uniform perpendicular magnetic field. Due to its unique geometry, the edge and interface states can be controlled by an electric field or local potential, and the conductance exhibits interesting quantized behavior. When Zeeman splitting is considered, the edge states are spin-filtered, and a weak quantum spin Hall (WQSH) phase appears. In the presence of an electric field or local potential, a WQSH-QH junction or WQSH-spin-unbalanced QSH junction can be achieved, respectively, while fully spin-polarized currents appear in the interface region. Zeeman splitting lifts the spin degeneracy, leading to a WQSH around zero energy with a quantized two-terminal conductance of 4e²/h, which is robust against weak nonmagnetic disorder. These results provide a way to manipulate the band structures and transport properties of the system using an electric field, local potential, and Zeeman splitting. Full article

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15 pages, 8335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Typical Solvents on the Structural Integrity and Properties of Activated Kaolinite by Wet Ball Milling

by Shunjie Luo, Yang Chen, Weiting Xu, Jiangxiong Wei, Zhaoheng Li, Shiqing Huang, Haoliang Huang, Junlu Zhang and Qijun Yu

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(23), 4255; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12234255 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1339

Abstract

The influence of organic solvents on the structural integrity and properties of activated kaolinite were compared and analyzed via characterization techniques and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The results revealed that the organic intercalators can be easily inserted into the interlayer spaces of activated [...] Read more.

The influence of organic solvents on the structural integrity and properties of activated kaolinite were compared and analyzed via characterization techniques and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The results revealed that the organic intercalators can be easily inserted into the interlayer spaces of activated kaolinite within a short time of the wet ball milling. The DMSO intercalated kaolinites maintained structural integrity due to the high intercalation rate and the excellent buffering effect against the crushing force of milling during the delamination/exfoliation process. The delaminated layers of the DMSO–kaolinite complex exhibited a high specific surface area of 99.12 m²/g and a low average thickness of 35.21 nm. The calculated elastic properties of the organo-kaolinite complex manifested the intercalation of DMSO into a kaolinite interlayer, which could improve the compressibility and structural integrity of kaolinite nanosheets. The DMSO–kaolinite complex was easier to peel off when compared to the other organic intercalators due to its more intercalated molecules. Full article

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8 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spin-Induced Switching of Electronic State Populations in Transition Metal Polyphthalocyanines

by Deepali Jagga, Vitaly I. Korepanov, Daria M. Sedlovets and Artur Useinov

Materials 2022, 15(22), 8098; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228098 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1256

Abstract

Polyphthalocyanines (PPCs) are a new and promising class of two dimensional materials offering versatile avenues for next generation electronic devices. For organic spintronic devices, PPCs can be engineered to tailor the electric and magnetic properties. In this work, we investigate PPC’s monolayers with [...] Read more.

Polyphthalocyanines (PPCs) are a new and promising class of two dimensional materials offering versatile avenues for next generation electronic devices. For organic spintronic devices, PPCs can be engineered to tailor the electric and magnetic properties. In this work, we investigate PPC’s monolayers with embedded transition metal atoms (TM = Fe, Ni, Cu), utilizing first principle calculations based on spin-polarized generalized gradient approximation (SGGA). PPC sheets with central TM atoms are simulated for the dispersion curves, electronic density of states (DOS), and projected density of states (PDOS) using quantum atomistic toolkit (Quantum ATK) software. According to simulations, the FePPC supercell with four magnetic moments of Fe, aligned in a parallel ferromagnetic (FM) configuration, show the conductive FM state, while in the case of the anti-parallel antiferromagnetic (AFM) order of the magnetic moments, the material exhibits semiconducting non-magnetic behavior. FM-ordered NiPPC displays a metallic state, which is partly suppressed for AFM-ordered NiPPC. In contrast, non-magnetic CuPPC is found to be the best conductor due to its larger PDOS at the Fermi level among all considered systems. Full article

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13 pages, 2215 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cancer Diagnosis Using Terahertz-Graphene-Metasurface-Based Biosensor with Dual-Resonance Response

by Chunjian Tan, Shaogang Wang, Shizhen Li, Xu Liu, Jia Wei, Guoqi Zhang and Huaiyu Ye

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(21), 3889; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213889 - 03 Nov 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1891

Abstract

Owing to the outstanding physical properties of graphene, its biosensing applications implemented by the terahertz metasurface are widely concerned and studied. Here, we present a novel design of the graphene metasurface, which consists of an individual graphene ring and an H-shaped graphene structure. [...] Read more.

Owing to the outstanding physical properties of graphene, its biosensing applications implemented by the terahertz metasurface are widely concerned and studied. Here, we present a novel design of the graphene metasurface, which consists of an individual graphene ring and an H-shaped graphene structure. The graphene metasurface exhibits a dual-resonance response, whose resonance frequency strongly varies with the geometrical parameters of the proposed metasurface, the carrier density of graphene, and the analyte composition. The transparency window, including width and position, can be artificially controlled by adjusting the geometrical parameters or the Fermi energy. Furthermore, the sensing parameters of the graphene metasurface for cancerous and normal cells are investigated, focusing on two factors, namely cell quantity and position on the metasurface. The simulated results clearly show that the theoretical sensitivity, figure of merit, and quantity of the graphene metasurface for breast cells reach 1.21 THz/RIU, 2.75 RIU

^{- 1}

, and 2.43, respectively. Our findings may open up new avenues for promising applications in the diagnosis of cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances and Applications of 2D Materials, 2nd Volume)

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13 pages, 5355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth and Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of GaSe_1−xS_x Crystals

by Madi Aitzhanov, Nazim Guseinov, Renata Nemkayeva, Yerulan Sagidolda, Zhandos Tolepov, Oleg Prikhodko and Yerzhan Mukhametkarimov

Materials 2022, 15(20), 7080; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207080 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1241

Abstract

In recent years, interest in the liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of layered crystals has been growing due to the efficiency and scalability of the method, as well as the wide range of practical applications of the obtained dispersions based on two-dimensional flakes. In this [...] Read more.

In recent years, interest in the liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of layered crystals has been growing due to the efficiency and scalability of the method, as well as the wide range of practical applications of the obtained dispersions based on two-dimensional flakes. In this paper, we present a comparative study of as-grown and liquid-phase exfoliated GaSe_1−xS_x flakes. Bulk GaSe_1−xS_x crystals with x ~ 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 were synthesized by melting stoichiometric amounts of gallium, selenium, and sulfur particles in evacuated ampoules. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystal structure does not change considerably after LPE, while the analysis of the Raman spectra revealed that, after liquid-phase processing in IPA, an additional peak associated with amorphous selenium is observed in selenium-rich GaSeS compounds. Nevertheless, the direct and indirect transition energies determined from the Kubelka-Munk function for LPE crystals correlate with the band gap of the as-grown bulk GaSeS crystals. This finding is also confirmed by comparison with the data on the positions of the photoluminescence peak. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances and Applications of 2D Materials, 2nd Volume)

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8 pages, 1344 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

High-Temperature Annealing Effects on Atomically Thin Tungsten Diselenide Field-Effect Transistor

by Muhammad Atif Khan, Muhammad Qasim Mehmood and Yehia Massoud

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(16), 8119; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168119 - 13 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1697

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) material-based devices are expected to operate under high temperatures induced by Joule heating and environmental conditions when integrated into compact integrated circuits for practical applications. However, the behavior of these materials at high operating temperatures is obscure as most studies emphasize [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional (2D) material-based devices are expected to operate under high temperatures induced by Joule heating and environmental conditions when integrated into compact integrated circuits for practical applications. However, the behavior of these materials at high operating temperatures is obscure as most studies emphasize only room temperature or low-temperature operation. Here, the high-temperature electrical response of the tungsten diselenide (WSe₂) field-effect transistor was studied. It is revealed that 350 K is the optimal annealing temperature for the WSe₂ transistor, and annealing at this temperature improves on-current, field-effect mobility and on/off ratio around three times. Annealing beyond this temperature (360 K to 670 K) adversely affects the device performance attributed to the partial oxidation of WSe₂ at higher temperatures. An increase in hysteresis also confirms the formation of new traps as the device is annealed beyond 350 K. These findings explicate the thermal stability of WSe₂ and can help design 2D materials-based durable devices for high-temperature practical applications. Full article

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12 pages, 829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Birotons and “Dark” Quantum Hall Hierarchies

by Oleg A. Grigorev, Liliya I. Musina, Alexander B. Van’kov, Oleg V. Volkov and Leonid V. Kulik

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7940; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157940 - 08 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1187

Abstract

A computational scheme is suggested to estimate neutral excitation energies in the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) states. The FQHE states are systematized according to the Farey-number hierarchy structure. We show that besides the widely known Laughlin–Jain hierarchy of fractional states, there exist [...] Read more.

A computational scheme is suggested to estimate neutral excitation energies in the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) states. The FQHE states are systematized according to the Farey-number hierarchy structure. We show that besides the widely known Laughlin–Jain hierarchy of fractional states, there exist other “dark” hierarchies. Although hardly observed in the highest mobility samples, they can significantly affect the thermodynamics and spectral characteristics of the FQHE states. The known problems in the interpretation of the FQHE’s experimental results are explained in terms of the coexistence of two fundamentally different transformations of the electron system, one of which is a neutral excitation in the FQHE state, whereas the other is a transition between two FQHE ground states, one of which represents the Laughlin–Jain FQHE hierarchy and the other a state of “dark” hierarchies. Full article

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12 pages, 5046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reversible Conversion of Odd/Even One-Way Modes in Magneto-Optical Photonic Crystal Double-Channel Waveguides

by Xinyue Yu, Suna Zhuang, Jianfeng Chen, Zhi-Yuan Li and Wenyao Liang

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(14), 2448; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142448 - 17 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1525

Abstract

We have studied the transmission properties of odd/even one-way modes and their reversible conversion in a double-channel waveguide consisting of two magneto-optical photonic crystals (MOPCs) sandwiched with Al₂O₃ PC. There exist two pairs of even and odd modes, i.e., M1(even)/M2(odd) [...] Read more.

We have studied the transmission properties of odd/even one-way modes and their reversible conversion in a double-channel waveguide consisting of two magneto-optical photonic crystals (MOPCs) sandwiched with Al₂O₃ PC. There exist two pairs of even and odd modes, i.e., M1(even)/M2(odd) or M3(odd)/M4(even) modes, for the double-channel waveguides with one- or two-stranded coupling layer of Al₂O₃ rods, respectively. Among them, the M1, M2, and M3 modes are caused by the weak coupling strength of two sub-waveguides, while the M4 mode results from the strong coupling effect and supports dispersionless slow-light propagation. Furthermore, we realize the reversible conversion between odd and even modes (i.e., between M1 and M2 modes, or M3 and M4 modes) in the one- or two-stranded structure, respectively, by adjusting the length and position of the perfect electric conductor (PEC) defect properly to cause the desired significant phase delay along the upper and lower equivalent transmission paths. Additionally, we find that the robustness of the M1 even mode is poor because of extra excitations of counter-propagation modes near the right Brillouin boundary, while the other three modes have extremely strong robustness against PEC defects and their one-way transmittances are nearly 100%. These results hold promise for many fields, such as slow-light modulation and the design of topological devices. Full article

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