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Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse
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Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2024 | Viewed by 14302

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Daniela Mesquita

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
Interests: water and wastewater treatment; microscopy; spectroscopy; waste valorization; chemometric techniques
Dr. Cristina Quintelas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
Interests: adsorption; biodegradation; chemometrics; pollutants removal; advanced analytical techniques
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over time, the development of new technologies and products has promoted not only progress but several environmental concerns. Conventional methods to remove pollutants from wastewater treatment plants are inefficient, and new methods are welcome. The discharge of large quantities of pollutants to surface waters is a contributing factor to the lack of potable water. In addition, supply and demand of fresh water is skewed in the world, which increases water stress in many regions, with some serious conflicts as a result. While there is a severe shortage of fresh water, many water uses do not require high-quality water. Wastewater reclamation, i.e., the reuse of treated wastewater, has been identified as one of the most significant approaches to meet current and future water demands.

The current Special Issue will focus on emphasizing the timely research studies that address the existing new technologies used to remove pollutants from wastewater aiming the water reuse. The topics for the Special Issue should include but are not limited to the following areas: the different sources of pollutants; their fate and occurrence in the environment; toxicity and risk assessments; different methods employed to remove these pollutants from the environment; advances in analytical chemical and bioanalytical techniques for the identification and quantification of pollutants in aqueous systems; advances in technologies used to assess removal processes; and methods to assess the quality of the treated water aiming the reuse. We invite the authors to submit scientific studies that include original and innovative research papers, reviews, and short communications.

Dr. Daniela Mesquita
Dr. Cristina Quintelas
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wastewater
  • treatment
  • monitoring
  • pollutants
  • water reuse

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 4664 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Reverse Osmosis Feed Spacer Design for Enhanced Dimethylphenol Removal from Wastewater: A Study of Hydrodynamics and Performance Indicators
by Mudhar A. Al-Obaidi, Farhan Lafta Rashid, Arman Ameen, Mohammed Kadhom and Iqbal M. Mujtaba
Water 2024, 16(6), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16060895 - 20 Mar 2024
Viewed by 571
Abstract
Due to its high pollutant rejection and low energy usage, the spiral wound module of reverse osmosis (RO) process is the most commonly used technology utilised in wastewater treatment. For a spiral wound module, the presence of a feed spacer is important as [...] Read more.
Due to its high pollutant rejection and low energy usage, the spiral wound module of reverse osmosis (RO) process is the most commonly used technology utilised in wastewater treatment. For a spiral wound module, the presence of a feed spacer is important as a key solution to mitigate the concentration polarisation phenomenon, due to disorderly fluid flow, and to improve the mass transfer coefficient. Undoubtedly, improvements in the spiral wound module design, mainly in the symmetrical shape of the feed spacer, can have a significant impact on the cost and probable use of these modules. Despite the wide interest in appraising the impact of feed spacer geometry and orientation on the performance of a spiral wound module for RO process-based water desalination, the hydrodynamics of feed spacers (pressure drop and mass transfer coefficient) and the associated influences of feed spacer design (the height of the feed spacer, the angle of the filaments, and the porosity) on the removal of pollutants from wastewater have not yet been addressed. The current investigation aims to fill this gap by studying the hydrodynamics and design parameters of the selected parallelogram feed spacer type ultrafiltration (UF−3) for the removal of dimethylphenol from wastewater. Using model-based simulation, the impacts of UF−3 feed spacer design parameters, including the height, angle between the filaments (orientation), and porosity on the pressure drop, friction factor, axial flow fluid velocity, mass transfer coefficient, water flux, dimethylphenol rejection, recovery rate, and specific energy consumption are detailed in this study. The study intends to demonstrate the optimum design features of UF−3 feed spacer that should be considered to assure the highest elimination of dimethylphenol from wastewater in addition to the lowest specific energy consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse)
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14 pages, 1846 KiB  
Article
Nitrogen Removal Mechanism and Microbial Community Changes of the MBR Bioaugmented with Two Novel Fungi Pichia kudriavzevii N7 and Candida tropicalis N9
by Minglei Ma, Qiang Gui, Weisheng Zheng, Yingjie Zhang and Kai Wang
Water 2024, 16(5), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050757 - 02 Mar 2024
Viewed by 908
Abstract
Ammonia nitrogen wastewater causes dissolved oxygen concentrations to decrease and the content of harmful substances to increase. To characterize the application properties of two novel strains of highly efficient ammonium transforming fungi—Pichia kudriavzevii N7 and Candida tropicalis N9—this study used both as [...] Read more.
Ammonia nitrogen wastewater causes dissolved oxygen concentrations to decrease and the content of harmful substances to increase. To characterize the application properties of two novel strains of highly efficient ammonium transforming fungi—Pichia kudriavzevii N7 and Candida tropicalis N9—this study used both as compound microbial agents to treat nitrogenous wastewater. Here, we investigated the bioaugmentation effect of compound fungi N7 and N9 in the MBR bioreactor and the effect of N7 and N9 on the fungal and bacterial microbial communities in the system. The results revealed that in the first week after inoculation of N7 and N9, the average removal rate of ammonium in the experimental and control groups were 89.43% and 82.86%, respectively, and the NO3−-N accumulation concentrations were 12.56 mg·L−1 and 17.73 mg·L−1, respectively. The average transformation rate of total nitrogen in the experimental and control groups were 46.32% and 30.6%, respectively. ITS sequencing results indicated that N9 could be a dominant fungus in the complex MBR system. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the dominant bacterial communities in the system were changed by the inoculation of compound fungi. Therefore, the compound fungi can be applied to strengthen the treatment of nitrogenous wastewater due to its compatibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse)
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15 pages, 2134 KiB  
Article
The Identification of Selective Pathogenic Microbial Community Biofilms in Different Distribution Pipeline Materials and Their Disinfection Kinetics
by Sanam Bhatti, Tanveer A. Gadhi, Rasool Bux Mahar, Imran Ali, Najeebullah Channa, Junaid Ahmed Kori and Barbara Bonelli
Water 2023, 15(23), 4099; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234099 - 26 Nov 2023
Viewed by 2056
Abstract
Biofilms in water distribution lines strongly affect water safety as they are the main carriers of pathogens. The current study investigated the biofilm formation and identification of selected pathogens in different distribution pipeline materials and their disinfection method in an annular reactor (AR). [...] Read more.
Biofilms in water distribution lines strongly affect water safety as they are the main carriers of pathogens. The current study investigated the biofilm formation and identification of selected pathogens in different distribution pipeline materials and their disinfection method in an annular reactor (AR). Initially, the quality of the flowing water from each pipeline material was analyzed, i.e., pH, TDS, EC, turbidity, and salinity; then, the biofilm formation was monitored for each material, i.e., ABS, PC, PVC, PP, and HDPE. Further, the disinfection kinetics of biofilm at different chlorine doses, i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/L, was investigated. The selected pathogens, i.e., E. coli, Pseudomonas, Shigella, Salmonella sp., and Vibrio sp. were identified in biofilms formed in different pipeline materials. The disinfection kinetics results showed that a chlorine dose of 2.0 mg/L was the most effective in disinfecting selected pathogens. Following the disinfection kinetics, it was observed that Salmonella sp. was disinfected within 7 days, whereas other pathogenic biofilms were disinfected within 14 days. The efficacy of chlorine disinfection was affected by the types of pipeline materials. The study outcomes could provide insights into biofilms’ disinfection method and the selection of suitable pipeline materials to ensure drinking water safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse)
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10 pages, 575 KiB  
Article
Application of the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index in Assessing Groundwater Quality: A Case Study of the South Gujarat Region
by Divya D. Patel, Darshan J. Mehta, Hazi M. Azamathulla, Mohdzuned Mohmedraffi Shaikh, Shivendra Jha and Upaka Rathnayake
Water 2023, 15(19), 3512; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193512 - 08 Oct 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2726
Abstract
Groundwater is a natural resource used for drinking, agriculture, and industry, apart from surface water. Its quality should be assessed regularly, and the condition of water resources should be maintained accordingly. The most common analytical method for describing and assessing the general water [...] Read more.
Groundwater is a natural resource used for drinking, agriculture, and industry, apart from surface water. Its quality should be assessed regularly, and the condition of water resources should be maintained accordingly. The most common analytical method for describing and assessing the general water quality is the Water Quality Index (WQI). This study aims to assess the South Gujarat Region’s groundwater quality using the WQI. Various physicochemical parameters like pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, fluorides, and total alkalinity are considered for the present study. The data period from 2018 to 2022 is considered for the same. The Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Technique is used to evaluate these data. For checking the potability of the parameters within the acceptable limit, the Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification code (IS: 10050-2012) is adopted. According to the study mentioned above, a few wells’ groundwater quality has been found to be higher than the WQI value. It is also observed that four wells were found unsuitable for drinking purposes in 2018. It is noted that if the WQI value of groundwater is above 51, it is considered harmful to human health; therefore, it requires some kind of processing before use. This study will be beneficial to the policymakers for identifying and providing details about groundwater quality in the form of a specific value, i.e., WQI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse)
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20 pages, 4415 KiB  
Article
Adsorptive Performance of Walnut Shells Modified with Urea and Surfactant for Cationic Dye Removal
by Yuliana Shkliarenko, Vita Halysh and Alla Nesterenko
Water 2023, 15(8), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081536 - 14 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1653
Abstract
Adsorption of cationic dye crystal violet (CV) onto a modified walnut shell (WS) adsorbent was investigated. Combined treatment of WS using urea and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) was carried out. Surface modification of adsorbents was confirmed by FTIR analysis, pHpzc measurements, and elemental and [...] Read more.
Adsorption of cationic dye crystal violet (CV) onto a modified walnut shell (WS) adsorbent was investigated. Combined treatment of WS using urea and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) was carried out. Surface modification of adsorbents was confirmed by FTIR analysis, pHpzc measurements, and elemental and SEM-EDX analysis. In order to optimize the adsorption conditions, the effect of solution pH, adsorbent dose and CV concentration was studied by means of central composite face-centered design (CCFD). The highest correlation between experimental and model data was obtained for the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model, assuming an ion exchange mechanism of adsorption. A satisfactory fit of CV adsorption data was obtained from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, supporting a single layer adsorption. According to obtained results, modified WS can be considered as a low-cost, efficient and environmentally compatible biosorbent for the removal of cationic pollutants from aqueous solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse)
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Review

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38 pages, 6136 KiB  
Review
Recent Advancements in the Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater
by Muhammad Shettima Lawan, Rajeev Kumar, Jamshaid Rashid and Mohamed Abou El-Fetouh Barakat
Water 2023, 15(20), 3676; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203676 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3948
Abstract
The treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRWW) is of great interest in industrial wastewater management. This wastewater contains a diverse concentration of contaminants such as oil and grease, petroleum hydrocarbons, phenols, ammonia, and sulfides, as well as other organic and inorganic composites. Refinery [...] Read more.
The treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRWW) is of great interest in industrial wastewater management. This wastewater contains a diverse concentration of contaminants such as oil and grease, petroleum hydrocarbons, phenols, ammonia, and sulfides, as well as other organic and inorganic composites. Refinery wastewater treatment has been attempted through various processes, including physical, biological, chemical, and hybrid methods, which combine two or more techniques. This review aims to summarize current research studies involved in the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater using conventional, advanced, and integrated treatment techniques. Furthermore, it critically highlights the efficiencies and major limitations of each technique and the prospects for improvements. Several conventional treatment techniques (basically, the physicochemical and biological processes) are discussed. In this context, advanced oxidation processes (AoPs), especially electrochemical oxidation and photocatalysis, as well as integrated/hybrid processes are found to be effective in removing the recalcitrant fraction of organic pollutants through their various inherent mechanisms. These techniques could effectively remove COD and phenol concentrations with an average removal efficiency exceeding 90%. Hence, the review also presents an elaborate discussion of the photocatalytic process as one of the advanced techniques and highlights some basic concepts to optimize the degradation efficiency of photocatalysts. Finally, a brief recommendation for research prospects is also presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse)
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15 pages, 781 KiB  
Review
Alternatives for Fresh Water in Cement-Based Materials: A Review
by Sumra Yousuf, Payam Shafigh, Zakaria Che Muda, Herda Yati Binti Katman and Abid Latif
Water 2023, 15(15), 2828; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152828 - 04 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1570
Abstract
Huge amounts of fresh water are used in the concrete industry every day. The quantity and quality of water play important roles in determining the quality, strength, setting time, and durability of cement-based materials (CBMs), such as paste, mortar, and concrete. Freshwater systems [...] Read more.
Huge amounts of fresh water are used in the concrete industry every day. The quantity and quality of water play important roles in determining the quality, strength, setting time, and durability of cement-based materials (CBMs), such as paste, mortar, and concrete. Freshwater systems are under pressure due to climate changes, industrialisation, population growth, urbanisation, and the lack of proper water resource management. The lack of potable water has resulted in the search for possible alternatives, such as seawater, treated industrial wastewater, treated sewage wastewater, carwash service station wastewater, wastewater from ready-mix concrete plants, and wastewater from the stone-cutting industry. All of these water resources can be used in concrete to achieve adequate industry standards for the physical and chemical characteristics of concrete. This study is a comprehensive review of the existing information regarding the effects of alternate water resources on the fresh, physical, strength, and durability properties of CBMs. The review shows that the research on the utilisation of wastewater in CBMs is limited. The development of different procedures and methods is urgently needed to utilise various wastewaters in concrete production. The usage of various wastewaters in concrete construction overcomes their adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse)
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