Research

13 pages, 1253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Effect of Corn-fermented Protein and Traditional Ingredients on the Fecal Microbiota of Dogs

by Logan R. Kilburn-Kappeler, Tyler Doerksen, Andrea Lu, Rachel M. Palinski, Nanyan Lu and Charles G. Aldrich

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(9), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10090553 - 02 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1388

Abstract

Corn-fermented protein (CFP), a co-product from the ethanol industry, is produced using post-fermentation technology to split the protein and yeast from fiber prior to drying. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of CFP compared to traditional ingredients on the [...] Read more.

Corn-fermented protein (CFP), a co-product from the ethanol industry, is produced using post-fermentation technology to split the protein and yeast from fiber prior to drying. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of CFP compared to traditional ingredients on the fecal microbiota of dogs. The four experimental diets included a control with no yeast and diets containing either 3.5% brewer’s dried yeast, 2.5% brewer’s dried yeast plus 17.5% distiller’s dried grains with solubles, or 17.5% CFP. The experimental diets were fed to adult dogs (n = 12) in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design. Fresh fecal samples (n = 48) were analyzed by 16S metagenomic sequencing. Raw sequences were processed through mothur. Community diversity was evaluated in R. Relative abundance data were analyzed within the 50 most abundant operational taxonomic units using a mixed model of SAS. Alpha and beta diversity were similar for all treatments. Predominant phyla among all samples were Firmicutes (73%), Bacteroidetes (15%), Fusobacteria (8%), and Actinobacteria (4%). There were no quantifiable (p > 0.05) shifts in the predominant phyla among the treatments. However, nine genera resulted in differences in relative abundance among the treatments. These data indicate that compared to traditional ingredients, CFP did not alter the overall diversity of the fecal microbiota of healthy adult dogs over 14 days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Companion Animal Diet and Nutrition)

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19 pages, 1638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of an Enteroprotective Complementary Feed on Faecal Markers of Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Weaning Puppies

by Giorgia Meineri, Luca Cocolin, Giada Morelli, Carlo Schievano, David Atuahene and Ilario Ferrocino

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(7), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10070434 - 03 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1282

Abstract

Weaning entails numerous modifications of the intestinal structure and microbiota composition, making puppies at high risk of sickness during this delicate life stage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a four-week administration of a supplement composed of ultramicronised [...] Read more.

Weaning entails numerous modifications of the intestinal structure and microbiota composition, making puppies at high risk of sickness during this delicate life stage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a four-week administration of a supplement composed of ultramicronised Palmitoylethanolamide, bovine colostrum and Bacillus subtilis (Normalia^® Extra, Innovet Italia Srl, Saccolongo, Italy) on markers of gut health and microbiome of weaning puppies. Twenty-nine four-week-old Golden Retriever puppies were randomly assigned to control (CG, n = 13) and treated (TG, n = 16) groups. During the whole experimental time, there were no differences between the groups with regard to average daily gain and faecal score. In TG, faecal calprotectin and zonulin values were statistically significantly decreased compared to CG, especially at week 8 (zonulin: 42.8 ± 1.54 ng/mL and 55.3 ± 42.8 ng/mL, and calprotectin: 2.91 ± 0.38 µg/g and 5.71 ± 0.43 µg/g, in TG and CG, respectively; p < 0.0001 for both comparisons). Bacteria belonging to phylum Campylobacterota decreased (p = 0.04), while those referring to genera Coprococcus and Pseudomonas increased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively). The supplementation of the tested complementary feed can promote the intestinal health of puppies and therefore facilitate weaning by lowering gut inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Companion Animal Diet and Nutrition)

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16 pages, 3921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of Bacillus subtilis HH2 against Oral Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Beagles

by Jinpeng Yang, Xinyue Zhang, Ziyao Zhou, Caiwu Li, Run Luo, Haifeng Liu, Hualin Fu, Zhijun Zhong, Liuhong Shen, Suizhong Cao, Yan Luo, Desheng Li and Guangneng Peng

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(7), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10070432 - 03 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1384

Abstract

This study evaluated the protective effect of Bacillus subtilis HH2 on beagles orally challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). We assessed the physiological parameters and the severity of diarrhea, as well as the changes in three serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM), plasma [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the protective effect of Bacillus subtilis HH2 on beagles orally challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). We assessed the physiological parameters and the severity of diarrhea, as well as the changes in three serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM), plasma diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactate (D-LA), and the fecal microbiome. Feeding B. subtilis HH2 significantly reduced the severity of diarrhea after the ETEC challenge (p < 0.05) and increased serum levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM (p < 0.01). B. subtilis HH2 administration also reduced serum levels of DAO at 48 h after the ETEC challenge (p < 0.05), but no significant changes were observed in D-LA (p > 0.05). Oral ETEC challenge significantly reduced the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in beagles not pre-fed with B. subtilis HH2 (p < 0.05), while B. subtilis HH2 feeding and oral ETEC challenge significantly altered the gut microbiota structure of beagles (p < 0.01). Moreover, 14 days of B. subtilis HH2 feeding reduced the relative abundance of Deinococcus-Thermus in feces. This study reveals that B. subtilis HH2 alleviates diarrhea caused by ETEC, enhances non-specific immunity, reduces ETEC-induced damage to the intestinal mucosa, and regulates gut microbiota composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Companion Animal Diet and Nutrition)

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12 pages, 2247 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Preliminary Study on Treatment Outcomes and Prednisolone Tapering after Marine Lipid Extract EAB-277 Supplementation in Dogs with Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia

by Raktham Mektrirat, Peerawit Chongrattanameteekul, Nattanon Pureeroj, Metina Duangboon, Jarunee Loythong, Natakorn Wiset, Sineenart Chantarachart, Chompunut Lumsangkul and Wanpitak Pongkan

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(7), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10070425 - 30 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1857

Abstract

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a common autoimmune disorder in dogs with a high fatality rate and it remains a therapeutic challenge. The marine lipid extract, EAB-277, is a natural anti-inflammatory nutraceutical product. However, the effects of EAB-277 in IMHA dogs has rarely [...] Read more.

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a common autoimmune disorder in dogs with a high fatality rate and it remains a therapeutic challenge. The marine lipid extract, EAB-277, is a natural anti-inflammatory nutraceutical product. However, the effects of EAB-277 in IMHA dogs has rarely been investigated. The objective of this study is to assess the clinical effects of EAB-277 and prednisolone dose-tapering for supplemental therapy in IMHA dogs. Prednisolone was given to 18 anemic IMHA dogs according to a standard regimen. Six dogs were supplementally treated with EAB-277 for 28 days and the remaining twelve dogs were a control group of untreated supplementations. The results demonstrate that the supplement group showed slightly better survival rates (66.7 ± 19.2%) than the control group (16.7 ± 0.7%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.408). When compared to pre-therapy, the supplement group’s blood profiles improved (p < 0.05). The EAB-277 treated group showed a moderate decrease in the incidence rate (4.20 times) of prednisolone tapering compared to the control group. The dosage reduction of prednisolone in supplement group was more than that in the control group (p < 0.0001). Our results suggest that EAB-277 supplementation may enhance clinical outcomes and lessen prednisolone dose-tapering in canine IMHA therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Companion Animal Diet and Nutrition)

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10 pages, 647 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Comparison of Fish, Krill and Flaxseed as Omega-3 Sources to Increase the Omega-3 Index in Dogs

by Hanna Lindqvist, Tonje Dominguez, Ragnhild Dragøy, Yunpeng Ding and Lena Burri

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020162 - 18 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2441

Abstract

(1) Background: it is only the longer chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) and not the shorter chain α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) that have been linked to health benefits. (2) Methods: 45 dogs [...] Read more.

(1) Background: it is only the longer chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) and not the shorter chain α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) that have been linked to health benefits. (2) Methods: 45 dogs divided into three groups were first given premium dry food for 38 days (baseline). The O3I was then used as a diagnostic tool to provide a measure of the sum of EPA + DHA in red blood cell membranes given as a percentage of all fatty acids. The dogs were subsequently fed with either krill meal (krill), fishmeal/oil (fish) or flaxseed cake (flax) included in raw food providing daily 416 mg EPA + DHA (971 mg ALA), 513 mg EPA + DHA (1027 mg ALA) and 1465 mg ALA (122 mg EPA + DHA), respectively. (3) Results: the average baseline O3I level of all dogs was low (1.36%), warranting n-3 supplementation. After four weeks, O3I levels were significantly increased in the krill (from 1.36 ± 0.44 to 2.36 ± 0.39%) and fish (from 1.35 ± 0.22 to 1.9 ± 0.35%) groups (p < 0.001). No significant modification of the O3I was detected in the flax animals. (4) Conclusions: only marine n-3 PUFAs resulted in a significantly increased O3I, with dietary krill meal providing the highest increase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Companion Animal Diet and Nutrition)

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11 pages, 2078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Iron Bioaccessibility and Speciation in Microalgae Used as a Dog Nutrition Supplement

by Thomas Dalmonte, Carla Giuditta Vecchiato, Giacomo Biagi, Micaela Fabbri, Giulia Andreani and Gloria Isani

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(2), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020138 - 10 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1913

Abstract

Chlorella vulgaris, Arthrospira platensis, Haematoccocus pluvialis, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum are species of interest for commercial purposes due to their valuable nutritional profile. The aim of this study was to investigate the iron content in these four microalgae, with emphasis on [...] Read more.

Chlorella vulgaris, Arthrospira platensis, Haematoccocus pluvialis, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum are species of interest for commercial purposes due to their valuable nutritional profile. The aim of this study was to investigate the iron content in these four microalgae, with emphasis on their iron bioaccessibility assessed using an in vitro digestion system to simulate the process which takes place in the stomach and small intestine of dogs, followed by iron quantification using atomic absorption spectrometry. Furthermore, the extraction of soluble proteins was carried out and size exclusion chromatography was applied to investigate iron speciation. Significant differences (p < 0.004) in iron content were found between C. vulgaris, which had the highest (1347 ± 93 μg g⁻¹), and H. pluvialis, which had the lowest (216 ± 59 μg g⁻¹) iron content. C. vulgaris, A. platensis, and H. pluvialis showed an iron bioaccessibility of 30, 31, and 30%, respectively, while P. tricornutum showed the lowest bioaccessibility (11%). The four species analysed presented soluble iron mainly bound to proteins with high molecular mass ranging from >75 to 40 kDa. C. vulgaris showed the highest iron content associated with good bioaccessibility; therefore, it could be considered to be an interesting natural source of organic iron in dog nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Companion Animal Diet and Nutrition)

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10 pages, 571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Fiber Sources as Additives to Wet Food for Beagle Dogs on Diet Acceptance, Digestibility, and Fecal Quality

by Amr Abd El-Wahab, Jan Berend Lingens, Julia Hankel, Christian Visscher and Cristina Ullrich

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(2), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020091 - 25 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2389

Abstract

In order to enhance the health and welfare of obese dogs and to facilitate the required loss of body weight, commercial diets are produced with fibrous ingredients. Cellulose is a common dietary fiber used mainly in powdered form. However, other processing forms and [...] Read more.

In order to enhance the health and welfare of obese dogs and to facilitate the required loss of body weight, commercial diets are produced with fibrous ingredients. Cellulose is a common dietary fiber used mainly in powdered form. However, other processing forms and fibers are available as fibrous additives. This work aimed to test the effects of different fiber sources on apparent total tract digestibility and fecal quality in dogs. Four diets were fed to eight dogs (experimental design: 4 × 4 Latin square) for a 14-day period each. In addition to a basal diet (CO), three experimental diets varying in fiber sources were used: powdered cellulose (CE), granulated cellulose (GC), and lignocellulose (LC). Dogs fed the CO had lower crude fiber digestibility than those fed the other experimental diets (p < 0.0033). Dogs fed diets supplemented with fiber sources had lower gross energy digestibility (range: 76.2–77.3%) compared with those fed the CO (84.4%). In all groups, the fecal score (consistency and shape) ranged within the optimal values; solely wet fecal output was increased for the fiber groups compared with those on the CO. This study demonstrated that various sources of fiber such as GC and LC can be used as alternatives to CE without restrictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Companion Animal Diet and Nutrition)

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9 pages, 704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Derivation of the Omega-3 Index from EPA and DHA Analysis of Dried Blood Spots from Dogs and Cats

by William S. Harris, Kristina H. Jackson, Heather Carlson, Nils Hoem, Tonje E. Dominguez and Lena Burri

Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10010013 - 26 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2103 | Correction

Abstract

The Omega-3 Index (O3I) is the red blood cell (RBC) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content expressed as a percentage of total RBC fatty acids. Although a validated biomarker of omega-3 status in humans, little is known about the O3I status [...] Read more.

The Omega-3 Index (O3I) is the red blood cell (RBC) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content expressed as a percentage of total RBC fatty acids. Although a validated biomarker of omega-3 status in humans, little is known about the O3I status of dogs and cats; species in which omega-3 fatty acids have known health benefits. The purpose of this study was to develop equations to predict the O3I in these species from a dried blood spot (DBS) analysis. Random blood samples from 33 dogs and 10 cats were obtained from a community veterinary clinic. DBS and RBC samples were analyzed for fatty acid composition. For both species, the R² between the DBS EPA + DHA value and the O3I was >0.96 (p < 0.001). The O3I was roughly 75% lower in dogs and cats than in humans. We conclude that the O3I can be estimated from a DBS sample, and the convenience of DBS collection should facilitate omega-3 research in these companion animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Companion Animal Diet and Nutrition)

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15 pages, 652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Pilot Study on the Urine Proteome of Cats Fed a High-Protein Complete Diet, Supplemented with or without Arginine, Ornithine or Zeolite

by Nadine Paßlack, Katharina Nöbauer, Karin Hummel, Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli, Vitaly Belik and Jürgen Zentek

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(12), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9120654 - 22 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1818

Abstract

Proteome analyses can be used to detect biomarkers for the healthy and diseased organism. However, data in cats are scarce, and no information is available on the potential impact of nutritional interventions on the feline urine proteome. In the present study, a label-free [...] Read more.

Proteome analyses can be used to detect biomarkers for the healthy and diseased organism. However, data in cats are scarce, and no information is available on the potential impact of nutritional interventions on the feline urine proteome. In the present study, a label-free shotgun proteomics approach was performed to investigate the urinary proteins of four healthy adult cats. Each animal received a high-protein complete diet without (w/o) or with supplements that could affect the protein metabolism: arginine (+100% compared to the arginine concentration in the w/o diet), ornithine (+200% compared to the arginine concentration in the w/o diet) or zeolite (0.375 g/kg body weight/day). Our results demonstrate a huge number of proteins in the urine of cats (516 ± 49, 512 ± 39, 399 ± 149 and 455 ± 134 in the w/o, arginine, ornithine and zeolite group, respectively), which are associated with several biological processes. In addition, up- and downregulated urinary proteins could be detected in the dietary supplementation periods. Overall, the present pilot study provides basic data on the urine proteome of healthy adult cats. With increasing information, the numerousness of urinary proteins implies the potential to identify biomarkers and metabolic pathways in the feline organism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Companion Animal Diet and Nutrition)

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14 pages, 2587 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Altered Intestinal Production of Volatile Fatty Acids in Dogs Triggered by Lactulose and Psyllium Treatment

by Máté Mackei, Rebeka Talabér, Linda Müller, Ágnes Sterczer, Hedvig Fébel, Zsuzsanna Neogrády and Gábor Mátis

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(5), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050206 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3497

Abstract

The intestinal microbiome of dogs can be influenced by a number of factors such as non-starch polysaccharides as well as some non-digestible oligo- and disaccharides. These molecules are only decomposed by intestinal anaerobic microbial fermentation, resulting in the formation of volatile fatty acids [...] Read more.

The intestinal microbiome of dogs can be influenced by a number of factors such as non-starch polysaccharides as well as some non-digestible oligo- and disaccharides. These molecules are only decomposed by intestinal anaerobic microbial fermentation, resulting in the formation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which play a central role in maintaining the balance of the intestinal flora and affecting the health status of the host organism. In the present study, the effects of lactulose and psyllium husk (Plantago ovata) were investigated regarding their influence on concentrations of various VFAs produced by the canine intestinal microbiome. Thirty dogs were kept on a standard diet for 15 days, during which time half of the animals received oral lactulose once a day, while the other group was given a psyllium-supplemented diet (in 0.67 and in 0.2 g/kg body weight concentrations, respectively). On days 0, 5, 10 and 15 of the experiment, feces were sampled from the rectum, and the concentration of each VFA was determined by GC-MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry). Lactulose administration caused a significant increase in the total VFA concentration of the feces on days 10 and 15 of the experiment (p = 0.035 and p < 0.001, respectively); however, in the case of psyllium supplementation, the concentration of VFAs showed a significant elevation only on day 15 (p = 0.003). Concentrations of acetate and propionate increased significantly on days 5, 10 and 15 after lactulose treatment (p = 0.044, p = 0.048 and p < 0.001, respectively). Following psyllium administration, intestinal acetate, propionate and n-butyrate production were stimulated on day 15, as indicated by the fecal VFA levels (p = 0.002, p = 0.035 and p = 0.02, respectively). It can be concluded that both lactulose and psyllium are suitable for enhancing the synthesis of VFAs in the intestines of dogs. Increased acetate and propionate concentrations were observed following the administration of both supplements; however, elevated n-butyrate production was found only after psyllium treatment, suggesting that the applied prebiotics may exert slightly different effects in the hindgut of dogs. These findings can be also of great importance regarding the treatment and management of patients suffering from intestinal disorders as well as hepatic encephalopathy due to portosystemic shunt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Companion Animal Diet and Nutrition)

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14 pages, 704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrient Digestibility and Fecal Quality in Beagle Dogs Fed Meat and Bone Meal Added to Dry Food

by Amr Abd El-Wahab, Bussarakam Chuppava, Anna Lisa Zeiger, Christian Visscher and Josef Kamphues

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(4), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9040164 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3501

Abstract

Meat and bone meal (MBM) is one animal by-product used in pets. This study purposed to provide information on MBM including either coarsely (MBMc) or finely (MBMf) ground with regard to diet digestibility and fecal characteristics in dogs. Three different levels of MBM [...] Read more.

Meat and bone meal (MBM) is one animal by-product used in pets. This study purposed to provide information on MBM including either coarsely (MBMc) or finely (MBMf) ground with regard to diet digestibility and fecal characteristics in dogs. Three different levels of MBM (6%, 12% and 24%) of each grinding form (MBM6, MBM12 and MBM24) were added to a basic diet. Six Beagle dogs (body weight 16.7 kg ± 0.42) participated in a Latin Square experiment. Each trial began with the animals adapting to the food for a five-day period, followed by five days of fecal collection. The feed particle size had no effect on the apparent digestibility of organic matter, crude protein and crude fat. The fecal score was significantly affected by the particle size × level interaction among treatments (p < 0.0001). It was noted that the different particle sizes or levels of MBM as main effects had no significant effect on the fecal fatty acid concentrations. These findings suggest that using coarse or fine grinding even including MBM up to 24% in dog diets does not affect the apparent digestibility of protein nor fecal quality negatively in our experimental study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Companion Animal Diet and Nutrition)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

28 pages, 1774 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nonpharmacological Treatment Strategies for the Management of Canine Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy—A Narrative Review

by Marco Isidori, Ronald Jan Corbee and Massimo Trabalza-Marinucci

Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020037 - 20 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5100

Abstract

Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) refers to a heterogeneous group of idiopathic diseases of the dog characterised by persistent gastrointestinal (GI) clinical signs. If conventional dietary treatment alone would be unsuccessful, management of CIE is traditionally attained by the use of pharmaceuticals, such as [...] Read more.

Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) refers to a heterogeneous group of idiopathic diseases of the dog characterised by persistent gastrointestinal (GI) clinical signs. If conventional dietary treatment alone would be unsuccessful, management of CIE is traditionally attained by the use of pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs. While being rather effective, however, these drugs are endowed with side effects, which may impact negatively on the animal’s quality of life. Therefore, novel, safe and effective therapies for CIE are highly sought after. As gut microbiota imbalances are often associated with GI disorders, a compelling rationale exists for the use of nonpharmacological methods of microbial manipulation in CIE, such as faecal microbiota transplantation and administration of pre-, pro-, syn- and postbiotics. In addition to providing direct health benefits to the host via a gentle modulation of the intestinal microbiota composition and function, these treatments may also possess immunomodulatory and epithelial barrier-enhancing actions. Likewise, intestinal barrier integrity, along with mucosal inflammation, are deemed to be two chief therapeutic targets of mesenchymal stem cells and selected vegetable-derived bioactive compounds. Although pioneering studies have revealed encouraging findings regarding the use of novel treatment agents in CIE, a larger body of research is needed to address fully their mode of action, efficacy and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Companion Animal Diet and Nutrition)

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