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Veterinary Sciences
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Clinical Treatment
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Clinical Treatment

A special issue of Veterinary Sciences (ISSN 2306-7381). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2024 | Viewed by 13161

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Cristina Vercelli

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Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
Interests: pharmacology; pharmacodynamics; pets; new companion animals; cell culture; nsaids; antibiotics; antimicrobial resistance; pharmacovigilance; pharmacosurveillance
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Veterinary pharmacology and veterinary clinics are strongly related to one another. Nevertheless, in current practice, they are often considered separately: pharmacologists are at the bench while clinicians are in direct contact with patients. Clinical pharmacology is not common. The aim of the present Special Issue is to underline the link between these two specialties, with the clear goal of improving patient care through the safe and effective use of medicine. Authors are called to provide their experience in both fields in an attempt to underline common issues such as the application of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and their clinical use as well as the decreasing effects of antimicrobial drugs or adverse side effects by considering the most important families of drugs both in paediatric and adult veterinary patients.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in Pharmacy.

Dr. Cristina Vercelli
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Veterinary Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1302 KiB  
Article
Effects of Beraprost with or without NOS Inhibition on Plasma Aldosterone and Hemodynamics in Healthy Cats
by Takumi Matsuura, Aritada Yoshimura and Ryuji Fukushima
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(4), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11040155 - 30 Mar 2024
Viewed by 899
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and RA system effects of the oral administration of the clinical dose of beraprost for feline CKD in healthy cats, and also to examine whether NOS inhibition reversed them. Methods: A placebo-controlled [...] Read more.
Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and RA system effects of the oral administration of the clinical dose of beraprost for feline CKD in healthy cats, and also to examine whether NOS inhibition reversed them. Methods: A placebo-controlled pharmacological sequential design study was carried out to assess the plasma aldosterone and renin concentrations (PAC and PRC), blood pressure, heart rate, and exploratorily to estimate renal plasma flow (RPF) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) with simplified methods. Results: Beraprost reduced PAC when compared to the placebo (p < 0.05); this was reversed when NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was added to the beraprost treatment (p < 0.01). No differences in the PRC or hemodynamic parameters were detected between beraprost and the placebo. The correlation ratios (η2) showed opposite relationships between beraprost and the added L-NAME effects on PAC, mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate, estimated RPF (p < 0.001), estimated RVR (p < 0.01), and PRC (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In healthy cats, the clinical dose of beraprost suppresses PAC, which can be reversed by the inhibition of NOS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Clinical Treatment)
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9 pages, 578 KiB  
Article
Plasma Concentrations of Oral Ondansetron in Hospitalized Dogs Exhibiting Clinical Signs of Nausea
by Kristin M. Zersen, Angela Molli, Brooke G. Weisbeck, Samantha Fedotova, Jessica M. Quimby, Daniel L. Gustafson and Sarah B. Shropshire
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(3), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11030112 - 03 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1222
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate plasma ondansetron (OND) concentrations in a population of dogs with naturally occurring nausea after oral OND administration. Twenty-four dogs were randomly assigned to receive one of the following doses of oral OND: 0.5 mg/kg q8h, [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate plasma ondansetron (OND) concentrations in a population of dogs with naturally occurring nausea after oral OND administration. Twenty-four dogs were randomly assigned to receive one of the following doses of oral OND: 0.5 mg/kg q8h, 0.5 mg/kg q12h, 1 mg/kg q8h, or 1 mg/kg q12h. Blood samples for plasma OND measurements were collected at baseline and 2, 4, and 8 h after administration of the first dose of OND. OND concentrations averaged over an 8 h time period were not significantly different between dose groups (0.5 mg/kg group: median 8.5 ng/mL [range 1–96.8 ng/mL], 1 mg/kg group: median 7.4 ng/mL [range 1–278.7 ng/mL]). The mean maximum concentrations in the 0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg groups were 35.8 ± 49.0 ng/mL and 63.3 ± 121.1 ng/mL, respectively. OND concentrations were below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) in 50% (18/36) of samples in the 0.5 mg/kg groups and 39% (14/36) of samples in the 1 mg/kg groups. Six dogs (6/24, 25%) did not have OND detected at any time. The mean nausea scores at baseline were similar amongst all groups and decreased over time. The bioavailability of oral OND appears to be poor. Despite low plasma OND concentrations, nausea scores improved over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Clinical Treatment)
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16 pages, 2435 KiB  
Article
Chemical Profile of Essential Oils of Selected Lamiaceae Plants and In Vitro Activity for Varroosis Control in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)
by Roberto Bava, Fabio Castagna, Carmine Lupia, Stefano Ruga, Vincenzo Musella, Filomena Conforti, Mariangela Marrelli, Maria Pia Argentieri, Domenico Britti, Giancarlo Statti and Ernesto Palma
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(12), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10120701 - 13 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1498
Abstract
The most significant ectoparasitic mite of honeybees, Varroa destructor, has a detrimental effect on bee health and honey output. The principal strategy used by the control programs is the application of synthetic acaricides. All of this has resulted in drug resistance, which [...] Read more.
The most significant ectoparasitic mite of honeybees, Varroa destructor, has a detrimental effect on bee health and honey output. The principal strategy used by the control programs is the application of synthetic acaricides. All of this has resulted in drug resistance, which is now a major worry for beekeeping. As a result, research on alternate products and techniques for mite management is now required. The aim of this study was to determine whether essential oils (EOs) extracted from botanical species of Lamiacae, typical of the Calabria region of Southern Italy, could reduce the population of the mite V. destructor. Among the best-known genera of the Lamiaceae family are oregano, rosemary and thyme, whose EOs were employed in this study. By steam distillation, the EOs were extracted from Origanum vulgare subsp. viridulum (Martrin-Donos) Nyman, Thymus capitatus Hoffmanns. and Link, Thymus longicaulis C.Presl and Salvia rosmarinus Schleid. plant species harvested directly on the Calabrian territory in their balsamic time. Each EO went to the test in vitro (contact toxicity) against V. destructor. Fifty adult female mites, five for each EO and the positive and negative control, were used in each experimental replicate. The positive controls comprised five individuals treated to Amitraz dilute in acetone, and the negative controls included five individuals exposed to acetone alone. To create the working solution to be tested (50 μL/tube), the EOs were diluted (0.5 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL and 4 mg/mL) in HPLC-grade acetone. After 1 h of exposure, mite mortality was manually assessed. Origanum vulgare subsp. viridulum, Thymus capitatus and Thymus longicaulis were the EOs with the highest levels of efficiency at 2 mg/mL, neutralizing (dead + inactivated), 94%, 92% and 94% of parasites, respectively. Salvia rosmarinus EO gave a lower efficacy, resulting in a percentage of 38%. Interestingly, no adverse effects were highlighted in toxicity tests on honeybees. These results show that these OEs of the Lamiaceae family have antiparasitic action on V. destructor. Therefore, they could be used, individually or combined, to exploit the synergistic effect for a more sustainable control of this parasite mite in honeybee farms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Clinical Treatment)
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12 pages, 2661 KiB  
Article
The Pharmacokinetic and Absolute Bioavailability of Cyclosporine (Atopica for Cats®) in Cats
by Jingyuan Kong, Yuxin Yang, Yu Liu, Yuying Cao, Jicheng Qiu, Pan Sun and Xingyuan Cao
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060399 - 18 Jun 2023
Viewed by 2268
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the absolute bioavailability of cyclosporine in cats by investigating the pharmacokinetic profile after intravenous and oral administration, respectively. Twenty-four clinically healthy cats were enrolled in this study and randomly divided into four groups, namely the intravenous group (3 [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the absolute bioavailability of cyclosporine in cats by investigating the pharmacokinetic profile after intravenous and oral administration, respectively. Twenty-four clinically healthy cats were enrolled in this study and randomly divided into four groups, namely the intravenous group (3 mg/kg), low oral group (3.5 mg/kg), medium oral group (7 mg/kg), and high oral group (14 mg/kg). Whole blood was obtained at the scheduled time points after a single dose administration and cyclosporine was determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry technology (UPLC-MS/MS). Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the WinNonlin 8.3.4 software via compartmental and non-compartmental models. As a result, the bioavailability values for the low, medium, and high oral groups were 14.64%, 36.98%, and 13.53%, respectively. The nonlinear pharmacokinetic profile was observed in the range from 3.5 mg/kg to 14 mg/kg in cats following oral administration. Whole blood concentrations taken 4 h after oral administration were better correlated with the area under the blood concentration–time curve AUC0–24 with a high regression coefficient (R2 = 0.896). This concentration would be a greater predictor in the following therapeutic drug monitoring. No adverse effect was observed in the whole study process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Clinical Treatment)
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9 pages, 957 KiB  
Article
Repeated Administration of the Cannabinoid WIN Alters the Isoflurane-Sparing Effect of Morphine and Dexmedetomidine
by José Antonio Ibancovichi, Julio Raúl Chávez-Monteagudo, Pedro Sánchez-Aparicio and Marco Antonio De Paz-Campos
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(5), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10050310 - 24 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1563
Abstract
The impacts of morphine and dexmedetomidine on the MAC of isoflurane were studied in rats constantly medicated with the cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2. Methods: Prior to the administration of morphine, the MAC was measured in both untreated rats (MAC (ISO)) and those treated [...] Read more.
The impacts of morphine and dexmedetomidine on the MAC of isoflurane were studied in rats constantly medicated with the cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2. Methods: Prior to the administration of morphine, the MAC was measured in both untreated rats (MAC (ISO)) and those treated with a cannabinoid (MAC (ISO + CANN)). The effects of morphine (MAC (ISO + MOR)) and dexmedetomidine (MAC (ISO + DEX)) on untreated rats and rats treated for 21 days with the cannabinoids (MAC (ISO + CANN + MOR)) and (MAC (ISO + CANN + DEX) were also studied. Results: MAC (ISO) was 1.32 ± 0.06, and MAC (ISO + CANN) was 1.69 ± 0.09. MAC (ISO + MOR) was 0.97 ± 0.02 (26% less than MAC (ISO)). MAC (ISO + CANN + MOR) was 1.55 ± 0.08 (8% less than MAC (ISO + CANN)), MAC (ISO + DEX) was 0.68 ± 0.10 (48% less than MAC (ISO)), and MAC (ISO + CANN + DEX) was 0.67 ± 0.08 (60% less than MAC (ISO + CANN)). Conclusions: Medication with a cannabinoid for 21 days augmented the MAC of isoflurane. The sparing effect of morphine on isoflurane is lower in rats constantly medicated with a cannabinoid. The sparing effect of dexmedetomidine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane is greater in rats repeatedly medicated with a cannabinoid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Clinical Treatment)
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Review

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9 pages, 266 KiB  
Review
Long-Acting Opioid Analgesics for Acute Pain: Pharmacokinetic Evidence Reviewed
by Betty M. Tyler and Michael Guarnieri
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(6), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10060372 - 24 May 2023
Viewed by 1891
Abstract
Long-acting injectable (LAI) opioid formulations mitigate the harm profiles and management challenges associated with providing effective analgesia for animals. A single dose of a long-acting opioid analgesic can provide up to 72 h of clinically relevant pain management. Yet, few of these new [...] Read more.
Long-acting injectable (LAI) opioid formulations mitigate the harm profiles and management challenges associated with providing effective analgesia for animals. A single dose of a long-acting opioid analgesic can provide up to 72 h of clinically relevant pain management. Yet, few of these new drugs have been translated to products for veterinary clinics. Regulatory pathways allow accelerated drug approvals for generic and biosimilar drugs. These pathways depend on rigorous evidence for drug safety and pharmacokinetic evidence demonstrating bioequivalence between the new and the legacy drug. This report reviews the animal PK data associated with lipid and polymer-bound buprenorphine LAI formulations. Buprenorphine is a widely used veterinary opioid analgesic. Because of its safety profile and regulatory status, buprenorphine is more accessible than morphine, methadone, and fentanyl. This review of PK studies coupled with the well-established safety profile of buprenorphine suggests that the accelerated approval pathways may be available for this new family of LAI veterinary pharmaceuticals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Clinical Treatment)
28 pages, 464 KiB  
Review
Essential Oils for a Sustainable Control of Honeybee Varroosis
by Roberto Bava, Fabio Castagna, Ernesto Palma, Mariangela Marrelli, Filomena Conforti, Vincenzo Musolino, Cristina Carresi, Carmine Lupia, Carlotta Ceniti, Bruno Tilocca, Paola Roncada, Domenico Britti and Vincenzo Musella
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(5), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10050308 - 23 Apr 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2526
Abstract
The Varroa destructor parasite is the main obstacle to the survival of honey bee colonies. Pest control mainly involves the use of synthetic drugs which, used with the right criteria and in rotation, are able to ensure that infestation levels are kept below [...] Read more.
The Varroa destructor parasite is the main obstacle to the survival of honey bee colonies. Pest control mainly involves the use of synthetic drugs which, used with the right criteria and in rotation, are able to ensure that infestation levels are kept below the damage threshold. Although these drugs are easy to use and quick to apply, they have numerous disadvantages. Their prolonged use has led to the emergence of pharmacological resistance in treated parasite populations; furthermore, the active ingredients and/or their metabolites accumulate in the beehive products with the possibility of risk for the end consumer. Moreover, the possibility of subacute and chronic toxicity phenomena for adult honeybees and their larval forms must be considered. In this scenario, eco-friendly products derived from plant species have aroused great interest over the years. In recent decades, several studies have been carried out on the acaricidal efficacy of plant essential oils (EOs). Despite the swarming of laboratory and field studies, however, few EO products have come onto the market. Laboratory studies have often yielded different results even for the same plant species. The reason for this discrepancy lies in the various study techniques employed as well as in the variability of the chemical compositions of plants. The purpose of this review is to take stock of the research on the use of EOs to control the V. destructor parasite. It begins with an extensive discussion of the characteristics, properties, and mechanisms of action of EOs, and then examines the laboratory and field tests carried out. Finally, an attempt is made to standardize the results and open up new lines of study in future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Animal Clinical Treatment)
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