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Vaccines
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Epidemiology, Virology, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Human
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Epidemiology, Virology, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Human

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Epidemiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2024 | Viewed by 9352

Special Issue Editor

Dr. My Kieu Ha

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
Interests: T-cell immunity; vaccines; infectious diseases; multi-omics; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viral diseases have led to some of the most dramatic and deadly pandemics observed by the world. In recent decades, major advances have been achieved in the field of human virology, through breakthroughs in computational and structural biology, bioinformatics, multi-omics, next-generation sequencing, genome editing, and single-cell methodologies.

This Special Issue aims to explore the nature of human viruses, the epidemiology of human viral diseases, their pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as disorders of host immune responses through basic research as well as pre-clinical and clinical studies.

For this Special Issue, both original research articles and reviews are welcome. The research areas may include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • virus–host cell interaction;
  • viral disease pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention;
  • viral immunology;
  • epidemiology;
  • anti-viral therapy;
  • and vaccine development.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in Life.

Dr. My Kieu Ha
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • human virology
  • viral disease
  • virus
  • infection
  • vaccine

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

12 pages, 1646 KiB  
Article
Epidemiology and SARS-CoV-2 Infection Patterns among Youth Followed at a Large Los Angeles Health Network during 2020–2022: Clinical Presentation, Prevalent Strains, and Correlates of Disease Severity
by Tawny Saleh, Trevon Fuller, Mary C. Cambou, Eddy R. Segura, Edwin Kamau, Shangxin Yang, Omai B. Garner and Karin Nielsen-Saines
Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1024; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061024 - 25 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1149
Abstract
Background: Outcomes of SARS CoV-2 infection in infants, children and young adults are reported less frequently than in older populations. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 cases in LA County youths followed at a large health network in southern California over two years was evaluated. [...] Read more.
Background: Outcomes of SARS CoV-2 infection in infants, children and young adults are reported less frequently than in older populations. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 cases in LA County youths followed at a large health network in southern California over two years was evaluated. Methods: A prospective cohort study of patients aged 0–24 years diagnosed with COVID-19 was conducted. Demographics, age distribution, disease severity, circulating variants of concern (VOCs), and immunization rates were compared between first and second pandemic years. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of factors associated with severe/critical COVID-19. Results: In total, 61,208 patients 0–24 years of age were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); 5263 positive patients (8.6%) with available data were identified between March 2020 and March 2022. In Year 1, 5.8% (1622/28,088) of youths tested positive, compared to 11% (3641/33,120) in Year 2 (p < 0.001). Most youths had mild/asymptomatic illness over two years. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was >12% across all age groups in the second half of Year 2, when Omicron prevailed. Pulmonary disease was associated with higher risk of severe COVID-19 in both years (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.4–4.3, p = 0.002, Year 1; OR: 11.3, 95% CI: 4.3–29.6, Year 2, p < 0.001). Receipt of at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose was protective against severe COVID-19 (OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.11–0.80, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Despite different VOCs and higher rates of test positivity in Year 2 compared to Year 1, most youths with COVID-19 had asymptomatic/mild disease. Underlying pulmonary conditions increased the risk of severe COVID-19, while vaccination was highly protective against severe disease in youths. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Virology, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Human)
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10 pages, 1672 KiB  
Article
Jatrorrhizine Suppresses Murine-Norovirus-Triggered N-GSDMD-Dependent Pyroptosis in RAW264.7 Macrophages
by Ming Fu, Nini Chen, Yanhe Zhou, Sidong Chen, Wanfu Xu, Sitang Gong and Lanlan Geng
Vaccines 2023, 11(1), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010164 - 12 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1490
Abstract
Human norovirus (HNV) is one of the emerging and rapidly spreading groups of pathogens and the main cause of epidemic viral gastroenteritis globally. Due to a lack of in vitro culture systems and suitable animal models for HNV infection, murine norovirus (MNV) has [...] Read more.
Human norovirus (HNV) is one of the emerging and rapidly spreading groups of pathogens and the main cause of epidemic viral gastroenteritis globally. Due to a lack of in vitro culture systems and suitable animal models for HNV infection, murine norovirus (MNV) has become a common model. A recent study showed that MNV activates NLRP3 inflammasome leading to pyroptosis. Jatrorrhizine (JAT) is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Coptis Chinensis, which has been proven to have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. However, whether JAT has an effect on norovirus gastroenteritis and the underlying molecular mechanism remain unclear. Here, we found that JAT could ameliorate NLRP3-N-GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis induced by MNV infection through inhibiting the MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathways and decrease MNV replication in RAW264.7 macrophages, suggesting that JAT has the potential to be a therapeutic agent for treating norovirus gastroenteritis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Virology, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Human)
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7 pages, 422 KiB  
Communication
Exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Individuals Who Are Newly Diagnosed with HIV and Antiretroviral-Naïve from Belém, Northern Brazil
by Simone da Silva Góes, Ricardo Roberto de Souza Fonseca, Maria Eduarda de Sousa Avelino, Sandra Souza Lima, Misma Suely Gonçalves Araújo de Lima, Rogério Valois Laurentino, Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz, Felipe Bonfim Freitas, Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto, Ricardo Ishak and Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
Vaccines 2022, 10(10), 1719; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101719 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1142
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacteria worldwide and may increase the risk of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study describes the seroprevalence of C. trachomatis infection among antiretroviral-naïve patients who are [...] Read more.
Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacteria worldwide and may increase the risk of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study describes the seroprevalence of C. trachomatis infection among antiretroviral-naïve patients who are newly diagnosed with HIV in the city of Belém, Pará, in the Amazon region of Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2018 and January 2019 in 141 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) who were followed up in a specialized unit of the public health network of Pará. The investigation of IgG antibodies against C. trachomatis was performed by enzyme immunoassay. Sociodemographic and sexual behavior information were obtained through a questionnaire. The prevalence of IgG anti-C. trachomatis antibodies was 64.8% (92/141). The majority of individuals were young, heterosexual, single men who did not use condoms during sexual intercourse and had no history of STIs. No significant differences were found when comparing any clinical or demographic data between groups. Our results demonstrated a high rate of exposure to C. trachomatis in newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals in the Amazon region of Brazil, and all PLHA should be screened for C. trachomatis to decrease transmission of the bacteria and prevent the clinical manifestations of chronic infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Virology, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Human)
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Review

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10 pages, 279 KiB  
Review
Human Respiratory Infections in Nigeria: Influenza and the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
by Dennis Kabantiyok, Nathaniel Ninyio, Ismaila Shittu, Clement Meseko, Theophilus I. Emeto and Oyelola A. Adegboye
Vaccines 2022, 10(9), 1551; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091551 - 17 Sep 2022
Viewed by 2706
Abstract
The increasing outbreak of zoonotic diseases presents challenging times for nations and calls for a renewed effort to disrupt the chain of events that precede it. Nigeria’s response to the 2006 bird flu provided a platform for outbreak response, yet it was not [...] Read more.
The increasing outbreak of zoonotic diseases presents challenging times for nations and calls for a renewed effort to disrupt the chain of events that precede it. Nigeria’s response to the 2006 bird flu provided a platform for outbreak response, yet it was not its first experience with Influenza. This study describes the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Influenza surveillance and, conversely, while the 1918 Influenza pandemic remains the most devastating (500,000 deaths in 18 million population) in Nigeria, the emergence of SARS CoV-2 presented renewed opportunities for the development of vaccines with novel technology, co-infection studies outcome, and challenges globally. Although the public health Intervention and strategies left some positive outcomes for other viruses, Nigeria and Africa’s preparation against the next pandemic may involve prioritizing a combination of technology, socioeconomic growth, and active surveillance in the spirit of One Health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Virology, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Human)

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

9 pages, 1169 KiB  
Brief Report
Endemic Human Coronavirus-Specific Nasal Immunoglobulin A and Serum Immunoglobulin G Dynamics in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
by Ferdyansyah Sechan, Katherine Loens, Herman Goossens, Margareta Ieven and Lia van der Hoek
Vaccines 2024, 12(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12010090 - 17 Jan 2024
Viewed by 940
Abstract
Endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) NL63, 229E, OC43, and HKU1 cause respiratory infection. Following infection, a virus-specific serum antibody rise is usually observed, coinciding with recovery. In some cases, an infection is not accompanied by an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody rise in serum in [...] Read more.
Endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) NL63, 229E, OC43, and HKU1 cause respiratory infection. Following infection, a virus-specific serum antibody rise is usually observed, coinciding with recovery. In some cases, an infection is not accompanied by an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody rise in serum in the first month after HCoV infection, even though the infection has cleared in that month and the patient has recovered. We investigated the possible role of nasal immunoglobulin A (IgA). We measured spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N)-specific nasal IgA during and after an HCoV lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and compared the IgA responses between subjects with and without a significant IgG rise in serum (IgG responders (n = 31) and IgG non-responders (n = 14)). We found that most IgG responders also exhibited significant nasal IgA rise in the first month after the infection, whereas such an IgA rise was lacking in most IgG non-responders. Interestingly, the serum IgG non-responders presented with a significantly higher nasal IgA when they entered this study than during the acute phase of the LRTI. Our data suggest that nasal IgA could be part of a fast acute response to endemic HCoV infection and may play a role in clearing the infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Virology, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Human)
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8 pages, 1526 KiB  
Brief Report
Temporal Dynamics of Serum Perforin and Granzyme during the Acute Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
by MD Tazikur Rahman, Sukhyun Ryu, Chiara Achangwa, Joo-Hee Hwang, Jeong-Hwan Hwang and Chang-Seop Lee
Vaccines 2023, 11(8), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11081314 - 01 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1048
Abstract
Background: As many SARS-CoV-2 infections are asymptomatic, it could be useful to be able to determine how much time has passed since infection. We explored the changes in the temporal levels of T cell-related proteins (including perforin and granzymes) in the sera of [...] Read more.
Background: As many SARS-CoV-2 infections are asymptomatic, it could be useful to be able to determine how much time has passed since infection. We explored the changes in the temporal levels of T cell-related proteins (including perforin and granzymes) in the sera of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection using a commercially available assay. Methods: This study enrolled 36 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and 20 healthy control participants. Blood samples were collected at three different times based on the number of days since symptom onset (early phase: 1–5 days, mid-phase: 6–10 days, late phase: 11–18 days). We assessed the temporal changes in the serum levels of perforin and granzymes in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection by comparing the results with those obtained in the healthy control group. Results: We identified a significantly low level of perforin in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection (p < 0.01), which was restored to normal during the mid- and late phases of the infection. However, there was no difference in the temporal change in the level of granzymes in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients compared to the healthy control group. Conclusions: This finding suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection paralyzed the perforin expression in the early period immediately after infection. Thus, serum perforin is a potential marker for identifying the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Virology, and Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Human)
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