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Vaccines
Special Issues
Innate Immunity in HIV-1 Infection
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Innate Immunity in HIV-1 Infection

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "HIV Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2024) | Viewed by 1450

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mudit Tyagi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
Interests: HIV; AIDS; latency; reactivation of latency; transcription; drugs of abuse
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue delves into the complex interactions between the human immune system and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Despite the efficacy of current anti-HIV drug regimens in controlling transmission and replication, HIV remains a significant global health challenge. The issue focuses on understanding the mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis, its life cycle, latency and available therapeutics. Efforts to eradicate or cure HIV have faced obstacles due to the persistence of latent HIV reservoirs. Additionally, preventive and therapeutic vaccines have encountered limited success due to the adaptability of the virus. Various prophylactic approaches, including microbicides, have struggled to produce desired outcomes. The research presented here aims to uncover insights into immune responses against HIV, identify vulnerabilities in viral replication and develop more effective vaccination strategies for combating the infection.

I look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Mudit Tyagi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • human immunodeficiency virus
  • immune response
  • adaptive immunity
  • innate immunity
  • viral pathogenesis
  • HIV vaccine
  • vaccination strategies

Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

23 pages, 2864 KiB  
Article
Toll-like Receptor 2 Mediated Immune Regulation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques
by Nongthombam Boby, Kelsey M. Williams, Arpita Das and Bapi Pahar
Vaccines 2023, 11(12), 1861; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11121861 - 17 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1164
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial to the innate immune response. They regulate inflammatory reactions by initiating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. TLRs also play a role in shaping the adaptive immune responses. While this protective response is important for eliminating infectious [...] Read more.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial to the innate immune response. They regulate inflammatory reactions by initiating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. TLRs also play a role in shaping the adaptive immune responses. While this protective response is important for eliminating infectious pathogens, persistent activation of TLRs may result in chronic immune activation, leading to detrimental effects. The role of TLR2 in regulating HIV-1 infection in vivo has yet to be well described. In this study, we used an SIV-infected rhesus macaque model to simulate HIV infection in humans. We evaluated the plasma of the macaques longitudinally and found a significant increase in the soluble TLR2 (sTLR2) level after SIV infection. We also observed an increase in membrane-bound TLR2 (mb-TLR2) in cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and NK cells in PBMC and NK cells in the gut after infection. Our results suggest that sTLR2 regulates the production of various cytokines and chemokines, including IL-18, IL-1RA, IL-15, IL-13, IL-9, TPO, FLT3L, and IL-17F, as well as chemokines, including IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-2, ENA-78, GRO-α, I-TAC, Fractalkine, SDF-1α, and MIP-3α. Interestingly, these cytokines and chemokines were also upregulated after the infection. The positive correlation between SIV copy number and sTLR2 in the plasma indicated the involvement of TLR2 in the regulation of viral replication. These cytokines and chemokines could directly or indirectly regulate viral replication through the TLR2 signaling pathways. When we stimulated PBMC with the TLR2 agonist in vitro, we observed a direct induction of various cytokines and chemokines. Some of these cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-1RA, IL-9, IL-15, GRO-α, and ENA-78, were positively correlated with sTLR2 in vivo, highlighting the direct involvement of TLR2 in the regulation of the production of these factors. Our findings suggest that TLR2 expression may be a target for developing new therapeutic strategies to combat HIV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innate Immunity in HIV-1 Infection)
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