Symmetry

Research

16 pages, 1239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying the Differences in Symmetry of the Anthropometric Parameters of the Upper Limbs in Relation to Manual Laterality between Athletes Who Practice Sports with and without a Ball

by Adela Badau and Dana Badau

Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050558 - 4 May 2024

Viewed by 328

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the asymmetries between the dimensions of the upper limbs, in relation to manual laterality, of the athletes who practice team sports with a ball and those who practice other sports without a ball. We consider [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to identify the asymmetries between the dimensions of the upper limbs, in relation to manual laterality, of the athletes who practice team sports with a ball and those who practice other sports without a ball. We consider the fact that ball handling influences the development of anthropometric parameters at the level of the upper limbs and especially at the level of the hand in correlation with the execution technique and with the characteristics of the practiced sport. This study included 161 student-athletes, who were male and right-handed, divided into two groups: the group of athletes practicing ball sports (G_BS) with 79 (49%) subjects and the group of athletes practicing non-ball sports (G_NBS) with 82 (51%) subjects. The anthropometric measurements of the upper limbs were performed on both sides (right and left): upper limb length, hand length, palm length, hand breadth, hand span, pinky finger, ring finger, middle finger, index finger and thumb. The most relevant symmetries, between the two groups, were recorded in the following anthropometric parameters on the right side (recording the smallest average differences): ring finger 0.412 cm and thumb 0.526 cm; for the left side, they were the ring finger 0.379 cm and thumb 0.518 cm. The biggest asymmetries between the two groups were recorded, for both the right and left sides, for the following parameters: upper limb length > 6 cm; hand span > 2 cm; and hand length > 1 cm. For all the anthropometric parameters analyzed, the athletes from the ball sports group (G_BS) recorded higher average values than those from the other group (G_NBS) for both upper limbs. The results of this study reflect the fact that handling the ball over a long period of time, starting from the beginning of practicing the sport until the age of seniority, causes changes in the anthropometric dimensions of the upper segments, causing asymmetries between the dominant (right) and the non-dominant (left) side. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 3104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seat Pressure Asymmetries after Cycling at Constant Intensity

by Laura Lepasalu, Jaan Ereline, Märt Reinvee and Mati Pääsuke

Symmetry 2024, 16(3), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16030270 - 24 Feb 2024

Viewed by 591

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare seat pressure asymmetries before and after 30 min cycling at constant intensity in association with pelvic anthropometric parameters and skeletal muscle fatigue. Twelve male road cyclists aged 18–30 years (mean training experience 9.9 ± 2.5 [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to compare seat pressure asymmetries before and after 30 min cycling at constant intensity in association with pelvic anthropometric parameters and skeletal muscle fatigue. Twelve male road cyclists aged 18–30 years (mean training experience 9.9 ± 2.5 years) participated. Pelvic anthropometric data and body composition were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Participants performed 30 min cycling at 50% peak power output at constant intensity on a cyclus-2 ergometer. Muscle fatigue during cycling was assessed by surface electromyogram spectral mean power frequency (MPF) for the back, gluteal, and thigh muscles. The pressure mapping system was used to assess sitting symmetry before and after the cycling exercise. At the end of cycling, MPF was decreased (p < 0.05) in the dominant side’s erector spinae muscle and the contralateral gluteal muscle. After the exercise, a significant (p < 0.05) asymmetry in seat pressure was observed under the ischial tuberosity based on the peak pressure right to left ratio, whereas peak pressure decreased under the left ischial tuberosity. After the exercise, the relationship (p < 0.05) between pelvis width and pressure under the ischial tuberosity occurred on the dominant side of the body. In conclusion, an asymmetry was revealed after the constant-load cycling exercise by peak pressure ratio right to left side. Further studies should address the role of seat pressure asymmetries before and after cycling exercises at different intensities and durations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Drop Vertical Jump Task Variation on Landing Mechanics: Implications for Evaluating Limb Asymmetry

by Ashley L. Erdman, Sophia Ulman, Evan Suzman, Jan Karel Petric, Alex M. Loewen, Sylvia Õunpuu, Ross Chafetz, Kirsten Tulchin-Francis and Tishya A. L. Wren

Symmetry 2024, 16(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16010090 - 11 Jan 2024

Viewed by 969

Abstract

Limb asymmetry is an important consideration when evaluating rehabilitation progress or re-injury risk. The drop vertical jump (DVJ) task is commonly used to assess landing mechanics; however, the extent to which task setup influences limb asymmetry is unknown. Our purpose was to examine [...] Read more.

Limb asymmetry is an important consideration when evaluating rehabilitation progress or re-injury risk. The drop vertical jump (DVJ) task is commonly used to assess landing mechanics; however, the extent to which task setup influences limb asymmetry is unknown. Our purpose was to examine limb asymmetries across DVJ variations. We hypothesized that more demanding variations involving greater jump distance and target use would elicit greater landing asymmetries. Participants performed six DVJ variations while lower extremity joint kinematics and kinetics were collected. Joint angles and internal moments of the hip, knee and ankle were computed at initial contact and over the decent phase of the initial landing. The horizontal jump distance and the verbal instructions provided on how to jump off the box influenced limb asymmetries. The DVJ variation without a horizontal jump distance resulted in significant differences at the hip and knee; specifically, greater hip and knee flexion asymmetry (7.0° and 15.2° differences, respectively) were observed between limbs at initial contact. Instructions restricting take-off and landing strategies reduced asymmetry; this indicates that verbal instructions are critical to avoid altering natural landing mechanics. To best utilize DVJ as a tool, study protocols should be standardized to allow for more generalizable research and clinical findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying the Level of Symmetrization of Reaction Time According to Manual Lateralization between Team Sports Athletes, Individual Sports Athletes, and Non-Athletes

by Dana Badau, Adela Badau, Marko Joksimović, Catalin Octavian Manescu, Dan Cristian Manescu, Corina Claudia Dinciu, Iulius Radulian Margarit, Virgil Tudor, Ana Maria Mujea, Adriana Neofit and Dragos Florin Teodor

Symmetry 2024, 16(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16010028 - 25 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1170

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of practicing sports activities on manual skills, focused on reaction time depending on manual laterality. The objectives of the study were to identify the differences in improving simple, optional, and cognitive reaction times in the [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of practicing sports activities on manual skills, focused on reaction time depending on manual laterality. The objectives of the study were to identify the differences in improving simple, optional, and cognitive reaction times in the manual executions of student athletes who practice team sports involving the manual handling of the ball (volleyball, basketball, handball) in comparison with student athletes who practice individual sports and with non-athletic students; to identify the differences regarding the reaction time of the right- and left-handed executions depending on the manual lateralization of the subjects (right- and left-handedness) between the three experimental samples: team sports group (TSG), individual sports group (ISG), and the group of non-athletes (NAG) through the use of computer tests. The study included 335 subjects who were divided into three groups: TSG with 102 subjects, ISG with 112 subjects, and NAG with 121 subjects. The subjects of the study were given five computer tests to evaluate three types of reaction time: simple reaction time (Start/Stop Test), choice reaction time (Check Boxes Test, Hit-the-dot Test), and time of cognitive reaction (Trail making Test part A and B). The results were analyzed regarding right- and left-handedness, as well as the execution hand (right hand or left hand) in solving the tests. The results of the study highlighted significant statistical differences between the three groups: TSG, ISG, and NAG. The best results were recorded by TSG in all tests, and the lowest by NAG. Statistically significant differences were also recorded between the executions with the dominant hand compared to the executions with the non-dominant hand in relation to right- and left-handedness. The study highlighted that the smallest differences in all the study groups were recorded in the simple reaction time test, where the differences between the right-handed and left-handed executions were the lowest, reflecting the best level of symmetrization of the motor executions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

11 pages, 305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Body Composition Asymmetry and Specific Performance in Taekwondo Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Alex Ojeda-Aravena, Alberto Warnier-Medina, Caroline Brand, Jorge Morales-Zúñiga, Gladys Orellana-Lepe, José Zapata-Bastias and Marcelo Tuesta

Symmetry 2023, 15(11), 2087; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15112087 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1322

Abstract

Currently, there is interest in investigating how interlimb asymmetries (IA) of body composition impact sport-specific performance outcomes. This study aimed to examine the relationship between body composition inter-limb asymmetry and specific performance outcomes in taekwondo athletes. Seventeen national and international athletes (males, n [...] Read more.

Currently, there is interest in investigating how interlimb asymmetries (IA) of body composition impact sport-specific performance outcomes. This study aimed to examine the relationship between body composition inter-limb asymmetry and specific performance outcomes in taekwondo athletes. Seventeen national and international athletes (males, n = 8, mean age = 23.3 ± 3.1 years, mean stature = 177.2 ± 8.5 cm, mean body mass = 80.0 ± 7.3 kg; females, n = 9, mean age = 25.0 ± 4.0 years, mean stature = 161.1 ± 4.4 cm, mean body mass = 59.8 ± 5.7 kg) participated in the study. During a non-consecutive 2-day period, body composition (BC) and IA were assessed using dual X-ray absorptiometry, and the magnitude (%) of IA was calculated. Specific-performance included taekwondo specific agility test (TSAT) and Frequency Speed of Kick Test Multiple (FSKT_MULT). The relationship between BC asymmetry and performance outcomes was analyzed using a partial correlation approach (controlling for gender, age, and training time). The influence of the significant results was examined using forward stepwise linear regression models. The main results showed no significant differences between the lower limbs (p < 0.05). The IA ranged from 1.37% to 2.96%. Moderate to large negative correlations (r = −0.56 to −0.76, p < 0.05) were documented between IA of body mass, free fat mass (FFM), and lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) with most FSKT_MULT outcomes. Bone mineral density (BMD) was correlated with set 5 (rho = −0.49, p = 0.04). The FFM and LSTM asymmetries influenced the KDI reduction by 21%. Meanwhile, IA BMD negatively influenced set 5 performance by 48%. The findings of our study indicate that asymmetries independent of the magnitude of muscle and bone mass-related outcomes may have detrimental effects on high-intensity performance in taekwondo athletes. This underscores the importance of implementing comprehensive training programs and paying attention to achieving body composition inter-limb symmetry to improve overall performance levels in this sport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

0 pages, 1223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Test–Retest Reliability of the Magnitude and Direction of Asymmetry in the Countermovement Jump, Drop Jump, and Countermovement Rebound Jump

by Jiaqing Xu, Matthew J. Jordan, Shyam Chavda, Anthony Turner and Chris Bishop

Symmetry 2023, 15(10), 1960; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15101960 - 23 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1341

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the test–retest reliability of three bilateral jump tests to assess asymmetry and determine the consistency of both the magnitude and direction of asymmetry between two testing sessions. Thirty-three participants performed the countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), and [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the test–retest reliability of three bilateral jump tests to assess asymmetry and determine the consistency of both the magnitude and direction of asymmetry between two testing sessions. Thirty-three participants performed the countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), and countermovement rebound jump (CMRJ—jump 1: CMRJ1; jump 2: CMRJ2) over two sessions. Inter-limb asymmetry was calculated for kinetic metrics, including the mean propulsive force, net braking impulse, and net propulsive impulse. Test reliability was computed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficients of variation (CV), and standard error of measurement. Furthermore, analysis of variance was used to determine the systematic bias between jump types and sessions. Kappa coefficients were utilised to assess the consistency of asymmetry favouring the same limb. Results showed poor to excellent reliability for all jump tests between sessions (ICC range = 0.19–0.99, CV range = 2.80–11.09%). A significantly higher magnitude of asymmetry was revealed for the net braking impulse during the DJ compared to the CMRJ2 (p ≥ 0.014, g ≤ 0.53). When computing the direction of asymmetry between test sessions, Kappa coefficients revealed that levels of agreement were substantial (Kappa = 0.63–0.70) for the CMJ, moderate to almost perfect (Kappa = 0.59–0.94) for the CMRJ1, moderate to almost perfect (Kappa = 0.58–0.81) for the DJ, and slight to moderate for the CMRJ2 (Kappa = 0.19–0.57). These results underscore the variable nature of both the magnitude and direction of asymmetry during jump testing. Thus, practitioners should carefully choose evaluation methods and metrics characterised by low variability to ensure robust asymmetry assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contralateral Asymmetry in Cycling Power Is Reproducible and Independent of Exercise Intensity at Submaximal Power Outputs

by John W. Farrell III and Valerie E. Neira

Symmetry 2023, 15(6), 1142; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061142 - 24 May 2023

Viewed by 1001

Abstract

The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the effects of exercise intensity on asymmetry in pedal forces when the accumulation of fatigue is controlled for, and to assess the reliability of asymmetry outcomes during cycling. Participants completed an incremental cycling test [...] Read more.

The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the effects of exercise intensity on asymmetry in pedal forces when the accumulation of fatigue is controlled for, and to assess the reliability of asymmetry outcomes during cycling. Participants completed an incremental cycling test to determine maximal oxygen consumption and the power that elicited maximal oxygen consumption (pVO₂max). Participants were allotted 30 min of recovery before then cycling at 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90% of pVO₂max for 3 min each, with 5 min of active recovery between each intensity. Participants returned to the laboratory on separate days to repeat all measures. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to detect differences in power production AI at each of the submaximal exercise intensities and between Trials 1 and 2. Intraclass correlations were utilized to assess the test–retest reliability for the power production asymmetry index (AI). An ANOVA revealed no significant intensity–visit interactions for the power production AI (f = 0.835, p = 0.485, η² = 0.077), with no significant main effects present. ICC indicated excellent reliability in the power production AI at all intensities. Exercise intensity did not appear to affect asymmetry in pedal forces, while excellent reliability was observed in asymmetry outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accelerometery-Based Load Symmetry in Track Running Kinematics concerning Body Location, Track Segment, and Distance in Amateur Runners

by Antonio Antúnez, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Ana Flores-Leonés, Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona and Sergio J. Ibáñez

Symmetry 2022, 14(11), 2332; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14112332 - 7 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3276

Abstract

Background: Previous studies indicate that running at maximum speed on short or curved sections is slower than running on straight sections. This study aimed to analyse the external load symmetry in track running kinematics concerning body location (left vs. right, caudal vs. cephalic), [...] Read more.

Background: Previous studies indicate that running at maximum speed on short or curved sections is slower than running on straight sections. This study aimed to analyse the external load symmetry in track running kinematics concerning body location (left vs. right, caudal vs. cephalic), track segment (straight vs. curved) and distance (150 m vs. 300 m). Methods: Twenty experienced athletes ran 150 m and 300 m on an official athletic track and were monitored by Magnetic, Angular Rate and Gravity sensors attached to six different body segments (thorax, lumbar, knees and malleolus). Player Load was quantified as a valid, effective and representative Accelerometery-based variable. Results: (1) Principal component analysis explained 62–93% of the total variance and clustered body locations relevance in curved (knees and malleolus) vs. straight (lumbar, knees, malleolus) running segments; (2) Player Load statistical differences by track segment (curved vs. straight) were found in all body locations; and (3) there were no differences in bilateral symmetries by distance or running segment. Conclusions: Track segment and body location directly impacted accelerometery-based load. Acceleration in straight segments was lower compared to that in curved segments in all the body locations (lumbar, knee and ankle), except in the thorax. Strength and conditioning programs should consider the singularity of curved sprinting (effects of centripetal–centrifugal force) for performance enhancement and injury prevention and focus on the knees and malleolus, as shown in the principal component analysis results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 21026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Attack-Block-Court Defense Algorithm: A New Volleyball Index Supported by Data Science

by José Roberto Cantú-González, Filiberto Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, Jesús Abraham Castorena-Peña and Mario A. Aguirre-López

Symmetry 2022, 14(8), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14081499 - 22 Jul 2022

Viewed by 2437

Abstract

Spiker–blocker encounters are a key moment for determining the result of a volleyball rally. The characterization of such a moment using physical–statistical parameters allows us to reproduce the possible ball’s trajectory and then make calculations to set up the defense in an optimal [...] Read more.

Spiker–blocker encounters are a key moment for determining the result of a volleyball rally. The characterization of such a moment using physical–statistical parameters allows us to reproduce the possible ball’s trajectory and then make calculations to set up the defense in an optimal way. In this work, we present a computational algorithm that shows the possible worst scenarios of ball trajectories for a volleyball defense, in terms of the covered area by the block and the impact time of the backcourt defense to contact the ball before it reaches the floor. The algorithm is based on the kinematic equations of motion, trigonometry, and statistical parameters of the players. We have called it the Attack-Block-Court Defense algorithm (the ABCD algorithm), since it only requires the 3D-coordinates of the attacker and the blocker, and a discretized court in a number of cells. With those data, the algorithm calculates the percentage of the covered area by the blocker and the time at which the ball impacts the court (impact time). More specifically, the structure of the algorithm consists of setting up the spiker’s and blocker’s locations at the time the spiker hits the ball, and then applying the kinematic equations to calculate the worst scenario for the team in defense. The case of a middle-hitter attack with a single block over the net is simulated, and an analysis of the space of input variables for such a case is performed. We found a strong dependence on the average impact time and the covered area on both the attack–block height’s ratio and the attack height. The standard deviation of the impact time was the variable that showed more asymmetry, respecting the input variables. An asymmetric case considering more variables with a wing spiker and three blockers is also shown, in order to illustrate the potential of the model in a more complex scenario. The results have potential applications, as a supporting tool for coaches in the design of customized defense or attack systems, in the positioning of players according to the prior knowledge of the opponent team, and in the development of replay and video-game technologies in multimedia systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Short-Term Heart Rate Asymmetry in High-Performance Athletes and Non-Athletes

by Yecid Mina-Paz, Victoria Noemí Santana-García, Luis Javier Tafur-Tascon, Moisés Arturo Cabrera-Hernández, Adriana Cristina Pliego-Carrillo and José Javier Reyes-Lagos

Symmetry 2022, 14(6), 1229; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14061229 - 14 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2597

Abstract

Heart rate asymmetry (HRA) refers to how asymmetrically the acceleration and deceleration patterns in heartbeat fluctuations are distributed. There is limited evidence regarding HRA changes in athletes and their association with autonomic regulation. This study aimed to compare the short-term HRA of high-performance [...] Read more.

Heart rate asymmetry (HRA) refers to how asymmetrically the acceleration and deceleration patterns in heartbeat fluctuations are distributed. There is limited evidence regarding HRA changes in athletes and their association with autonomic regulation. This study aimed to compare the short-term HRA of high-performance athletes and non-athletes during an autonomic function test by calculating relevant HRA measures. This exploratory study obtained beat-to-beat RR interval time series from 15 high-performance athletes and 12 non-athletes during a standardized autonomic function test. This test includes rest, postural change, controlled respiration, prolonged orthostatism, exercise, and recovery phases. The following HRA parameters were computed from the RR time series for both groups: asymmetric spread index (ASI), slope index (SI), Porta’s index (PI), Guzik’s index (GI), and Ehlers’ index (EI). We found significant differences (p < 0.01) in the mean value of several HRA parameters between athletes and non-athletes and across the autonomic function test phases, mainly in postural change and recovery phases. Our results indicate that high-performance athletes manifest a higher number and magnitude of cardiac decelerations than non-athletes after an orthostatic challenge, as indicated by GI and EI. In addition, lower HRA was found in athletes in the recovery phase than in non-athletes, as indicated by ASI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Symmetry Analysis of Manual Wheelchair Propulsion Using Motion Capture Techniques

by Mateusz Kukla and Wojciech Maliga

Symmetry 2022, 14(6), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14061164 - 5 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1654

Abstract

There is no consensus among researchers on the biomechanics of wheelchair propulsion concerning the bilateral symmetry assumption. On one hand, the assumption is advantageous, as it allows for the simplification of data collection, processing, and analysis. It also facilitates the modelling of wheelchair [...] Read more.

There is no consensus among researchers on the biomechanics of wheelchair propulsion concerning the bilateral symmetry assumption. On one hand, the assumption is advantageous, as it allows for the simplification of data collection, processing, and analysis. It also facilitates the modelling of wheelchair propulsion biomechanics. On the other hand, there are reports that the validity of the bilateral symmetry assumption is unclear. Therefore, the present study aims to analyse the biomechanics of wheelchair propulsion for side-to-side differences. Motion capture techniques based on ArUco with the use of OpenCV libraries were used for this purpose. The research was carried out on a group of 10 healthy and inexperienced volunteers with a semi-circular propulsion pattern, who declared right-handedness. The tests were carried out on a hard, even surface, without an additional load, within the frequency of the propelling phases dictated by sound signals, amounting to 30 BPM. The positions of markers on the hand, elbow, and wrist were analysed. As a result, a cloud of points of the markers’ displacement on the sagittal plane in the propulsion push progress function was obtained. The results were averaged with a breakdown by the right and left hand for individual persons, but also for the entire group of volunteers. A comparative analysis and the mutual position of the confidence intervals of the determined mean values were also performed. The collected data suggest that the mean values for individual participants show greater asymmetry than the mean positions of the markers for the entire group of participants. Therefore, the assumption about the symmetry of upper limb propulsion may not be true when analysing the biomechanics of propulsion for individuals, although it may be accurate when analysing larger groups of persons (participants free of upper-extremity pain or impairment). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Leg Prediction of Running Kinematics across Various Running Conditions and Drawing from a Minimal Data Set Using a Single Wearable Sensor

by Daniel Hung-Kay Chow, Zaheen Ahmed Iqbal, Luc Tremblay, Chor-Yin Lam and Rui-Bin Zhao

Symmetry 2022, 14(6), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14061092 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1641

Abstract

The feasibility of prediction of same-limb kinematics using a single inertial measurement unit attached to the same limb has been demonstrated using machine learning. This study was performed to see if a single inertial measurement unit attached to the tibia can predict the [...] Read more.

The feasibility of prediction of same-limb kinematics using a single inertial measurement unit attached to the same limb has been demonstrated using machine learning. This study was performed to see if a single inertial measurement unit attached to the tibia can predict the opposite leg’s kinematics (cross-leg prediction). It also investigated if there is a minimal or smaller data set in a convolutional neural network model to predict lower extremity running kinematics under other running conditions and with what accuracy for the intra- and inter-participant situations. Ten recreational runners completed running exercises under five conditions, including treadmill running at speeds of 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 m/s and level-ground running at their preferred speed. A one-predict-all scheme was adopted to determine which running condition could be used to best predict a participant’s overall running kinematics. Running kinematic predictions were performed for intra- and inter-participant scenarios. Among the tested running conditions, treadmill running at 3 m/s was found to be the optimal condition for accurately predicting running kinematics under other conditions, with R² values ranging from 0.880 to 0.958 and 0.784 to 0.936 for intra- and inter-participant scenarios, respectively. The feasibility of cross-leg prediction was demonstrated but with significantly lower accuracy than the same leg. The treadmill running condition at 3 m/s showed the highest intra-participant cross-leg prediction accuracy. This study proposes a novel, deep-learning method for predicting running kinematics under different conditions on a small training data set. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 1634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Symmetry of the Muscle Tension Signal in the Upper Limbs When Propelling a Wheelchair and Innovative Control Systems for Propulsion System Gear Ratio or Propulsion Torque: A Pilot Study

by Łukasz Warguła and Agnieszka Marciniak

Symmetry 2022, 14(5), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14051002 - 14 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1731

Abstract

Innovative wheelchair designs require new means of controlling the drive units or the propulsion transmission systems. The article proposes a signal to control the gear ratio or the amount of additional propulsion torque coming from an electric motor. The innovative control signal in [...] Read more.

Innovative wheelchair designs require new means of controlling the drive units or the propulsion transmission systems. The article proposes a signal to control the gear ratio or the amount of additional propulsion torque coming from an electric motor. The innovative control signal in this application is the signal generated by the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the muscles of the upper limbs, transformed by the central processing unit (CPU) into muscle activity (MA) when using a wheelchair. The paper includes research on eight muscles of the upper limbs that are active when propelling a wheelchair. Asymmetry in the value for MVC was found between the left and right limbs, while the belly of the long radial extensor muscle of the wrist was determined to be the muscle with the least asymmetry for the users under study. This pilot research demonstrates that the difference in mean MVC_max values between the left and the right limbs can range from 20% to 49%, depending on the muscle being tested. The finding that some muscle groups demonstrate less difference in MVC values suggests that it is possible to design systems for regulating the gear ratio or additional propelling force based on the MVC signal from the muscle of one limb, as described in the patent application from 2022, no. P.440187. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 3335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Wheelchair Propulsion Wheel Rotation Angle Function Symmetry in the Propelling Phase: Motion Capture Research and a Mathematical Model

by Bartosz Wieczorek

Symmetry 2022, 14(3), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14030576 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2117

Abstract

The movement of a wheelchair with manual propulsion depends on the kinematics of the human body and the forces exerted by the muscles. To design innovative wheelchair propulsion systems, the biomechanical parameters resulting from human interaction in this anthropotechnical system must be formalised. [...] Read more.

The movement of a wheelchair with manual propulsion depends on the kinematics of the human body and the forces exerted by the muscles. To design innovative wheelchair propulsion systems, the biomechanical parameters resulting from human interaction in this anthropotechnical system must be formalised. The research objectives were thus adopted: an analysis of the propulsion wheel angle of rotation resulting from the hand movement’s trajectory and the mathematical formalisation of the propulsion wheel angle of rotation described as a function of the propelling phase’s duration. The research was carried out using three variants of manually propelled wheelchairs on a group of 10 patients representing the same group (C50) of anthropometric dimensions. The research demonstrated that the function of the propulsion wheel angle of rotation shows the features of central symmetry occurring at an angle of rotation of φ 52° and a propelling phase duration of 58%. Moreover, the measurements were averaged and a mathematical model of the propulsion wheel rotation function during the propulsion phase was developed, depending on the percentage of duration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 4061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examination and Comparison of Theta Band Connectivity in Left- and Right-Hand Dominant Individuals throughout a Motor Skill Acquisition

by Jessica McDonnell, Nicholas P Murray, Sungwoo Ahn, Stefan Clemens, Erik Everhart and J. Chris Mizelle

Symmetry 2021, 13(4), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040728 - 20 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2050

Abstract

The majority of the population identifies as right-hand dominant, with a minority 10.6% identifying as left-hand dominant. Social factors may partially skew the distribution, but it remains that left-hand dominant individuals make up approximately 40 million people in the United States alone and [...] Read more.

The majority of the population identifies as right-hand dominant, with a minority 10.6% identifying as left-hand dominant. Social factors may partially skew the distribution, but it remains that left-hand dominant individuals make up approximately 40 million people in the United States alone and yet, remain underrepresented in the motor control literature. Recent research has revealed behavioral and neurological differences between populations, therein overturning assumptions of a simple hemispheric flip in motor-related activations. The present work showed differentially adaptable motor programs between populations and found fundamental differences in methods of skill acquisition highlighting underlying neural strategies unique to each population. Difference maps and descriptive metrics of coherent activation patterns showed differences in how theta oscillations were utilized. The right-hand group relied on occipital parietal lobe connectivity for visual information integration necessary to inform the motor task, while the left-hand group relied on a more frontal lobe localized cognitive based approach. The findings provide insight into potential alternative methods of information integration and emphasize the importance for inclusion of the left-hand dominant population in the growing conceptualization of the brain promoting the generation of a more complete, stable, and accurate understanding of our complex biology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

18 pages, 1377 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Why Sports Should Embrace Bilateral Asymmetry: A Narrative Review

by José Afonso, Javier Peña, Mário Sá, Adam Virgile, Antonio García-de-Alcaraz and Chris Bishop

Symmetry 2022, 14(10), 1993; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14101993 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 10101

Abstract

(1) Background: Asymmetry is ubiquitous in nature and humans have well-established bilateral asymmetries in their structures and functions. However, there are (mostly unsubstantiated) claims that bilateral asymmetries may impair sports performance or increase injury risk. (2) Objective: To critically review the evidence of [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Asymmetry is ubiquitous in nature and humans have well-established bilateral asymmetries in their structures and functions. However, there are (mostly unsubstantiated) claims that bilateral asymmetries may impair sports performance or increase injury risk. (2) Objective: To critically review the evidence of the occurrence and effects of asymmetry and sports performance. (3) Development: Asymmetry is prevalent across several sports regardless of age, gender, or competitive level, and can be verified even in apparently symmetric actions (e.g., running and rowing). Assessments of bilateral asymmetries are highly task-, metric-, individual-, and sport-specific; fluctuate significantly in time (in magnitude and, more importantly, in direction); and tend to be poorly correlated among themselves, as well as with general performance measures. Assessments of sports-specific performance is mostly lacking. Most studies assessing bilateral asymmetries do not actually assess the occurrence of injuries. While injuries tend to accentuate bilateral asymmetries, there is no evidence that pre-existing asymmetries increase injury risk. While training programs reduce certain bilateral asymmetries, there is no evidence that such reductions result in increased sport-specific performance or reduced injury risk. (4) Conclusions: Bilateral asymmetries are prevalent in sports, do not seem to impair performance, and there is no evidence that suggests that they increase injury risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

11 pages, 628 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of Non-Pharmacological Interventions to Improve Gait Asymmetries in Neurological Populations

by Krista G. Meder, Chanel T. LoJacono and Christopher K. Rhea

Symmetry 2022, 14(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14020281 - 30 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2929

Abstract

Gait asymmetries are commonly observed in neurological populations and linked to decreased gait velocity, balance decrements, increased fall risk, and heightened metabolic cost. Interventions designed to improve gait asymmetries have varying methods and results. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate [...] Read more.

Gait asymmetries are commonly observed in neurological populations and linked to decreased gait velocity, balance decrements, increased fall risk, and heightened metabolic cost. Interventions designed to improve gait asymmetries have varying methods and results. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate non-pharmacological interventions to improve gait asymmetries in neurological populations. Keyword searches were conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, and Academic Search Complete. The search yielded 14 studies for inclusion. Gait was assessed using 3D motion capture systems (n = 7), pressure-sensitive mats (e.g., GAITRite; n = 5), and positional sensors (n = 2). The gait variables most commonly analyzed for asymmetry were step length (n = 11), stance time (n = 9), and swing time (n = 5). Interventions to improve gait asymmetries predominantly used gait training techniques via a split-belt treadmill (n = 6), followed by insoles/orthoses (n = 3). The literature suggests that a wide range of methods can be used to improve spatiotemporal asymmetries. However, future research should further examine kinematic and kinetic gait asymmetries. Additionally, researchers should explore the necessary frequency and duration of various intervention strategies to achieve the greatest improvement in gait asymmetries, and to determine the best symmetry equation for quantifying gait asymmetries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Symmetry and Asymmetry in Sport Sciences

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (17 papers)

Research

Review

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI