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Special Issue "Symmetry/Asymmetry in Advanced Research for Efficient Electric Vehicles"

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A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Computer".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2024 | Viewed by 10775

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Prof. Dr. Moo-Yeon Lee

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550, beon-gil saha-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
Interests: heat transfer; green car; thermal management system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Internal combustion vehicles are being replaced by electric vehicles (xEVs) owing to the depletion of fossil fuels and higher emissions of greenhouse gases. xEVs are considered a promising technology for sustainable transportation in the future because of their zero-carbon footprint, high efficiency, and low noise. In the last few decades, fully electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and grid integrated electric vehicles have gained popularity due to advances reported in this technology. Despite significant research development, there exist some barriers that need to be addressed to ensure the full reliability of xEVs in the transport sector. The present Special Issue proposes a platform for presenting the latest research results, research solutions to the existing barriers, and technological advancements as they pertain to xEVs.

This Special Issue is focused on the recent research advances in xEVs, and includes, but is not limited to, the following topics:

Symmetrical/Asymmetrical design (including thermal, fluid flow, electrical, and structural aspects) for xEVs;
Thermal modeling and fluid flow analysis for xEVs;
Structural analysis for xEVs;
Thermal management of electric motors in xEVs;
Battery thermal management system for xEVs;
Efficient HVAC system for xEVs;
Power electronics (LEDs, inverters, converters, etc.) for xEVs;
Experimental, numerical, and analytical studies on xEVs;
Intelligent systems and algorithms for xEVs;
Optimization techniques for xEVs;
Energy management systems for xEVs;
Energy storage systems for xEVs;
Symmetry and asymmetry analysis for xEVs;
State-of-the-art reviews on xEVs.

Prof. Dr. Moo-Yeon Lee
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

electric vehicles (xEVs)
electric motor
battery
power electronics
HVAC
thermal management
energy management
energy storage
optimization
heating
cooling
symmetry
asymmetry

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Numerical Study on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Dielectric Fluid Immersion Cooling with Fin Structures for Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Symmetry 2023, 15(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15010092 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1662

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are incorporated with higher energy density batteries to improve the driving range and performance. The lithium-ion batteries with higher energy density generate a larger amount of heat which deteriorates their efficiency and operating life. The currently commercially employed cooling techniques are not able to achieve the effective thermal management of batteries with increasing energy density. Direct liquid cooling offers enhanced thermal management of battery packs at high discharging rates compared to all other cooling techniques. However, the flow distribution of coolant around the battery module needs to be maintained to achieve the superior performance of direct liquid cooling. The objective of the present work is to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of the lithium-ion battery pack with dielectric fluid immersion cooling for different fin structures. The base structure without fins, circular, rectangular and triangular fin structures are compared for heat transfer characteristics of maximum temperature, temperature difference, average temperature, Nusselt number, pressure drop and performance evaluation criteria (PEC). Furthermore, the heat transfer characteristics are evaluated for various fin dimensions of the best fin structure. The heat transfer characteristics of the battery pack with dielectric fluid immersion cooling according to considered fin structures and dimensions are simulated using ANSYS Fluent commercial code. The results reveal that the symmetrical temperature distribution and temperature uniformity of the battery pack are achieved in the case of all fin structures. The maximum temperature of the battery pack is lower by 2.41%, 2.57% and 4.45% for circular, rectangular, and triangular fin structures, respectively, compared to the base structure. The triangular fin structure shows higher values of Nusselt number and pressure drop with a maximum value of PEC compared to other fin structures. The triangular fin structure is the best fin structure with optimum heat transfer characteristics of the battery pack with dielectric fluid immersion cooling. The heat transfer characteristics of a battery pack with dielectric fluid immersion cooling are further improved for triangular fin structures with a base length -to -height ratio (A/B) of 4.304. The research outputs from the present work could be referred to as a database to commercialize the dielectric fluid immersion cooling for the efficient battery thermal management system at fast and higher charging/discharging rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Advanced Research for Efficient Electric Vehicles)

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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Experimental Study on Dielectric Fluid Immersion Cooling for Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Battery

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Symmetry 2022, 14(10), 2126; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14102126 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3299

Abstract

The rapidly growing commercialization of electric vehicles demands higher capacity lithium-ion batteries with higher heat generation which degrades the lifespan and performance of batteries. The currently widely used indirect liquid cooling imposes disadvantages of the higher thermal resistance and coolant leakage which has diverted the attention to the direct liquid cooling for the thermal management of batteries. The present study conducts the experimental investigation on discharge and heat transfer characteristics of lithium-ion battery with direct liquid cooling for the thermal management. The 18,650 lithium-ion cylindrical battery pack is immersed symmetrically in dielectric fluid. The discharge voltage and capacity, maximum temperature, temperature difference, average temperature, heat absorbed, and heat transfer coefficient are investigated under various conditions of discharge rates, inlet temperatures, and volume flow rates of coolant. The operating voltage and discharge capacity are decreasing with increase in the volume flow rate and decrease in the inlet temperature for all discharge rates. At the higher discharge rate of 4C, the lowest battery maximum temperatures of 60.2 °C and 44.6 °C and the highest heat transfer coefficients of 2884.25 W/m²-K and 2290.19 W/m²-K are reported for the highest volume flow rate of 1000 mLPM and the lowest inlet temperature of 15 °C, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Advanced Research for Efficient Electric Vehicles)

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Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study on Thermal and Flow Characteristics of Divergent Duct with Different Rib Shapes for Electric-Vehicle Cooling System

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Symmetry 2022, 14(8), 1696; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14081696 - 16 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1243

Abstract

The cooling performance of the air-conditioning system in electric vehicles could be enhanced through the geometrical optimization of the air ducts. Furthermore, it has been proven that the heat-transfer performance of divergent channels is better than that of conventional channels. Therefore, the present study investigates the thermal and flow characteristics of divergent ducts with various rib shapes for the cooling system of electric vehicles. The thermal and flow characteristics, namely, temperature difference, pressure drop, heat-transfer coefficient, Nusselt number and friction factor, are numerically studied. Divergent ducts comprising ribs with the different shapes of rectangle, isosceles triangle, left triangle, right triangle, trapezoid, left trapezoid and right trapezoid arranged symmetrically are modeled as the computational domains. The thermal and flow characteristics of divergent ducts with various rib shapes are simulated in ANSYS Fluent commercial software for the Reynolds-number range of 22,000–79,000. The numerical model is validated by comparing the simulated results with the corresponding experimental results of the Nusselt number and the friction factor, obtaining errors of 4.4% and 2.9%, respectively. The results reveal that the divergent duct with the right-triangular rib shape shows the maximum values of the heat-transfer coefficient and Nusselt number of 180.65 W/m²K and 601, respectively. The same rib shape shows a pressure drop and a friction factor of 137.3 Pa and 0.040, respectively, which are lower than those of all rib shapes, except for the trapezoidal and right-trapezoidal rib shapes. Considering the trade-off comparison between thermal and flow characteristics, the divergent duct with the right-triangular rib shape is proposed as the best configuration. In addition, the effect of various conditions of the inlet air temperature on the thermal characteristics of the best configuration is discussed. The proposed results could be considered to develop an air-duct system with enhanced efficiency for electric vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Advanced Research for Efficient Electric Vehicles)

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Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Heat Flow Characteristics of Ferrofluid in Magnetic Field Patterns for Electric Vehicle Power Electronics Cooling

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Symmetry 2022, 14(5), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14051063 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1954

Abstract

The ferrofluid is a kind of nanofluid that has magnetization properties in addition to excellent thermophysical properties, which has resulted in an effective performance trend in cooling applications. In the present study, experiments are conducted to investigate the heat flow characteristics of ferrofluid based on thermomagnetic convection under the influence of different magnetic field patterns. The temperature and heat dissipation characteristics are compared for ferrofluid under the influence of no-magnet, I, L, and T magnetic field patterns. The results reveal that the heat gets accumulated within ferrofluid near the heating part in the case of no magnet, whereas the heat flows through ferrofluid under the influence of different magnetic field patterns without any external force. Owing to the thermomagnetic convection characteristic of ferrofluid, the heat dissipates from the heating block and reaches the cooling block by following the path of the I magnetic field pattern. However, in the case of the L and T magnetic field patterns, the thermomagnetic convection characteristic of ferrofluid drives the heat from the heating block to the endpoint location of the pattern instead of the cooling block. The asymmetrical heat dissipation in the case of the L magnetic field pattern and the symmetrical heat dissipation in the case of the T magnetic field pattern are observed following the magnetization path of ferrofluid in the respective cases. The results confirm that the direction of heat flow could be controlled based on the type of magnetic field pattern and its path by utilizing the thermomagnetic behavior of ferrofluid. The proposed lab-scale experimental set-up and results database could be utilized to design an automatic energy transport system for the cooling of power conversion devices in electric vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Advanced Research for Efficient Electric Vehicles)

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Review

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Open AccessReview

A Review of Advanced Cooling Strategies for Battery Thermal Management Systems in Electric Vehicles

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Symmetry 2023, 15(7), 1322; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15071322 - 28 Jun 2023

Viewed by 2131

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a potential solution to face the global energy crisis and climate change issues in the transportation sector. Currently, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have gained popularity as a source of energy in EVs, owing to several benefits including higher power density. To compete with internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles, the capacity of Li-ion batteries is continuously increasing to improve the efficiency and reliability of EVs. The performance characteristics and safe operations of Li-ion batteries depend on their operating temperature which demands the effective thermal management of Li-ion batteries. The commercially employed cooling strategies have several obstructions to enable the desired thermal management of high-power density batteries with allowable maximum temperature and symmetrical temperature distribution. The efforts are striving in the direction of searching for advanced cooling strategies which could eliminate the limitations of current cooling strategies and be employed in next-generation battery thermal management systems. The present review summarizes numerous research studies that explore advanced cooling strategies for battery thermal management in EVs. Research studies on phase change material cooling and direct liquid cooling for battery thermal management are comprehensively reviewed over the time period of 2018–2023. This review discusses the various experimental and numerical works executed to date on battery thermal management based on the aforementioned cooling strategies. Considering the practical feasibility and drawbacks of phase change material cooling, the focus of the present review is tilted toward the explanation of current research works on direct liquid cooling as an emerging battery thermal management technique. Direct liquid cooling has the potential to achieve the desired battery performance under normal as well as extreme operating conditions. However, extensive research still needs to be executed to commercialize direct liquid cooling as an advanced battery thermal management technique in EVs. The present review would be referred to as one that gives concrete direction in the search for a suitable advanced cooling strategy for battery thermal management in the next generation of EVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Advanced Research for Efficient Electric Vehicles)

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