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Organic Waste Management to Promote the Recycling System
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Organic Waste Management to Promote the Recycling System

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Engineering and Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 17519

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Hesam Kamyab

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
Interests: environmental engineering; microalgae; wastewater treatment; clean technologies; clean energy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The focus of this Special Issue is on the management of organic waste in order to help the recycling system. Management of organic waste is rapidly becoming a significant resource recovery area. All over the world, biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste is annually produced in vast amounts from a wide variety of sources, including domestic, industrial, and agricultural activities. There is a good proportion of biodegradable organic carbon in waste materials that can be turned into useful goods. The vast generation, ubiquitous presence, and chemical resources of these wastes make their valorization one of the most promising ways to reduce the environmental impacts of this bio-waste and make economic gains due to the prospect of wealth from waste. The conversion of waste into wealth involves resource reuse and recycling that decreases resource supply insecurity, waste disposal costs, environmental burden, and the efficient use of feedstock. A creative and economically viable strategy that produces additional revenue is the use of side items. Biowaste includes the forest residues, crop residues, livestock waste, industrial biowaste, cattle manure, fly ash, bio-sludge, municipal solid biowaste, and algal biomass generated globally every year in enormous quantities which is attracting global attention for its management. Through using various methods for their processing, this underused biowaste can be turned into value-added products. Through chemical, thermochemical, or biological pathways which provide sustainable solutions for environmental management, the biowaste feedstock can be converted to valuable products. In biowaste valorization, solar energy, which is the primary source of all energy, can also be used effectively. If a concentrated solar system is supplied with the pyrolysis heat process, which can be accomplished with relatively moderate solar radiation, performance can be reasonably improved compared to traditional processes. Microorganisms play an important role in the processing of feedstock into the finished product without damaging the ecosystem but, instead, during the conversion phase when harsh chemicals are used. Method parameter optimization is an effective and necessary step in increasing the efficiency of the process for conversion of biowaste into environmentally friendly value-added products. Early applications for resource recovery in organic waste management have been the reuse of organic waste for compost/soil conditioners or biogas production. The elimination of organic waste from landfills has also substantially contributed to a major reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with landfill management. Fruit, paper, cardboard products, biosolids, land clearing/wood, garden refuse and animal waste are some of the components of organic waste. Effective resource recovery of organic waste depends largely on efficient separation at the point of waste generation. Another significant aspect of resource recovery from organic waste is the municipal government and community education initiatives. For this Special Issue, the use of waste material in a new product should be the subject of manuscripts (e.g., biochar, compost, recycling system, etc.). Multidisciplinary research that supports the diversity of perspectives on sustainability is of particularly interest.

For several industries, sustainability is an attractive term, but marketing, in particular, has the potential to contribute significantly to the perception of sustainability, its limitations, its merits, and its feasibility as a priority for the future operations of businesses. The environmental sustainability problem is split into 9 thematic annual issues. Each theme helps to describe, consider, and resolve sustainability issues that are not mutually exclusive. The themes are as follows:

  1. Pretreatment of biowaste materials
  2. Function of microbes utilized in biowaste material integration
  3. Method parameter optimization and the use of organic waste for value-added products
  4. Conversion of waste by solar energy for energy choices
  5. Waste collection and recycling waste generation and characterization
  6. Innovative waste management practices
  7. Pollution control using trace elements and organic pollutants
  8. Recycling and reuse
  9. Treatment (mechanical, biological, chemical, thermal, other)

Dr. Hesam Kamyab
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • organic matter
  • waste management
  • nutrients
  • recycling and reuse
  • environmental change issues
  • organic waste leachate management
  • sustainability challenges and materials
  • energy and renewable energies

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2274 KiB  
Article
The Content of Heavy Metals in Cigarettes and the Impact of Their Leachates on the Aquatic Ecosystem
by Maria Michael, Arun Meyyazhagan, Krishnakumar Velayudhannair, Manikantan Pappuswamy, Anu Maria, Vincent Xavier, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, Rathinasamy Baskaran, Hesam Kamyab, Yasser Vasseghian, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Maryam Safa, Zohre Moradi and Mohamed Amine Khadimallah
Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4752; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084752 - 15 Apr 2022
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 5165
Abstract
Smoked cigarettes and butts are the most common kind of litter around the world. The buildup of these litters has badly polluted local water bodies and their compartments, and the cumulative effect of many cigarette butts scattered in a centralized location may pose [...] Read more.
Smoked cigarettes and butts are the most common kind of litter around the world. The buildup of these litters has badly polluted local water bodies and their compartments, and the cumulative effect of many cigarette butts scattered in a centralized location may pose a serious hazard to living species. To understand how heavy metals are leached out into the aquatic ecosystem, researchers must analyse the behavior of the materials that make up cigarettes. Using atomic absorption spectrometry, this study evaluated the content of several metals (such as Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn, Zn, and Hg) leached from various brands of unsmoked and smoked cigarettes and cigarette butts. The findings revealed that heavy metal is more prevalent in butte. These findings indicate that cigarette litter is a major source of metal contamination in the aquatic ecosystem and that apparent leaching may increase the risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Waste Management to Promote the Recycling System)
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28 pages, 14978 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Concrete Strength and FRP Reinforcement Type on the Non-Linear Behavior of Concrete Deep Beams
by Mostafa Kazemi, Mohammad Daneshfar, Yousef Zandi, Alireza Sadighi Agdas, Negin Yousefieh, Leili Mohammadifar, Aida Rahmani, Mohammad Saberian, Amr Mamdouh, Mohamed Amine Khadimallah and Jie Li
Sustainability 2022, 14(7), 4136; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074136 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2343
Abstract
To provide sustainable reinforced concrete deep beams, the replacement of steel rebars by FRP rebars with high-chemical resistance is proposed by researchers. However, the effects of the concrete strength, top and web longitudinal reinforcements, and types of FRP flexural rebars on the non-linear [...] Read more.
To provide sustainable reinforced concrete deep beams, the replacement of steel rebars by FRP rebars with high-chemical resistance is proposed by researchers. However, the effects of the concrete strength, top and web longitudinal reinforcements, and types of FRP flexural rebars on the non-linear performance of concrete deep beams have rarely been evaluated. This study numerically assessed the effects of the top and web longitudinal reinforcements and concrete strength on the non-linear behaviour of GFRP- and CFRP-strengthened concrete deep beams with various shear span-to-overall depth (a/h) ratios. As per the results, the highest tensile stress was obtained for the steel reinforcement, and the tensile stress in the CFRP reinforcement was more than that of the GFRP reinforcement under the failure load. Meanwhile, the results of high- and normal-strength concrete deep beams with the web reinforcement (16.4%) were lower than those without the web reinforcement (22.3%). Therefore, the web reinforcement moderately compensated for the low strength of normal concrete and the absence of the top longitudinal rebar to reinforce concrete deep beams in carrying the ultimate load. Furthermore, the participation of the GFRP reinforcement with the high-strength concrete was more than that with the normal-strength concrete in carrying a higher amount of loading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Waste Management to Promote the Recycling System)
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20 pages, 10059 KiB  
Article
Production and Characterization of a Novel Biosurfactant Molecule from Bacillus safensis YKS2 and Assessment of Its Efficiencies in Wastewater Treatment by a Directed Metagenomic Approach
by Dharman Kalaimurugan, Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan, Rasiravathanahalli Kaveriyappan Govindarajan, Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi, Mariadhas Valan Arasu, Chithravel Vadivalagan, Srinivasan Venkatesan, Hesam Kamyab, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan and Chartchai Khanongnuch
Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 2142; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042142 - 14 Feb 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3369
Abstract
Biosurfactant is a biodegradation accelerator that improves bioavailability and facilitates degradation by microorganisms. The study was meant to produce a novel biosurfactant molecule from Bacillussafensis YKS2. An efficient biosurfactant-producing strain, namely, Bacillus safensis YKS2, was selected using hemolytic activity, drop collapsing test, [...] Read more.
Biosurfactant is a biodegradation accelerator that improves bioavailability and facilitates degradation by microorganisms. The study was meant to produce a novel biosurfactant molecule from Bacillussafensis YKS2. An efficient biosurfactant-producing strain, namely, Bacillus safensis YKS2, was selected using hemolytic activity, drop collapsing test, oil spreading test and blue agar plate methods in four oil-degrading strains isolated from a soil sample. Biosurfactant production in the optimization of bacteria culture conditions by RSM is a statistical grouping technique that is analyzed using the AVOVA approach to surface tention. In addition, the study was characterized by UV spectrophotometer FT-IR, HR-SEM, and GC-MS analyses to explain its structural and chemical details. Wastewater treatment was monitored for pH, EC, turbidity, alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in order to justify the efficacy of the biosurfactant during wastewater treatment. The results of the UV spectrophotometer showed absorption at 530 nm, and the FT-IR analyzed carboxylic acids, alcohol and phenols groups, whichthe GC-MS analysis indicated were lipopeptide purified by hexadecanoic andtetradecanoic processes, respectively. The results show that the wastewater removal efficiency of 70% wasachieved within 24 h. In comparison, metagenomics was conducted during the treatment process to identify changes in the microbial load and diversity, which essentially indicatethe biosurfactant performance of the wastewater treatment process. The microbial load in the treated biosurfactant wastewater (84,374 sequences) was greatly decreased compared to untreated wastewater (139,568 sequences). It was concluded that B. safensis YKS2, producing a glycolipid form of biosurfactant, has possible benefits in the remediation of wastewater, and can be used for large-scale processing inbiosurfactant industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Waste Management to Promote the Recycling System)
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16 pages, 4065 KiB  
Article
Data-Driven Forecasting and Modeling of Runoff Flow to Reduce Flood Risk Using a Novel Hybrid Wavelet-Neural Network Based on Feature Extraction
by Salimeh Malekpour Heydari, Teh Noranis Mohd Aris, Razali Yaakob and Hazlina Hamdan
Sustainability 2021, 13(20), 11537; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011537 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1596
Abstract
The reliable forecasting of river flow plays a key role in reducing the risk of floods. Regarding nonlinear and variable characteristics of hydraulic processes, the use of data-driven and hybrid methods has become more noticeable. Thus, this paper proposes a novel hybrid wavelet-neural [...] Read more.
The reliable forecasting of river flow plays a key role in reducing the risk of floods. Regarding nonlinear and variable characteristics of hydraulic processes, the use of data-driven and hybrid methods has become more noticeable. Thus, this paper proposes a novel hybrid wavelet-neural network (WNN) method with feature extraction to forecast river flow. To do this, initially, the collected data are analyzed by the wavelet method. Then, the number of inputs to the ANN is determined using feature extraction, which is based on energy, standard deviation, and maximum values of the analyzed data. The proposed method has been analyzed by different input and various structures for daily, weekly, and monthly flow forecasting at Ellen Brook river station, western Australia. Furthermore, the mean squares error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) is used to evaluate the performance of the suggested method. Furthermore, the obtained findings were compared to those of other models and methods in order to examine the performance and efficiency of the feature extraction process. It was discovered that the proposed feature extraction model outperformed their counterparts, especially when it came to long-term forecasting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Waste Management to Promote the Recycling System)
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Review

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19 pages, 926 KiB  
Review
Recent Applications of the Electrocoagulation Process on Agro-Based Industrial Wastewater: A Review
by Rakhmania, Hesam Kamyab, Muhammad Ali Yuzir, Norhayati Abdullah, Le Minh Quan, Fatimah Azizah Riyadi and Riadh Marzouki
Sustainability 2022, 14(4), 1985; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14041985 - 10 Feb 2022
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3996
Abstract
Agro-based final discharge is one of the major contributors to wastewater in the world. It creates high demand for efficient treatment. The electrocoagulation process can be used for agro-based wastewater treatment. The performance of the electrocoagulation process is based on several parameters, including [...] Read more.
Agro-based final discharge is one of the major contributors to wastewater in the world. It creates high demand for efficient treatment. The electrocoagulation process can be used for agro-based wastewater treatment. The performance of the electrocoagulation process is based on several parameters, including the electrode materials, electrolysis time, current density, and electrolyte support. Agro-based industrial wastewater (AIW) treatment processes depend on the characteristics of the wastewater. The removal of organic content from various sources of AIW can reach up to more than 80%. Some studies show that the performance of the electrochemical process can be increased using a combination with other methods. Those other methods include biological and physical treatment. The results of previous research show that organic content and color can be degraded completely. The relationship between the energy consumption and operating cost was analyzed in order to show the efficiency of electrocoagulation treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Waste Management to Promote the Recycling System)
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