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Consistent Computational Approaches for Wind Energy Applications

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 27 April 2024

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Dr. Galih Bangga

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Guest Editor

Institute of Aerodynamics and Gas Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Interests: aerodynamics; computational fluid dynamics; engineering models; flow separation; machine learning; vortex; wakes; wind energy
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Accurate predictions of wind energy resources, power, loads and wakes are important for designing reliable wind power plants but also challenging tasks. Several simulation tools are available in the market, ranging from the simplest Blade-Element-Momentum (BEM) to high fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approaches. For some cases, the simplified approaches are reliable and can be used as a basis for the design purpose. However, significant differences are often observed when the complexity increases, e.g., increasing three-dimensionality, unsteadiness and with inclusion of advanced flow control devices. Consistency of the solutions between the different approaches is often being a source of problematic discussions in practice, hindering a deep assessment of the results.

The present Special Issue seeks methodologies and applications of the usage of numerical approaches for wind energy applications. Emphasizes and priorities are given to contributions addressing different numerical techniques and on how the consistency and accuracy of the employed methods can be improved. Topics covered in this issue are, but not limited to:

Wind turbine loads and wakes modelling
Wind turbine in complex terrain
Wind farm modelling and optimization
Wind resources assessment
Wind turbine noise assessment
Aero-elasticity effects on large wind turbine rotors
Advanced flow control for wind turbines

Dr. Galih Bangga
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Consistency
numerical approaches
modeling
wind turbine

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 2527 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Aerodynamic Characteristics of Airfoil and Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Employed with Gurney Flaps

by Yosra Chakroun and Galih Bangga

Sustainability 2021, 13(8), 4284; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084284 - 12 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2843

Abstract

In the present studies, the effects of Gurney flaps on aerodynamic characteristics of a static airfoil and a rotating vertical axis wind turbine are investigated by means of numerical approaches. First, mesh and time step studies are conducted and the results are validated with experimental data in good agreement. The numerical solutions demonstrate that the usage of Gurney flap increases the airfoil lift coefficient

C_{L}

with a slight increase in drag coefficient

C_{D}

. Furthermore, mounting a Gurney flap at the trailing edge of the blade increases the power production of the turbine considerably. Increasing the Gurney flap height further increases the power production. The best performance found is obtained for the maximum height used in this study at 6% relative to the chord. This is in contrast to the static airfoil case, which shows no further improvement for a flap height greater than

0.5 % c

. Increasing the angle of the flap decreases the power production of the turbine slightly but the load fluctuations could be reduced for the small value of the flap height. The present paper demonstrates that the Gurney flap height for high solidity turbines is allowed to be larger than the classical limit of around 2% for lower solidity turbines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consistent Computational Approaches for Wind Energy Applications)

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22 pages, 13331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigations of HAWT Airfoil Shape Characteristics and 3D Rotational Augmentation Sensitivity Toward the Aerodynamic Performance Improvement

by Youjin Kim, Galih Bangga and Antonio Delgado

Sustainability 2020, 12(18), 7597; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187597 - 15 Sep 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2928

Abstract

This study investigates the impacts of dierent airfoil shapes on the 3D augmentation
and power production of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs). The aerodynamic eect from
changing the leading and trailing edge of the airfoil is the emphasis of the research. Varied power
produced from modifying sensitivity on 3D augmentations, caused by revamping airfoil shapes, are
shown. The 3D correction law, considering the chord to radius ratio and the blades’ pitch angle in
the rotation, is applied to the airfoil lift coecients. The blade element method (BEM) embedded
in the software Qblade with modified lift coecients simulates the power productions of three
wind turbines from these airfoils. The comparisons of the boundary layer characteristics, sectional
forces, and inflow angle of the blade sections are calculated. The k-omega SST turbulence model in
OpenFoam visualizes the stall and separation of the blades’ 2D section. The airfoils with a rounded
leading edge show a reduced stall and separated flow region. The power production is 2.3 times
higher for the airfoil constructed with a more rounded leading edge S809r and two times higher for
the airfoil S809gx of the symmetric structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consistent Computational Approaches for Wind Energy Applications)

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17 pages, 3401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Nonlinear Optimization Models for Wind Power Plants Using Box-Behnken Design of Experiment: A Case Study for Turkey

by Yasemin Ayaz Atalan, Mete Tayanç, Kamil Erkan and Abdulkadir Atalan

Sustainability 2020, 12(15), 6017; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156017 - 27 Jul 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5154

Abstract

This study aims to develop an optimization model for obtaining the maximum benefit from wind power plants (WPPs) to help with reducing external dependence in terms of energy. In this sense, design of experiment and optimization methods are comprehensively combined in the wind energy field for the first time. Existing data from installed WPPs operating in Turkey for the years of 2017 and 2018 are analyzed. Both the individual and interactive effects of controllable factors, namely turbine power (MW), hub height (m) and rotor diameter (m), and uncontrollable factor as wind speed (m/s) on WPPs are investigated with the help of Box-Behnken design. Nonlinear optimization models are utilized to estimate optimum values for each decision variable in order to maximize the amount of energy to be produced for the future. Based on the developed nonlinear optimization models, the optimum results with high desirability value (0.9587) for the inputs of turbine power, hub height, rotor diameter and wind speed are calculated as 3.0670 MW, 108.8424 m, 106.7597 m, and 6.1684 m/s, respectively. The maximum energy output with these input values is computed as 9.952 million kWh per unit turbine, annually. The results of this study can be used as a guideline in the design of new WPPs to produce the maximum amount of energy contributing to supply escalating energy needs by more sustainable and clean ways for the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consistent Computational Approaches for Wind Energy Applications)

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25 pages, 1022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A CFD Based Application of Support Vector Regression to Determine the Optimum Smooth Twist for Wind Turbine Blades

by Mustafa Kaya

Sustainability 2019, 11(16), 4502; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164502 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3433

Abstract

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool to estimate accurately the aerodynamic loads on wind turbine blades at the expense of high requirements like the duration of computation. Such requirements grow in the case of blade shape optimization in which several analyses are needed. A fast and reliable way to mimic the CFD solutions is to use surrogate models. In this study, a machine learning technique, the support vector regression (SVR) method based on a set of CFD solutions, is used as the surrogate model. CFD solutions are calculated by solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation with the k-epsilon turbulence model using a commercial solver. The support vector regression model is then trained to give a functional relationship between the spanwise twist distribution and the generated torque. The smooth twist distribution is defined using a three-node cubic spline with four parameters in total. The optimum twist is determined for two baseline blade cases: the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Phase II and Phase VI rotor blades. In the optimization process, extremum points that give the maximum torque are easily determined since the SVR gives an analytical model. Results show that it is possible to increase the torque generated by the NREL VI blade more than 10% just by redistributing the spanwise twist without carrying out a full geometry optimization of the blade shape with many shape-defining parameters. The increase in torque for the NREL II case is much higher. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consistent Computational Approaches for Wind Energy Applications)

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