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Sustainability
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Reducing GHG Emissions in Shipping-Measures and Policy
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Reducing GHG Emissions in Shipping-Measures and Policy

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Transportation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2021) | Viewed by 19205

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Elizabeth Lindstad

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Guest Editor
Chief Scientist
Maritime Transport, SINTEF Ocean AS. Trondheim, Norway
Interests: sustainable shipping solutions; new innovative vessel designs; abatement technologies; optimization and simulation; IMO and EU policy studies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The world needs to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) to the atmosphere to avoid irreversible climate impacts. Shipping is a significant source of emissions with identifiable reduction pathways, but it is also an enabler of world trade and economic development. In April 2018, at the 72nd session of IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee, a GHG strategy consistent with the Paris Agreement temperature goals was adopted, including a target of reducing GHG emissions by at least 50 percent in absolute terms by 2050, compared to 2008. Considering the expected growth in shipping volumes up to 2050, this target implies that the GHG emissions from shipping in 2050 must be reduced by 75%–85% per ton-mil. Thus, solutions for reducing shipping GHG emissions can be divided as follows:

  • Technical and operational measures to reduce energy consumption per ton transported;
  • Substitution with low- and zero-carbon fuels (e.g., hydrogen, ammonia, some biofuels) of diesel and bunker oil to reduce GHG emissions per energy unit;
  • Exhaust gas emissions abatement technologies.

This Special Issue intends to look into the options for reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions per ton-mil within the major shipping segments. Authors are invited to consider the GHG reduction measure in a broader context and discuss the feasibility and cost–benefit of the studied measure in terms of technology maturity, ship segment applicability, and geographical applicability. Topics of interest of this Special Issue on “Reducing GHG Emissions in Shipping-Measures and Policy” include but are not limited to:

  • JIT arrival and speed optimization;
  • Inovative ships design and hull forms;
  • Hybrid power systems;
  • Emission control technologies;
  • Wind-assisted propulsion;
  • Advanced weather routing and voyage planning;
  • Development and deployment of combination vessels;
  • Autonomous vessels;
  • Market-based measures;
  • Pathways to decarbonization of shipping.

Dr. Elizabeth Lindstad
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Maritime transport
  • Ship design
  • Energy efficiency
  • Abatement technolgies
  • Reducing GHG emissions
  • Environmental sustainability
  • Sustainable shipping solutions

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 2117 KiB  
Article
Selecting Suitable, Green Port Crane Equipment for International Commercial Ports
by Guo-Ya Gan, Hsuan-Shih Lee, Yu-Jwo Tao and Chang-Shu Tu
Sustainability 2021, 13(12), 6801; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126801 - 16 Jun 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2856
Abstract
Responding to the increasing global need for environmental protection, a green port balances economic vibrancy with environmental protection. However, because exhaust emissions (e.g., CO2 or sulfide) are difficult to monitor around ports, data on such emissions are often incomplete, which hinders research [...] Read more.
Responding to the increasing global need for environmental protection, a green port balances economic vibrancy with environmental protection. However, because exhaust emissions (e.g., CO2 or sulfide) are difficult to monitor around ports, data on such emissions are often incomplete, which hinders research on this topic. The present study aimed to fill this gap in this topic. To remedy this problem, this study formulated a new data envelopment analysis (DEA) method for collecting CO2 emissions data at their source. This method was applied to collect real-world operating data from a large container-handling company in Taiwan. Specifically, we provide a real example using a novel green energy index to account for undesirable outputs. Our main objective was to formulate two methods that combine: (1) data envelopment analysis based on a modified slack-based measure, and (2) a multi-choice goal programming approach. The contributions of this paper included the finding that rubber-tired gantry cranes are the greenest and should be used in ports. Finally, our findings aid port managers in selecting port equipment that provides the best balance between environmental protection and profitability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reducing GHG Emissions in Shipping-Measures and Policy)
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21 pages, 4587 KiB  
Article
Decarbonizing Maritime Transport: The Importance of Engine Technology and Regulations for LNG to Serve as a Transition Fuel
by Elizabeth Lindstad, Gunnar S. Eskeland, Agathe Rialland and Anders Valland
Sustainability 2020, 12(21), 8793; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218793 - 22 Oct 2020
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 8307
Abstract
Current Greenhous gas emissions (GHG) from maritime transport represent around 3% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions and will have to be cut in half by 2050 to meet Paris agreement goals. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is by many seen as a potential transition [...] Read more.
Current Greenhous gas emissions (GHG) from maritime transport represent around 3% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions and will have to be cut in half by 2050 to meet Paris agreement goals. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is by many seen as a potential transition fuel for decarbonizing shipping. Its favorable hydrogen to carbon ratio compared to diesel (marine gas oil, MGO) or bunker fuel (heavy fuel oil, HFO) translates directly into lower carbon emissions per kilowatt produced. However, these gains may be nullified once one includes the higher Well-to-tank emissions (WTT) of the LNG supply chain and the vessel’s un-combusted methane slip (CH4) from its combustion engine. Previous studies have tended to focus either on greenhouse gas emissions from LNG in a Well-to-wake (WTW) perspective, or on alternative engine technologies and their impact on the vessel’s Tank-to-wake emissions (TTW). This study investigates under what conditions LNG can serve as a transition fuel in the decarbonization of maritime transport, while ensuring the lowest possible additional global warming impact. Transition refers to the process of moving away from fossil fuels towards new and low carbon fuels and engine technologies. Our results show: First, the importance of applying appropriate engine technologies to maximize GHG reductions; Second, that applying best engine technologies is not economically profitable; Third, how regulations could be amended to reward best engine technologies. Importantly, while the GHG reduction of LNG even with best engine technology (dual fuel diesel engine) are limited, ships with these engines can with economically modest modification switch to ammonia produced with renewable energy when it becomes available in sufficient amounts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reducing GHG Emissions in Shipping-Measures and Policy)
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15 pages, 724 KiB  
Article
LNG and Cruise Ships, an Easy Way to Fulfil Regulations—Versus the Need for Reducing GHG Emissions
by Elizabeth Lindstad and Agathe Rialland
Sustainability 2020, 12(5), 2080; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052080 - 8 Mar 2020
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 7336
Abstract
Liquified natural gas (LNG), with its low sulphur content, its favorable hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, and the lower nitrogen oxide emission when combusted compared to conventional fuels, fulfils all International Maritime Organization (IMO) air emission regulations. For the cruise industry, with their large number of [...] Read more.
Liquified natural gas (LNG), with its low sulphur content, its favorable hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, and the lower nitrogen oxide emission when combusted compared to conventional fuels, fulfils all International Maritime Organization (IMO) air emission regulations. For the cruise industry, with their large number of customers and their high public visibility, LNG has therefore become a tempting option for new cruise ships. However, larger well-to-tank (WTT) emissions for the LNG supply chain as well as un-combusted methane (CH4) from the ship’s engine might more than nullify any greenhouse gas (GHG) gains. Previous studies have shown very different GHG impacts from the use of LNG as a ship fuel. With climate change potentially being the largest threat to mankind, it is important that decisions with an impact on future GHG emissions are based on the best available knowledge within a sector and across sectors. The motivation for this study has therefore been to establish comparable GHG estimates for well-to-wake (WTW) emissions for LNG and traditional fuels in a transparent way. The results show that there is a need for adopting policies that can reduce the broader GHG emissions of shipping instead of CO2 only, including the well-to-tank emissions of ship fuels. If not, we might end up with a large number of ships with GHG savings on paper only, while the real GHG emissions increases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reducing GHG Emissions in Shipping-Measures and Policy)
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