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Emissions from Road Transportation and Vehicle Management
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Emissions from Road Transportation and Vehicle Management

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Transportation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 13778

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jelica Pavlovic

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 21027 Ispra, Italy
Interests: air pollution; climate change; GHG emissions; vehicle emissions

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Emissions from road transport continue to play a critical role in impacting the environment and, in particular, air quality and climate. Many countries and regions around the world are adapting regulations for light-duty vehicle (LDV) and heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) testing and setting ambitious emission limits for pollutants and climate strategies and targets. As a result, the transportation sector is in a state of rapid transition. It is moving to more sustainable technologies, involving alternative fuels and vehicle electrification (hybrid vehicles and pure electric vehicles). On the other hand, internal combustion engines are equipped with a variety of advanced emission control technologies (catalysts, adsorbers, and filter-based control technologies) to cope with strict emission limits imposed not only in certification tests, but also on the road (e.g., mandatory real driving emission (RDE) testing in Europe). Therefore, the next decade can be seen as the most crucial in determining the future of sustainable mobility. The goal of this Special Issue is to capture the current state-of-the-art in road transport, pollutant, and CO2 emissions from different road transport segments, their compliance with target limits in different driving tests and real-driving conditions, policy expectations, and industry responses. As a result, this Special Issue aims to collect contributions in any of these areas, involving measurement or simulation techniques and policy analysis, with the aim of providing new insights into the future challenges of road-transport-related emissions and vehicle management.

Dr. Jelica Pavlovic
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • CO2 emissions
  • hybrid vehicle emissions
  • diesel vehicle emissions
  • gasoline vehicle emissions
  • fuel consumption
  • CO2 targets
  • real driving emissions

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 3266 KiB  
Article
Effect of Tampering on On-Road and Off-Road Diesel Vehicle Emissions
by Barouch Giechaskiel, Fabrizio Forloni, Massimo Carriero, Gianmarco Baldini, Paolo Castellano, Robin Vermeulen, Dimitrios Kontses, Pavlos Fragkiadoulakis, Zissis Samaras and Georgios Fontaras
Sustainability 2022, 14(10), 6065; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106065 - 17 May 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2436
Abstract
Illegal manipulation (i.e., tampering) of vehicles is a severe problem because vehicle emissions increase orders of magnitude and significantly impact the environment and human health. This study measured the emissions before and after representative approaches of tampering of two Euro 6 Diesel light-duty [...] Read more.
Illegal manipulation (i.e., tampering) of vehicles is a severe problem because vehicle emissions increase orders of magnitude and significantly impact the environment and human health. This study measured the emissions before and after representative approaches of tampering of two Euro 6 Diesel light-duty passenger cars, two Euro VI Diesel heavy-duty trucks, and a Stage IV Diesel non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) agricultural tractor. With tampering of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for NOx, the NOx emissions increased by more than one order of magnitude exceeding 1000 mg/km (or mg/kWh) for all vehicles, reaching older Euro or even pre-Euro levels. The tampering of the NOx sensor resulted in relatively low NOx increases, but significant ammonia (NH3) slip. The particle number emissions increased three to four orders of magnitude, reaching 6–10 × 1012 #/km for the passenger car (one order of magnitude higher than the current regulation limit). The tampered passenger car’s NOx and particle number emissions were one order of magnitude higher even compared to the emissions during a regeneration event. This study confirmed that (i) tampering with the help of an expert technician is still possible, even for vehicles complying with the current Euro standards, although this is not allowed by the regulation; (ii) tampering results in extreme increases in emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emissions from Road Transportation and Vehicle Management)
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15 pages, 2746 KiB  
Article
Advanced Emission Controls and Sustainable Renewable Fuels for Low Pollutant and CO2 Emissions on a Diesel Passenger Car
by Joachim Demuynck, Roland Dauphin, Marta Yugo, Pablo Mendoza Villafuerte and Dirk Bosteels
Sustainability 2021, 13(22), 12711; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212711 - 17 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2156
Abstract
Research efforts into advanced emission control systems led to significant reduction of pollutant emissions of modern internal combustion engines. Sustainable renewable fuels are used to further reduce their Well-to-Wheels greenhouse gas emissions. The novel aspect of this paper is the compatibility investigation of [...] Read more.
Research efforts into advanced emission control systems led to significant reduction of pollutant emissions of modern internal combustion engines. Sustainable renewable fuels are used to further reduce their Well-to-Wheels greenhouse gas emissions. The novel aspect of this paper is the compatibility investigation of existing advanced emission control technologies for achieving low pollutant emissions with the use of sustainable renewable fuels with vehicle tests. This is done on a diesel demonstrator vehicle, equipped with Lean NOx trap and dual-SCR technologies in combination with a 48V mild-hybrid powertrain. Tailpipe pollutant and CO2 emissions are measured for market diesel fuel with 7% renewable fatty-acid-methyl-ester (FAME) (B7), diesel fuel with 30% FAME (B30), and 100% renewable hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). Results show no significant difference in pollutant emissions between the different fuels used. In a second part of the study, a Well-to-Wheels (WTW) analysis is conducted. This includes different pathways for the biomass-to-liquid fuels that were tested on the vehicle, as well as a power-to-diesel (e-diesel) assessment. Results show that significant WTW CO2 reductions are possibly compared to the state-of-the-art market diesel fuel. Part of this reduction is already possible for the existing fleet as most of paraffinic compounds are drop-in for market diesel fuel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emissions from Road Transportation and Vehicle Management)
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13 pages, 2014 KiB  
Article
Measurements of the Emissions of a “Golden” Vehicle at Seven Laboratories with Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS)
by Barouch Giechaskiel, Simone Casadei, Tommaso Rossi, Fabrizio Forloni and Andrea Di Domenico
Sustainability 2021, 13(16), 8762; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168762 - 05 Aug 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 1992
Abstract
In the last years, the in-use emissions of vehicles are measured on the road with portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS). PEMS cannot measure as accurately as the laboratory grade equipment, and studies on their measurement uncertainty have continued since their appearance in the [...] Read more.
In the last years, the in-use emissions of vehicles are measured on the road with portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS). PEMS cannot measure as accurately as the laboratory grade equipment, and studies on their measurement uncertainty have continued since their appearance in the market. In this study we compared PEMS to laboratory grade equipment in Italian laboratories testing a diesel “Golden” (i.e., reference) vehicle for two consecutive years. The results showed equal means of PEMS and laboratory grade equipment for carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particle number (PN), with a variability of ±5 g/km for CO2, ±10 mg/km for NOx, and ±1 × 1011 p/km for PN, which further decreased in the second year. For carbon monoxide (CO), the PEMS were on average 5–20 mg/km higher than the bags (variability ±40 mg/km). The main conclusion of this study is that PEMS are accurate under controlled laboratory ambient conditions, without any indications of significant bias. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emissions from Road Transportation and Vehicle Management)
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38 pages, 60546 KiB  
Article
Fuel Effects on Regulated and Unregulated Emissions from Two Commercial Euro V and Euro VI Road Transport Vehicles
by Rod Williams, Rasmus Pettinen, Pauline Ziman, Kenneth Kar and Roland Dauphin
Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7985; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147985 - 17 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3230
Abstract
Substantial advances in European road vehicle emissions have been achieved over the past three decades driven by strengthening revisions in emissions legislation and enabled by advances in fuel, vehicle engine and emissions control technologies. As both vehicle technology and emissions legislation in Europe [...] Read more.
Substantial advances in European road vehicle emissions have been achieved over the past three decades driven by strengthening revisions in emissions legislation and enabled by advances in fuel, vehicle engine and emissions control technologies. As both vehicle technology and emissions legislation in Europe continue to evolve, Concawe has conducted a study to examine the effects that fuels can have on emissions, in this case from commercial road vehicles. A bus certified to Euro VI emissions level and a delivery truck certified to Euro V emissions level have been tested on a chassis-dyno over the World Harmonized Vehicle Cycle (WHVC) and Transport for London Urban Inter-Peak (TfL UIP) test cycles with six fuels: an EN590-compliant B5 (petroleum diesel containing 5% biodiesel by volume), a bioderived paraffinic diesel, a 50:50 blend of the aforementioned fuels, a low-density petroleum-derived B5, a B30 and the same B30 additized with a high dose of cetane number improver (CNI). Results show reduced NOx reductant (AdBlue) consumption with paraffinic diesel in the Euro VI bus due to lower engine-out NOx emissions. More surprisingly, higher hydrocarbon emissions were observed with some low-density hydrocarbon fuels in the Euro V truck. Compared to B5, B30 with and without CNI did not affect tank-to-wheel (TTW) CO2, volumetric fuel consumption or NOx by statistically significant margins. When considered with the findings of a complementary light-duty study, it is apparent that low-density diesel fuels could offer overall benefits to both emissions affecting local air quality and to greenhouse gas emissions on a TTW basis. The addition of higher fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) levels to fuels can be used to increase renewable fuel contribution resulting in no penalty in NOx emissions from modern technology vehicles. Compatibility of these fuels with the existing vehicle fleet would require further specific consideration. Outside of fuel properties considerations, Euro VI aftertreatment systems can increase N2O emissions at the tailpipe through chemical reactions in the catalyst. This can translate into about 10% contribution of N2O emissions to the overall GHG emissions of the vehicle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emissions from Road Transportation and Vehicle Management)
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22 pages, 5059 KiB  
Article
In Use Determination of Aerodynamic and Rolling Resistances of Heavy-Duty Vehicles
by Dimitrios Komnos, Stijn Broekaert, Theodoros Grigoratos, Leonidas Ntziachristos and Georgios Fontaras
Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020974 - 19 Jan 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2757
Abstract
A vehicle’s air drag coefficient (Cd) and rolling resistance coefficient (RRC) have a significant impact on its fuel consumption. Consequently, these properties are required as input for the certification of the vehicle’s fuel consumption and Carbon Dioxide emissions, regardless of whether [...] Read more.
A vehicle’s air drag coefficient (Cd) and rolling resistance coefficient (RRC) have a significant impact on its fuel consumption. Consequently, these properties are required as input for the certification of the vehicle’s fuel consumption and Carbon Dioxide emissions, regardless of whether the certification is done via simulation or chassis dyno testing. They can be determined through dedicated measurements, such as a drum test for the tire’s rolling resistance coefficient and constant speed test (EU) or coast down test (US) for the body’s air Cd. In this paper, a methodology that allows determining the vehicle’s Cd·A (the product of Cd and frontal area of the vehicle) from on-road tests is presented. The possibility to measure these properties during an on-road test, without the need for a test track, enables third parties to verify the certified vehicle properties in order to preselect vehicle for further regulatory testing. On-road tests were performed with three heavy-duty vehicles, two lorries, and a coach, over different routes. Vehicles were instrumented with wheel torque sensors, wheel speed sensors, a GPS device, and a fuel flow sensor. Cd·A of each vehicle is determined from the test data with the proposed methodology and validated against their certified value. The methodology presents satisfactory repeatability with the error ranging from −21 to 5% and averaging approximately −6.8%. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates the possibility of using the tire energy efficiency label instead of the measured RRC to determine the air drag coefficient. Finally, on-road tests were simulated in the Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool with the obtained parameters, and the average difference in fuel consumption was found to be 2%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emissions from Road Transportation and Vehicle Management)
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