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Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Tourism, Culture, and Heritage".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 39160

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Guest Editor
School of Community Resources and Development, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
Interests: leisure and culture; leisure and health; leisure and sport tourism
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the 1970s, tourism researchers indicated that culture is a determinant of the attractiveness of a tourist destination. Among many scholars who explored the nature of culture and how it relates to tourism, Ritchie and Zins adopted an anthropological version of the construct as a “historically created system of explicit and implicit designs for living, which tends to be shared by all or specifically designated members of a group at a specified point in time.” Later, Ritchie and Zins claimed that the definition “focused on the explicit components of culture which are readily visible to the traveler”.

While culture is an essential concept for tourism research, it has been neglected in recent years. Research on culture conflict, culture shock, cultural brokers, and cultural tourism are often seen in tourism literature. However, such studies are frequently either not supported by any definition of culture or by a vague and unmeasurable cultural dimension. Tourists see the behavior and artifacts of others when they visit tourist destinations; these are the manifestations of culture which are connected to tourists’ leisure behaviors when they are in the host community. Futhermore, during the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing became a new norm which influences tourists’ leisure behaviors. Therefore, this special issue will focus on three areas: (1) how culture is measured and defined as it relates to tourism; (2) how both visitor and host cultures influence tourism behavior; and (3) as a new norm, how social distancing has influenced both host and tourists’ behaviors since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies addressing other aspects of culture, tourism, and leisure behavior are also welcome.

Prof. Dr. Erwei Dong
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 644 KiB  
Article
A Moderated Mediation Analysis of the Relationship between Cultural Embeddedness of Regional Brand Products and Behavior Loyalty: A Case Study of Wudang Mountains in Hubei Province of China
by Na Xu and Yanpu Zhao
Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 7927; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107927 - 12 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1293
Abstract
This study examines how sustainable development of the cultural embeddedness of regional brand products (CERBP) can be maintained, which has received limited attention. Accordingly, it proposes a novel conceptual model by integrating the theory of planned behavior with local cultural resources to gain [...] Read more.
This study examines how sustainable development of the cultural embeddedness of regional brand products (CERBP) can be maintained, which has received limited attention. Accordingly, it proposes a novel conceptual model by integrating the theory of planned behavior with local cultural resources to gain global competitive advantage. Based on the model, this study explores both the direct and indirect effects of CERBP, perceived value (PV), and attitude on behavior loyalty (BL) (H1–H5); it also examines how perceived authenticity (PA) might moderate the relationship between CERBP and PV (H1a). The model’s validity was confirmed using a partial least squares–structural equation modeling technique based on the data collected from 397 survey responses. The results are as follows: (1) CERBP significantly and positively influenced PV and attitude. (2) PV significantly and positively influenced attitude and BL. (3) Attitude significantly and positively influenced BL. (4) PV and attitude significantly and positively mediated the relationship between CERBP and BL; compared with attitude, PV had more significant influence on BL, either directly or indirectly. (5) However, PA was an insignificant moderator of the relationship between CERBP and PV. These research findings from analysis results provide useful and important theoretical and practical implications for the sustainable development of cultural resources and regional economies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior)
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22 pages, 1489 KiB  
Article
Attitudinal and Behavioral Loyalty: Do Psychological and Political Factors Matter in Tourism Development?
by Ibtisam Al Abri, Mariam Alkazemi, Waed Abdeljalil, Hala Al Harthi and Fatema Al Maqbali
Sustainability 2023, 15(6), 5042; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065042 - 12 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2293
Abstract
The growth of tourism in the Middle East suffers from ongoing political unrest and conflicts across the region. While previous studies have discussed the impact of psychological factors and political unrest on the tourism industry in the Arab world at an aggregated level, [...] Read more.
The growth of tourism in the Middle East suffers from ongoing political unrest and conflicts across the region. While previous studies have discussed the impact of psychological factors and political unrest on the tourism industry in the Arab world at an aggregated level, the role of major and dominant political factors such as perceived risks, media, and neutral diplomatic foreign relations on tourism have not yet been investigated. The objectives of this study are to compare the differences between local and international tourists, in the psychological and political risk factors affecting their loyalty to Oman as a tourist destination; investigate how attitudinal and behavioral loyalty is influenced by tourists’ satisfaction, perceived value, attachment, familiarity, and motivations; and measure the extent to which political factors could mitigate the risk of political instability in the region, thereby enhancing the tourism industry in the case of Oman. This study employed qualitative (descriptive and comparison analyses) and quantitative (multiple regression and ordinal logistic models) techniques in the analyses. Findings reveal that international tourists have developed both attitudinal and behavioral loyalty toward Oman in which its neutrality does matter, despite risk perceptions of the region. International tourists significantly report higher satisfaction than locals’ satisfaction with Oman as a tourism destination. It can be concluded that the psychological factors of Omani tourists have outperformed the risk factors associated with the region. Results are important for decision-makers as they reveal the best practices to increase the quantity and quality of tourists based on their characteristics, knowledge, and behaviors. This study reveals potential reforms to increase re-visitations that contain important implications for tourism agencies and private sectors—improving services around tourism sites; investing in sports, wildlife, and adventure tourism; hiring public relations firms for tourism marketing; eliminating any bureaucracy around investors and businesses and welcoming competition; and enhancing domestic tourism in stimulating the economy during downturns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior)
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18 pages, 574 KiB  
Article
Memorable Tourism Experiences’ Formation Mechanism in Cultural Creative Tourism: From the Perspective of Embodied Cognition
by Ziyan Yin, Anmin Huang and Jiashu Wang
Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 4055; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054055 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2279
Abstract
Drawing on embodied cognition theory, this study treated embodied engagement as an antecedent to memorable tourism experiences. Grounded theory and content analysis methods were used to construct the formation mechanism model of memorable tourism experiences in cultural creative tourism. The concept and characteristics [...] Read more.
Drawing on embodied cognition theory, this study treated embodied engagement as an antecedent to memorable tourism experiences. Grounded theory and content analysis methods were used to construct the formation mechanism model of memorable tourism experiences in cultural creative tourism. The concept and characteristics of memorable tourism experiences were also discussed. The results indicated that embodied and thinking engagements had positive effects on cognitive evaluation and emotion, which further led to memorable tourism experiences. Visitor interaction played a regulating role in the influence of embodied and thinking engagements on cognitive evaluation and emotion. This study provided important implications for tourism research and practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior)
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17 pages, 2746 KiB  
Article
Sentiment of Chinese Tourists towards Malaysia Cultural Heritage Based on Online Travel Reviews
by Zheng Cao, Heng Xu and Brian Sheng-Xian Teo
Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3478; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043478 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2635
Abstract
Analyzing the perception differences and influencing factors of cross-cultural groups in heritage tourism can help heritage sites to formulate differentiated service and improve tourist satisfaction. This research adopted the BERT model to undertake sentiment analysis of 17,555 Chinese online reviews for nine scenic [...] Read more.
Analyzing the perception differences and influencing factors of cross-cultural groups in heritage tourism can help heritage sites to formulate differentiated service and improve tourist satisfaction. This research adopted the BERT model to undertake sentiment analysis of 17,555 Chinese online reviews for nine scenic spots in Melaka. Using vocabulary filtering, co-occurrence analysis, and semantic clustering technology, the emotional characteristics of Chinese outbound tourists when they visited heritage sites in Melaka were analyzed, which revealed the factors influencing their positive and negative emotions. Results showed that: 1. The BERT-based deep learning approach can obtain improved sentiment predictive performance. 2. Chinese tourists’ general emotional perceptions of Melaka were positive and they were very interested in heritage sites. 3. The most important reason for the negative emotions of Chinese tourists was a lack of cultural experience in Melaka. This research expands the application of deep learning in the field of tourism, and it helps heritage tourism destinations to improve their marketing plans for Chinese tourists and achieve long-term sustainable development of the destination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior)
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13 pages, 602 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Destination Brand Identity on Tourism Experience: The Case of the Pier-2 Art Center in Taiwan
by Chien-Ting Chiang and Ying-Chieh Chen
Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3254; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043254 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3653
Abstract
This paper examines the tourism destination brand identity and brand experiences which can influence visitors’ intention to recommend. The study of the importance of destination brand identity and brand experiences in the context of Taiwan has shaped some important insights with the potential [...] Read more.
This paper examines the tourism destination brand identity and brand experiences which can influence visitors’ intention to recommend. The study of the importance of destination brand identity and brand experiences in the context of Taiwan has shaped some important insights with the potential to enhance the attractiveness of cultural and creative sectors. In this study, this paper explores perceptions of destination brand identity (tourism brand perception and tourism brand self-concept) and brand experiences. The analysis draws upon data collected at the Pier-2 Art Center in Taiwan in 2019, using a self-administrated questionnaire survey. Both confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were applied. It has been found that the role of various constructs of a brand perception and a brand self-concept of the tourism brand identity during a visit to cultural and creative parks is on top of the list of concerns associated with visitors’ brand experience. An examination of the research comments concluded that the cultural and creative tourism sector about consumer demands and update the development of appropriate marketing strategies, thereby providing visitors to experience the brand characteristics within the creative arts sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior)
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23 pages, 1317 KiB  
Article
The Impact of the Wellness Tourism Experience on Tourist Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Tourist Satisfaction
by Ligang Liu, Yang Zhou and Xiao Sun
Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 1872; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031872 - 18 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7474
Abstract
On the basis of the bottom-up spillover theory, this study explores the influence of the wellness tourism experience on tourists’ well-being. Considering wellness tourists as the research participants, tourist satisfaction, gender, and age were selected as the mediating and moderating variables, respectively, to [...] Read more.
On the basis of the bottom-up spillover theory, this study explores the influence of the wellness tourism experience on tourists’ well-being. Considering wellness tourists as the research participants, tourist satisfaction, gender, and age were selected as the mediating and moderating variables, respectively, to study the mechanism between the wellness tourism experience and tourist well-being. A questionnaire survey was sent to 445 participants who engaged in wellness tourism in China, and an empirical analysis was conducted using the structural equation model. The results showed that the entertainment, esthetic, and escape experience of wellness tourism can significantly affect tourists’ hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Tourist satisfaction, as a mediating variable, can enhance the positive impact of the wellness tourism experience on tourist well-being. Moreover, gender and age have a significant moderating effect on the relationship among wellness tourism experience, tourist satisfaction, and tourist well-being. This study enriches the current scholarship in the fields of the wellness tourism experience and tourist well-being and provides a theoretical basis and scientific decision-making reference for wellness tourism enterprises and tourism management departments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior)
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27 pages, 8935 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Saudi Arabia’s Classification and Selection Criteria for Heritage Sites: A Case Study of Barzan Heritage Area in Hail City
by Ghazy Abdullah Albaqawy, Mohammed Mashary Alnaim, Mohammed Abdulfattah Bay and Mabrouk Touahmia
Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021015 - 05 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2116
Abstract
Cultural heritage has numerous developmental prospects that might contribute to the sustainable development and quality of life of communities. However, cultural heritage products have a complex relationship with many sectors. This paper examines Saudi criteria for the classification and selection of cultural heritage [...] Read more.
Cultural heritage has numerous developmental prospects that might contribute to the sustainable development and quality of life of communities. However, cultural heritage products have a complex relationship with many sectors. This paper examines Saudi criteria for the classification and selection of cultural heritage and presents a case study on the implementation of these criteria. It aims to develop local assessment criteria for cultural heritage values and conservation in Saudi Arabia. A theoretical analysis has been conducted to evaluate the criteria for the classification and selection of architectural heritage value and the relationship between whole heritage values. The paper discusses the criteria’s limitations and impacts and identifies misunderstandings of cultural heritage values in Saudi Arabia. The findings of this study indicate that the mechanism of implementing a list can affect both tangible and intangible cultural heritage in different ways and at different levels. The criteria should include all cultural heritage values within a context rather than a single building or object. Thus, one of the main objectives of the criteria is to recognize and highlight the importance of a site through its values. The case study of the Barzan District illustrates the factual impact of current legislation and organizational structures on heritage sites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior)
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23 pages, 894 KiB  
Article
An Exploratory Study on the Motivations behind Visiting the Holocaust Museum of Porto
by José Magano, Jose A. Fraiz-Brea and Ângela Leite
Sustainability 2022, 14(24), 16780; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416780 - 14 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1567
Abstract
This study aims to identify the reasons why people visit the Holocaust Museum of Porto (HMP) and if other variables (sociodemographic ones, visitors’ similarity with Jewish community members, their knowledge of dark tourism, and experience with other Holocaust-related destinations) also influence such motivators. [...] Read more.
This study aims to identify the reasons why people visit the Holocaust Museum of Porto (HMP) and if other variables (sociodemographic ones, visitors’ similarity with Jewish community members, their knowledge of dark tourism, and experience with other Holocaust-related destinations) also influence such motivators. A quantitative analytical, observational and case-control study was conducted based on a survey of 488 respondents who completed a self-administered questionnaire at the HMP. Statistical data analysis included descriptive statistics, an exploratory factor analysis, a confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity (through composite reliability and average variance extracted), and discriminant validity (through square roots of the AVE values). The findings reveal that visitors are drawn by factors such as novelty and knowledge-seeking and that the motives for visiting the museum differ according to their sociodemographic characteristics, visitors’ similarity with members of the Jewish community, and their knowledge of dark tourism and experience with other Holocaust-related destinations. Sociodemographic variables, previous practices related to the Holocaust and similarity have an impact on the drivers behind visiting dark places. These results contribute to dark tourism literature with an improved understanding of tourist behavior toward Holocaust memorial museums. In addition to filling a gap, it provides a comprehensive insight into the specific motivators behind visiting the HMP, possibly allowing this museum to better design tourist experiences, thus increasing the potential to attract more visitors and keep alive the memory of such atrocities that cannot be repeated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior)
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21 pages, 2550 KiB  
Article
Mountain Outdoor Tourism and Tibetan Mountain Guides’ Place Identity: The Case of Mt. Siguniang Town
by Yong Liu, Jinhao He, Qianyu Chen, Bing Fu and Erwei Dong
Sustainability 2022, 14(22), 14926; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214926 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2077
Abstract
This paper aimed to investigate the factors influencing the place identity of Tibetan mountain guides, in Mt. Siguniang Town, in the context of the development of mountain outdoor tourism. Based on Breakwell’s Place Identity Process Theory of distinctiveness, continuity, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, this [...] Read more.
This paper aimed to investigate the factors influencing the place identity of Tibetan mountain guides, in Mt. Siguniang Town, in the context of the development of mountain outdoor tourism. Based on Breakwell’s Place Identity Process Theory of distinctiveness, continuity, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, this paper analyzed data, collected by semi-structured interviews and the observation method, through content analysis and interpretivism. The research analysis provided the following conclusions: (1) The influencing factors on self-efficacy are economic income, family reunion, and community development; (2) The influencing factors on self-esteem are external evaluation, host–guest interaction, professional identity, and self-identity; (3) The influencing factors on continuity are career change, host–guest interaction, and personal growth; (4) The influencing factors on distinctiveness are sense of belonging and natural environment; (5) Among the factors, only influencing factors on distinctiveness had no significant association with mountain outdoor tourism. Factors regarding the other three dimensions were correlated with mountain outdoor tourism. The findings of this study could contribute to further research in mountain outdoor tourism and place identity, as well as provide references for local management and tourism development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior)
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17 pages, 813 KiB  
Article
Factors Influencing the Willingness to Pay in Yachting Tourism in the Context of COVID-19 Regular Prevention and Control: The Case of Dalian, China
by Yunhao Yao, Ruoquan Zheng and Merle Parmak
Sustainability 2022, 14(20), 13132; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013132 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1544
Abstract
This study attempts to construct a framework of factors affecting the yachting tourists’ willingness to pay (WTP) in the context of COVID-19 regular prevention and control in Dalian, China. Relying on the framework of the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB), perceived external [...] Read more.
This study attempts to construct a framework of factors affecting the yachting tourists’ willingness to pay (WTP) in the context of COVID-19 regular prevention and control in Dalian, China. Relying on the framework of the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB), perceived external institutional and destination attribute factors are introduced to enhance the prediction of WTP. The results of the multivariate ordinal logistic regression model show that significant factors affecting yachting tourists’ WTP are income, education, past consumption experience, attitudes, destination attributes, and perceived behavior control. In addition, different factors affect the WTP of tourists who prefer motor boats and non-motor boats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior)
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23 pages, 1962 KiB  
Article
Hainan Sport Tourism Development—A SWOT Analysis
by Erwei Dong, Bing Fu, Yuntan Li, Jianing Jin, Hengyu Hu, Yajing Ma, Zecheng Zhang, Qianwen Xu and Zhu Cheng
Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12653; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912653 - 05 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3448
Abstract
Hainan, as a popular tourism destination, is well-promoted by the Chinese central government. In particular, both central and local governments encourage Hainan’s sport tourism-related professionals to develop sport tourism as one of the most important tourist activities in Hainan. However, previous research has [...] Read more.
Hainan, as a popular tourism destination, is well-promoted by the Chinese central government. In particular, both central and local governments encourage Hainan’s sport tourism-related professionals to develop sport tourism as one of the most important tourist activities in Hainan. However, previous research has not reported on Hainan’s sport tourism strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as a tourism destination or a sports event host. This study uses SWOT analysis to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the context of Hainan’s sport tourism development. A total of 12 dimensions, including branding, culture, finance, infrastructure, location, market, nature, policy, product, specialty, sustainability, and tourist were generated from our data analysis. In addition, a total of five future directions, including emphasizing event-oriented sport tourism, prioritizing sport motivation, identifying major sport tourism markets, making the rational use of sport tourism resources, and nurturing sport culture, are recommended as a result of this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior)
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23 pages, 1043 KiB  
Article
Halal-Friendly Attributes and Muslims’ Visit Intention: Exploring the Roles of Perceived Value and Destination Trust
by Ammarn Sodawan and Robert Li-Wei Hsu
Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12002; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912002 - 22 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3741
Abstract
Halal tourism is pushed by the growth of the Muslim population worldwide. This present study aimed to examine the association between constructs of halal-friendly attributes, perceived value, destination trust, and visit intention and investigate the mediation effect of perceived value and destination trust [...] Read more.
Halal tourism is pushed by the growth of the Muslim population worldwide. This present study aimed to examine the association between constructs of halal-friendly attributes, perceived value, destination trust, and visit intention and investigate the mediation effect of perceived value and destination trust in Muslims’ visit intention. The SOR (stimulus–organism–response) model was employed, and halal-friendly attributes were investigated as a stimulus that impacts Muslims’ perceived value and destination trust (organism) and leads to visit intention (response). These data were gathered from a sample of 307 Muslims. This study examined the proposed conceptual framework via PLS-SEM. The findings of this present study reveal the impact of halal-friendly attributes on perceived value and destination trust and the mediating role of perceived value and destination trust in the relationship between environmental factors (i.e., halal-friendly attributes) and visit intention in a non-Islamic country. This study’s original contribution is that it explores the antecedents of environmental factors by examining the extended S–O–R model in a halal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior)
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Review

Jump to: Research

14 pages, 1829 KiB  
Review
Health Tourism Evolution: A Review Based on Bibliometric Analysis and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database
by Sunny Sun, Lina Zhong, Rob Law, Xiaonan Li, Baolin Deng and Liyu Yang
Sustainability 2022, 14(16), 10435; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610435 - 22 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3096
Abstract
To systematically understand the evolution of health tourism in China, the present study visually analyzes the theme evolution and frontiers of Chinese health tourism research on the basis of the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database through bibliometric analysis. The findings reflect the [...] Read more.
To systematically understand the evolution of health tourism in China, the present study visually analyzes the theme evolution and frontiers of Chinese health tourism research on the basis of the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database through bibliometric analysis. The findings reflect the existence of diverse clustering themes in health tourism research, and the formation time of each theme is different. The findings also indicate that the change in the theme is led by government policy. Theoretically, the findings of the present study can, on the one hand, contribute to the health tourism literature by comprehensively exploring and summarizing the themes and topics of health tourism development in China since its appearance (i.e., 1981), and, on the other hand, provide references for future health tourism exploration directions. Findings of the present study can provide references for effective future development directions of the health tourism industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Culture, Tourism and Leisure Behavior)
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