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Building Energy Simulation and Monitoring of Dynamic Lightweight Facades: Active Solutions for Building-Integrated Renewable Energies

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Green Building".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 5715

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Sustainable Product Design and Architecture, Keene State College, New Hampshire. 229 Main St, Keene, NH 03435, USA
Interests: active light building envelopes for energy management in buildings; building information modeling (BIM); zero energy building (ZEB) design; computer-aided energy simulation

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Guest Editor
Department of Construction and Architectural Technology, Technical School of Architecture of Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Juan de Herrera, 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: energy efficiency in HVAC systems; energy saving in final users; renewable energy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The widespread use of lightweight building facades and transparent envelopes significantly impacts energy consumption and comfort in buildings. As a result, codes and regulations propose ambitious building energy performance targets to meet passive house and net zero requirements. Lightweight envelopes lack the advantages of thermal mass when it comes to maintaining comfortable conditions inside buildings year-round, so they must address these requirements by dynamically adapting to environmental changes, reducing heating and cooling loads, and optimizing daylight and glare control. The current state of the art in lightweight and transparent facades focuses on two strategies: The first category is based on improving the static thermal properties of glazing, such as the thermal transmittance (U) and solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC). The second includes dynamic solutions that change their properties depending on external inputs. The former includes coatings (low emissivity and solar coating), inert-gas fillings, or vacuum cavities. The latter includes double-skin facades with a ventilated air stream, electrochromic glazing (EC), suspended-particle-device glazing (SPD), and circulating water chambers between two glass panes.

The development of digital technologies and innovation has paved the way for the fourth industrial revolution in architecture, engineering, and construction, mainly to help overcome new challenges and demands in construction engineering and management. Furthermore, adopting new digital technologies and innovative solutions throughout the construction project’s lifecycle provides additional means, avenues, and opportunities to promote and foster construction sustainability. Building energy simulation (BES) tools and monitoring systems are essential in optimizing building performance over different phases, from pre-design to commissioning and operation.

2) Aim of the Special Issue and how the subject relates to the journal scope.

The Special Issue on “Building energy simulation and monitoring of dynamic lightweight facades: active solutions for building-integrated renewable energies” aims to integrate the recent advancements in digital technologies with sustainable practices in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry. The Special Issue's scope spans various aspects of digitization to foster sustainable construction throughout a project’s lifecycle (pre-design, construction, facility management, operation, and commissioning). Sustainability allows researchers to disseminate their work in applied sciences, engineering, and economics through experimental, computational, and theoretical research. In the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations, it is essential to understand and assess the built environment's impact on humanity's sustainable development.

3) Suggest themes.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Water fluid glazing facades.
  • Ventilated facades with variable air flow.
  • Application of building information modeling (BIM) and building energy simulation (BES) in nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB).
  • Lightweight and transparent materials for building facades.
  • Simulation-based modeling for energy management in buildings.
  • Economic analyses of retrofit solutions.
  • Integration of renewable energy sources.
  • Adoption of new materials for green building certification.
  • Proposal of new technologies to reduce the energy demand and increase comfort.
  • Environmental social governance.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Fernando Delama Gonzalo
Dr. Belen Moreno Santamaria
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • water fluid glazing
  • ventilated facades, energy management in buildings
  • building energy simulation (BES)
  • building information modelling (BIM)
  • digital engineering and construction

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 8193 KiB  
Article
Efficient Photovoltaic Unit for Power Delivering to Stand-Alone Direct Current Buildings Using Artificial Intelligence Approach Based MPP Tracker
by Hussain Attia and Fernando Delama
Sustainability 2023, 15(14), 10861; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410861 - 11 Jul 2023
Viewed by 778
Abstract
There are many remote buildings that cannot be supplied by alternating electricity of the utility grid. Due to this, this study proposes adopting Direct Current (DC) appliances for a stand-alone remote building. Direct Current can be supplied from a suitable photovoltaic array which [...] Read more.
There are many remote buildings that cannot be supplied by alternating electricity of the utility grid. Due to this, this study proposes adopting Direct Current (DC) appliances for a stand-alone remote building. Direct Current can be supplied from a suitable photovoltaic array which can harvest renewable solar energy. This proposal guarantees an efficient power system by removing the necessity of including an inverter, power filter, insulation transformer, and a complicated controller, which are usually needed for producing Alternating Current (AC) power to feed AC loads using a PV system. When the proposal is applied, the PV system will be more efficient, simple, affordable, and more compact. A detailed power requirement calculation for a typical house uses DC appliances, generalized steps to design a suitable PV array, and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm for guaranteeing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT); all of which are introduced for remote buildings. The main contribution of this paper is proposing an integrated design of a DC unit of 11 kW·h PV system for stand-alone buildings that eliminates three stages that improves the system performance compared to AC unit. The introduced study includes PV array calculation based on PV module of 220 W with an intelligent algorithm of four layers. The Mean Squared Error (MSE) of the proposed ANN equals 2.7107 × 10−5 to guarantee a fast and accurate MPP tracking for continuously harvesting maximum power from the incident sunlight. An energy storage unit of 12 batteries 12 V/150 Ah of matrix dimensions 3 × 4 is designed in the DC unit for energy saving to feed the DC appliances during night hours. MATLAB/Simulink Version R2015b is used to simulate the introduced DC power unit and collect the testing records for analyzing the unit performance. Full article
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18 pages, 1606 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Energy-Saving Potential and Visual Comfort of Electrochromic Smart Windows in Office Buildings: A Case Study in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
by Ismail M. Budaiwi and Mohammed Abdul Fasi
Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9632; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129632 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1233
Abstract
This study comprehensively evaluates the energy-saving potential and visual comfort aspects of electrochromic (EC) smart windows in a hot-humid climate office building. Using an advanced building simulation tool, EC windows are compared to conventional low-E glazed windows, considering two control triggers: daylighting level [...] Read more.
This study comprehensively evaluates the energy-saving potential and visual comfort aspects of electrochromic (EC) smart windows in a hot-humid climate office building. Using an advanced building simulation tool, EC windows are compared to conventional low-E glazed windows, considering two control triggers: daylighting level and glare control. The primary objective is to determine energy savings achievable with EC windows while addressing visual comfort. Detailed analysis of the building’s energy performance and indoor environment is conducted. Results show significant energy savings of 23% with EC windows using daylighting control but limited visual comfort in some zones. Conversely, EC windows with glare control achieve 17% energy savings while maintaining visual comfort throughout the building. These findings highlight the potential of EC windows with glare control in saving energy and maintaining visual comfort in hot-humid office buildings. Further research is needed to optimize performance for different building types and climates. In conclusion, this study provides insights into energy-saving capabilities and visual comfort considerations with EC smart windows, emphasizing the importance of appropriate control triggers for maximizing energy savings and occupant comfort. Future investigations should explore EC window performance across diverse building typologies and climates to enhance the benefits of this innovative technology. Full article
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22 pages, 11195 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Building Energy Simulation Tools to Predict Heating and Cooling Energy Consumption at Early Design Stages
by Fernando Del Ama Gonzalo, Belén Moreno Santamaría and María Jesús Montero Burgos
Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 1920; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031920 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3364
Abstract
Recent developments in dynamic energy simulation tools enable the definition of energy performance in buildings at the design stage. However, there are deviations among building energy simulation (BES) tools due to the algorithms, calculation errors, implementation errors, non-identical inputs, and different weather data [...] Read more.
Recent developments in dynamic energy simulation tools enable the definition of energy performance in buildings at the design stage. However, there are deviations among building energy simulation (BES) tools due to the algorithms, calculation errors, implementation errors, non-identical inputs, and different weather data processing. This study aimed to analyze several building energy simulation tools modeling the same characteristic office cell and comparing the heating and cooling loads on a yearly, monthly, and hourly basis for the climates of Boston, USA, and Madrid, Spain. First, a general classification of tools was provided, from basic online tools with limited modeling capabilities and inputs to more advanced simulation engines. General-purpose engines, such as TRNSYS and IDA ICE, allow users to develop new mathematical models for disruptive materials. Special-purpose tools, such as EnergyPlus, work with predefined standard simulation problems and permit a high calculation speed. The process of reaching a good agreement between all tools required several iterations. After analyzing the differences between the outputs from different software tools, a cross-validation methodology was applied to assess the heating and cooling demand among tools. In this regard, a statistical analysis was used to evaluate the reliability of the simulations, and the deviation thresholds indicated by ASHRAE Guideline 14-2014 were used as a basis to identify results that suggested an acceptable level of disagreement among the outcomes of all models. This study highlighted that comparing only the yearly heating and cooling demand was not enough to find the deviations between the tools. In the annual analysis, the mean percentage error values showed a good agreement among the programs, with deviations ranging from 0.1% to 5.3% among the results from different software and the average values. The monthly load deviations calculated by the studied tools ranged between 12% and 20% in Madrid and 10% and 14% in Boston, which were still considered satisfactory. However, the hourly energy demand analysis showed normalized root mean square error values from 35% to 50%, which were far from acceptable standards. Full article
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