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Risk Analysis, Prevention and Control of Ground-Based Hazards
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Risk Analysis, Prevention and Control of Ground-Based Hazards

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Hazards and Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (26 December 2023) | Viewed by 9081

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Aydın Büyüksaraç

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Çan Vocational School, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, TR 17400 Çanakkale, Türkiye
Interests: microzoning; definition hazards; seismotectonics; modelling based on geophysical data; earthquake research
Dr. Ercan Işık

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Civil Engineering Department, Bitlis Eren University, TR 13000 Bitlis, Türkiye
Interests: seismic hazards; earthquake loss estimation; earthquake vulnerability; structural analysis; natural hazards

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Risk analysis is a sustainable process whereby the possible effects of ground-based hazards are considered and a decision is made on actions that must be taken to prevent them from becoming disasters. It is possible to reduce the effects of ground-based hazards such as earthquakes, floods, mass movements (landslides, rockfalls, mudflows, and avalanches), and volcanism, or to lower the risks to acceptable levels, by taking the necessary precautions.

However, rather than considering risk-reducing measures, most regulations focus on post-disaster crisis management, the reconstruction of disaster-affected areas, and efforts to reduce the impact on the lives of disaster victims. In fact, structural and non-structural studies aimed at reducing risks, as well as controlling and even preventing hazards, can prevent subsequent disasters, as well as loss of life and property. In this context, it is important for researchers to consider land use planning; microzonation; analyses of past disasters and their effects; hazard and risk analyses; seismotectonic studies; seismic hazard analyses; earthquake loss estimation; determination of the seismic risks of buildings; risk management in disasters; palaeoseismological studies; early warning systems; determination and prevention studies for landslides, rockfalls and slopes; construction; and reinforcement. This Special Issue will prioritize topics such as the construction or strengthening of drainage and flood protection sets. The security of settlements against ground-based hazards is one of the main objectives in planning.

Therefore, it is important to conduct research on the safety of residential areas and to recognize their level of vulnerability to ground-based hazards. Settlement development information using geographic data, with defined hazards and risks, can greatly reduce the effects of potential disasters.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to):

-Geophysics;

-Geology;

-Civil engineering;

-Geotectonics;

-Geotechnics;

-Hydraulics;

-Earthquake engineering;

-Structural engineering;

-Geomorphology;

-Soil mechanics;

-Rock mechanics;

-Disaster management;

-Engineering geology;

-Hazard and risk analysis;

-Disaster protection engineering.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Aydın Büyüksaraç
Dr. Ercan Işık
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hazards
  • risk analysis
  • earthquake
  • flooding
  • landslide
  • rockfall
  • mudflow
  • avalanche
  • seismicity
  • tectonics

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 7706 KiB  
Article
Achieving Intensity Distributions of 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Earthquakes from Peak Ground Acceleration Records
by Aydın Büyüksaraç, Ercan Işık, Özcan Bektaş and Fatih Avcil
Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020599 - 10 Jan 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 882
Abstract
On 6 February 2023, two large earthquakes struck southern Türkiye on the same day, resulting in a considerable loss of life and property damage over a large region that included 11 cities. After these disasters, there was a requirement to define the soil-related [...] Read more.
On 6 February 2023, two large earthquakes struck southern Türkiye on the same day, resulting in a considerable loss of life and property damage over a large region that included 11 cities. After these disasters, there was a requirement to define the soil-related intensity distribution, aside from manufacturing defects caused by buildings. The modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) scale results in the same intensity value (XI) when decimal values are not mathematically considered, even though the fundamental data in the AFAD and USGS sources differ. In this study, an equation based on the MMI–PGA relationship was obtained and tested with ten previously developed equations to calculate the earthquake intensity. Seven of these selected equations, depending on the earthquake magnitude, were calculated comparatively. The equation most compatible with the earthquakes that occurred on 6 February 2023 was obtained in this study. In addition, it was decided that three similar equations could also be used. Intensity distribution maps were created according to the calculated MMI values. In this way, it has been observed that different earthquake intensity values are more sensitive, reliable, objective, and sustainable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Analysis, Prevention and Control of Ground-Based Hazards)
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19 pages, 4743 KiB  
Article
Utilization of Earthquake Demolition Wastes and Afşin–Elbistan Fly Ash for Soil Improvement after the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake (6 February 2023)
by Muhammet Cinar
Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020538 - 8 Jan 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 816
Abstract
Türkiye is surrounded by active faults that have the potential to produce big earthquakes. Recently, one of these faults has become active. Two earthquakes of magnitude 7.7 and 7.6 occurred 9 h apart on 6 February 2023 in Kahramanmaraş. It is reported that [...] Read more.
Türkiye is surrounded by active faults that have the potential to produce big earthquakes. Recently, one of these faults has become active. Two earthquakes of magnitude 7.7 and 7.6 occurred 9 h apart on 6 February 2023 in Kahramanmaraş. It is reported that 150 million tons of earthquake demolition waste (EDW) is estimated to be produced as a result of those natural hazards. This waste poses a serious risk to both the environment and human health. Its use in geotechnical applications will provide serious environmental benefits. In this study, Afşin–Elbistan fly ash (AEFA) and EDW were used to stabilize weak clayey soils in different proportions. Samples were prepared by separately adding 5, 10, 15, and 20% AEFA and EDW to high-plasticity clay. The AEFA used in this study was used because the production of AEFA is too high, and it is not used in concrete production because it does not comply with the standards and causes serious environmental problems for the region. The Atterberg limit, standard compaction, unconfined compression strength (UCS), triaxial, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were performed on soil samples, and samples were prepared from soil mixtures with various proportions of AEFA and EDW added. In addition, clay mixtures were prepared with EDW by keeping the AEFA ratio constant at 15% and their effects were also investigated. According to Atterberg test results, the natural soil class was determined as high-plasticity clay, the soil class of the mixtures created by adding EDW and AEFA was determined as low-plasticity clay, and all ternary mixtures were determined as low-plasticity silt. In addition, the maximum dry density increased for all mixtures, while the optimum water content decreased. A significant increase was observed in UCS test results, especially in ternary mixtures. While cohesion increased in AEFA mixtures, it decreased in ternary mixtures as the EDW ratio increased. It was observed that the internal friction angle increased in all mixtures. According to CBR test results, it was determined that the binary AEFA mixture ratio was 20%, the binary EDW mixture ratio was 10% and above, and all ratios of the ternary AEFA + EDW mixtures could be used as road sub-base material. After the major earthquake disaster, the use of EDW is of great importance for the environment. As a result, AEFA and EDW were found to enhance the geotechnical properties of clay. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Analysis, Prevention and Control of Ground-Based Hazards)
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16 pages, 3142 KiB  
Article
A New Approach for Completing Missing Data Series in Pan Evaporation Using Multi-Meteorologic Phenomena
by Muhammet Omer Dis
Sustainability 2023, 15(21), 15542; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115542 - 1 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 822
Abstract
The most crucial losses in the hydrological cycle occur due to evaporation (EP). As a result, the accurate attainment of this complex phenomenon is critical in studies on irrigation, efficiency in the basins, dams, continuous hydrometeorological simulations, flood frequency, and water budget analysis. [...] Read more.
The most crucial losses in the hydrological cycle occur due to evaporation (EP). As a result, the accurate attainment of this complex phenomenon is critical in studies on irrigation, efficiency in the basins, dams, continuous hydrometeorological simulations, flood frequency, and water budget analysis. However, EP data sets are expensive, difficult to sustainably measure, and scarce, also, predictions are challenging tasks due to the wide range of parameters involved in these processes. In this study, the data gaps are filled with Class A evaporation pan observations through building a new meteorological station during seasons with no gauge measurements available for a three-year time period. These observations demonstrate high correlations with the readings from the Meteorology Airport Station, with a PCC of 0.75. After the continuous EP time series was completed over Kahramanmaras, these values were retrieved non-linearly via an artificial intelligence model using multi-meteorological parameters. In the study, the simulation performance is evaluated with the help of eight different statistical metrics in addition to graphical representations. The evaluation reveals that, when compared to the other EP functions, using both temperature and wind-driven simulations has the highest correlation (PCC = 0.94) and NSCE (0.87), as well as the lowest bias (PBias = −1.65%, MAE = 1.27 mm d−1, RMSD = 1.6 mm d−1, CRMSE = 24%) relative to the gauge measurements, while they give the opposite results in the solely precipitation-based models (PCC = 0.42, NSCE = 0.17, PBias = −6.44%, MAE = 3.58 mm d−1, RMSD = 4.2 mm d−1, CRMSE = 62%). It has been clearly seen that the temperature parameter is the most essential factor, while precipitation alone may be insufficient in EP predictions; additionally, wind speed and relative humidity would improve the prediction performance in artificial intelligence techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Analysis, Prevention and Control of Ground-Based Hazards)
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20 pages, 10189 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Precast Reinforced Concrete Structures during the 6 February 2023 Türkiye Earthquakes
by Fatih Avcil
Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 14846; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014846 - 13 Oct 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1639
Abstract
On 6 February 2023, two major earthquakes, MW7.7 and MW7.6, occurred in the Kahramanmaraş city region of southeast Türkiye. As a result of the earthquakes that affected the region, around 60,000 people died and thousands of buildings suffered various [...] Read more.
On 6 February 2023, two major earthquakes, MW7.7 and MW7.6, occurred in the Kahramanmaraş city region of southeast Türkiye. As a result of the earthquakes that affected the region, around 60,000 people died and thousands of buildings suffered various levels of damage. In this study, the collapse and failure mechanisms of precast reinforced concrete structures, most of which are industrial buildings, and the damages occurred in these structures, were investgated through on-site observations. As a result of the investigations carried out in the field immediately after the earthquake, it was understood that most of the damage was caused by the connection system of the precast structures. The most common damage is the separation of the roof beam from the column due to the weak column–beam connection system. At the end of the paper, studies to strengthen and improve suggestions for this poor behavior will be mentioned. Also, by analyzing a sample structure, the performance levels were determined by comparing it with the damage limit values in TBEC-2018. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Analysis, Prevention and Control of Ground-Based Hazards)
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28 pages, 25456 KiB  
Article
Geospatial Analysis for Relative Seismic Activity Assessment: A Case Study of Fatima Suture Zone in Western Saudi Arabia
by Bashar Bashir and Abdullah Alsalman
Sustainability 2023, 15(14), 11130; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411130 - 18 Jul 2023
Viewed by 940
Abstract
In this paper, we state the usefulness of geomorphic analysis, typically applied to highly deformed landforms, to investigate the tectonic geomorphology of an intercontinental structure: the Fatima suture zone. The Fatima suture zone (FSZ) landscape is a tectonically distinct deformation zone along the [...] Read more.
In this paper, we state the usefulness of geomorphic analysis, typically applied to highly deformed landforms, to investigate the tectonic geomorphology of an intercontinental structure: the Fatima suture zone. The Fatima suture zone (FSZ) landscape is a tectonically distinct deformation zone along the eastern coast of the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia providing a complex zone in terms of geology, tectonics, and geomorphology. This zone presents many deformations and fault reactivations that were produced from the effect of horizontal, vertical, and thrust motions as well as deposition and erosion processes. Through several morphometric analyses, remotely sensed data, and geospatial techniques, we recognized the detailed geomorphic surface features of the Fatima suture zone region. Morphometric indices applied in this paper include the stream length gradient index (SL), basin asymmetry factor index (Af), hypsometric integral index (Hi), valley floor width to valley floor height ratio index (Vf), basin shape index (Bs), and mountain front sinuosity index (Smf). Every single morphometric index provides three different relative tectonic classes based on the assigned value ranges. The overall results obtained from the analysis were averaged and presented as an indicator index namely the relative seismic activity (RSA) index, which was classified into four distinct classes from relatively very high to low seismic activity: class 1 is very high seismic activity (CA ≤ 1.5); class 2 is high seismic activity (1.5 < CA ≤ 2); class 3 is moderate seismic activity (2 < CA ≤ 2.5); and class 4 is low seismic activity (CA > 2.5). Additionally, a combination of the two indices (Smf and Vf) was presented as a quantitative model of the relative seismic activity of the examined mountain fronts. The results of the RSA index provided signatures of all four classes of the study region. Two-thirds of the total area of the study region were recorded as high to very high classes in terms of seismic activity. The paper finally concludes that this integration method allows assessment and evaluation of the highly deformed landscapes related to active tectonism. Despite the impact of the Fatima suture zone providing low to medium activities in some parts, it has a signature control on the recent landscape evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Analysis, Prevention and Control of Ground-Based Hazards)
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18 pages, 11818 KiB  
Article
Effect of Olivine Additive on the Shear Resistance of Fine-Grained Soils: A Sustainable Approach for Risk Mitigation and Environmental Impact Reduction
by Abdelmaoula Mahamoud Tahir and Sedat Sert
Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10683; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310683 - 6 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1117
Abstract
Increasing urbanization has also accelerated the potential risks of hazards arising from problematic soils. At this end, it becomes inevitable to apply soil improvement methods, which are the most applicable and economical methods. Increasing the strength of clays, especially in undrained conditions where [...] Read more.
Increasing urbanization has also accelerated the potential risks of hazards arising from problematic soils. At this end, it becomes inevitable to apply soil improvement methods, which are the most applicable and economical methods. Increasing the strength of clays, especially in undrained conditions where they exhibit low shear resistance, is essential for mitigating soil-induced hazards. This study aimed to improve the shear resistance of clays with a waste material named olivine, which has rarely been used in soils before. The undrained shear strength of the samples prepared at different curing times was determined at various confining pressures. Both olivine-added and potassium hydroxide (KOH)-activated olivine-added samples were tested in the same manner. It was proven that the olivine contribution alone was not sufficient over time, and higher shear resistance was obtained when olivine was activated with KOH. The samples treated with only olivine added to the resistance with olivine grains, whereas the samples activated with KOH added resistance with both olivine grains and chemical bonds up to a rate of 521% in the case of 20% olivine being used. Morphological and mineralogical analyses were performed to analyze the chemical bonds formed after the reaction. Stabilization with olivine substitutes a sustainable method of improvement that provides benefits such as reducing carbon dioxide emissions and controlling waste. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Analysis, Prevention and Control of Ground-Based Hazards)
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24 pages, 6256 KiB  
Article
Identification of Hazardous Waste Risk Level in Central Java Province, Indonesia
by Zakianis, Fatma Lestari, Sifa Fauzia, Laila Fitria, Agustino Zulys, Budi Hartono, Adonis Muzanni, Saraswati A. Satyawardhani, Rajib Shaw and Setyo Prabowo
Sustainability 2023, 15(8), 6390; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086390 - 7 Apr 2023
Viewed by 2119
Abstract
Hazardous waste may be an environmental and public health threat if not managed properly and may contribute to a regional multi-hazard when other natural disasters also exist. Hazardous and toxic waste may cause industrial disaster if its risks are not well identified and [...] Read more.
Hazardous waste may be an environmental and public health threat if not managed properly and may contribute to a regional multi-hazard when other natural disasters also exist. Hazardous and toxic waste may cause industrial disaster if its risks are not well identified and mitigated. This study aims to model the city/district-based risk assessment for each type of hazardous waste in Central Java Province for anticipating hazardous waste disasters and necessary responses. The concept of disaster is used as the method in this study, consisting of hazard, vulnerability, and capacity. The results showed that the generation of hazardous waste in Central Java Province was very large, amounting to 2,886,974.024 tons in 2021. The hazardous waste produced was sourced from 1233 types of businesses/activities in Central Java Province, with 4042 types of hazardous waste. The healthcare sector is identified as the sector that produces the most hazardous waste. Overall, the risk levels of the majority of hazardous waste types fall into the low category. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Analysis, Prevention and Control of Ground-Based Hazards)
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