Research

Jump to: Review

21 pages, 2963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Matrix Effect in the Isolation of Breast Cancer-Derived Nanovesicles by Immunomagnetic Separation and Electrochemical Immunosensing—A Comparative Study

by Silio Lima Moura, Mercè Martì and María Isabel Pividori

Sensors 2020, 20(4), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20040965 - 11 Feb 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5239

Abstract

Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles released into biological fluids, which are involved in cell-to-cell communication. The analysis of the content and the surface of the exosomes allow conclusions about the cells they are originating from and the underlying condition, pathology or disease. Therefore, the [...] Read more.

Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles released into biological fluids, which are involved in cell-to-cell communication. The analysis of the content and the surface of the exosomes allow conclusions about the cells they are originating from and the underlying condition, pathology or disease. Therefore, the exosomes are currently considered good candidates as biomarkers to improve the current methods for clinical diagnosis, including cancer. However, due to their low concentration, conventional procedures for exosome detection including biosensing usually require relatively large sample volumes and involve preliminary purification and preconcentration steps by ultracentrifugation. In this paper, the immunomagnetic separation is presented as an alternative method for the specific isolation of exosomes in serum. To achieve that, a rational study of the surface proteins in exosomes, which can be recognized by magnetic particles, is presented. The characterization was performed in exosomes obtained from cell culture supernatants of MCF7, MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 breast cancer cell lines, including TEM and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). For the specific characterization by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, different commercial antibodies against selected receptors were used, including the general tetraspanins CD9, CD63 and CD81, and cancer-related receptors (CD24, CD44, CD54, CD326 and CD340). The effect of the serum matrix on the immunomagnetic separation was then carefully evaluated by spiking the exosomes in depleted human serum. Based on this study, the exosomes were preconcentrated by immunomagnetic separation on antiCD81-modified magnetic particles in order to achieve further magnetic actuation on the surface of the electrode for the electrochemical readout. The performance of this approach is discussed and compared with classical characterization methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Nanobiosensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Performance of Reagent-Less Carbon Nanodots Based Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensors

by Iria Bravo, Cristina Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Tania García-Mendiola, Mónica Revenga-Parra, Félix Pariente and Encarnación Lorenzo

Sensors 2019, 19(24), 5576; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245576 - 17 Dec 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3151

Abstract

This work reports on the advantages of using carbon nanodots (CNDs) in the development of reagent-less oxidoreductase-based biosensors. Biosensor responses are based on the detection of H₂O₂, generated in the enzymatic reaction, at 0.4 V. A simple and fast [...] Read more.

This work reports on the advantages of using carbon nanodots (CNDs) in the development of reagent-less oxidoreductase-based biosensors. Biosensor responses are based on the detection of H₂O₂, generated in the enzymatic reaction, at 0.4 V. A simple and fast method, consisting of direct adsorption of the bioconjugate, formed by mixing lactate oxidase, glucose oxidase, or uricase with CNDs, is employed to develop the nanostructured biosensors. Peripherical amide groups enriched CNDs are prepared from ethyleneglycol bis-(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and used as precursors. The bioconjugate formed between lactate oxidase and CNDs was chosen as a case study to determine the analytical parameters of the resulting L-lactate biosensor. A linear concentration range of 3.0 to 500 µM, a sensitivity of 4.98 × 10⁻³ µA·µM⁻¹, and a detection limit of 0.9 µM were obtained for the L-lactate biosensing platform. The reproducibility of the biosensor was found to be 8.6%. The biosensor was applied to the L-lactate quantification in a commercial human serum sample. The standard addition method was employed. L-lactate concentration in the serum extract of 0.9 ± 0.3 mM (n = 3) was calculated. The result agrees well with the one obtained in 0.9 ± 0.2 mM, using a commercial spectrophotometric enzymatic kit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Nanobiosensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peptide Nanotube Encapsulated Enzyme Biosensor for Vapor Phase Detection of Malathion, an Organophosphorus Compound

by Christopher Edwards, Surachet Duanghathaipornsuk, Mark Goltz, Sushil Kanel and Dong-Shik Kim

Sensors 2019, 19(18), 3856; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183856 - 06 Sep 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2733

Abstract

This study explores the use of a butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)-based, reversible reaction biosensor using screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) having a smaller working surface area than the single-use electrodes previously studied. Previous research demonstrated the prospective application of a single-use biosensor fabricated with an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) [...] Read more.

This study explores the use of a butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)-based, reversible reaction biosensor using screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) having a smaller working surface area than the single-use electrodes previously studied. Previous research demonstrated the prospective application of a single-use biosensor fabricated with an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme encapsulated in peptide nanotubes (PNTs) and enhanced with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to detect organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) in aqueous and gas phases. In the current study, potential improvements to the biosensor are investigated. BChE-based biosensors were fabricated using PNTs, HRP, and Nafion in combination to increase the reactive surface area, enhance sensitivity, and maintain enzyme stability. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used along with the new modified sensor to measure malathion concentration in the gas phase. The results show that a BChE-based biosensor could reliably measure gas phase malathion concentrations between 6–25 ppbv by CV with the extent of inhibition linearly proportional to the malathion concentration (R² = 0.941). This research demonstrated that fabricated BChE-based biosensors could be stored without cold storage requirement for up to six weeks with minimal performance degradation. Moreover, the sensor electrodes were each reused several times, and were still useable at the conclusion of the research. This research demonstrates the potential of fabricating a reusable, inexpensive biosensor that is capable of OPC detection with high sensitivity and a low detection limit without a long-term cold storage requirement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Nanobiosensors)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensing for Glucose Based on Cu₂O–BSA Nanoparticles Modified GCE

by Zhikuang Dai, Ailing Yang, Xichang Bao and Renqiang Yang

Sensors 2019, 19(12), 2824; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19122824 - 24 Jun 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4921

Abstract

Transition-metal nanomaterials are very important to non-enzymatic glucose sensing because of their excellent electrocatalytic ability, good selectivity, the fact that they are not easily interfered with by chloride ion (Cl⁻), and low cost. However, the linear detection range needs to be [...] Read more.

Transition-metal nanomaterials are very important to non-enzymatic glucose sensing because of their excellent electrocatalytic ability, good selectivity, the fact that they are not easily interfered with by chloride ion (Cl⁻), and low cost. However, the linear detection range needs to be expanded. In this paper, Cu₂O–bovine serum albumin (BSA) core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized for the first time in air at room temperature by a facile and green route. The structure and morphology of Cu₂O–BSA NPs were characterized. The as-prepared Cu₂O–BSA NPs were used to modify the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in a Nafion matrix. By using cyclic voltammetry (CV), the influence from scanning speed, concentration of NaOH, and load of Cu₂O–BSA NPs for the modified electrodes was probed. Cu₂O–BSA NPs showed direct electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of glucose in 50 mM NaOH solution at 0.6 V. The chronoamperometry result showed this constructing sensor in the detection of glucose with a lowest detection limit of 0.4 μM, a linear detection range up to 10 mM, a high sensitivity of 1144.81 μAmM⁻¹cm⁻² and reliable anti-interference property to Cl⁻, uric acid (UA), ascorbic acid (AA), and acetaminophen (AP). Cu₂O–BSA NPs are promising nanostructures for the fabrication of non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensing devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Nanobiosensors)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 3113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Fingerprint of Arsenic (III) by Using Hybrid Nanocomposite-Based Platforms

by Gheorghe Melinte, Oana Hosu, Mariagrazia Lettieri, Cecilia Cristea and Giovanna Marrazza

Sensors 2019, 19(10), 2279; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19102279 - 17 May 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3538

Abstract

Arsenic, one of the most abundant mineral and also one to the most toxic compounds. Due to its high toxicity sensitive analytical methods are highly important, taking into account that the admitted level is in the range of µg L⁻¹. A [...] Read more.

Arsenic, one of the most abundant mineral and also one to the most toxic compounds. Due to its high toxicity sensitive analytical methods are highly important, taking into account that the admitted level is in the range of µg L⁻¹. A novel and easy to use platform for As(III) detection from water samples is proposed, based on gold and platinum bi metallic nanoparticles and a conductive polymer (polyaniline). The electrochemical detection was achieved after optimization of cathodic pre-concentration and stripping parameters by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry at modified screen-printed carbon-based electrochemical cells, proving its applicability for disposable and cost-effective in situ analysis of arsenic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Nanobiosensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of a Biosensor Based on a Combination of Cytochrome c, Graphene, and Gold Nanoparticles

by Chenxing Guo, Jianfang Wang, Xianzhe Chen, Yujiao Li, Lifang Wu, Jin Zhang and Cheng-an Tao

Sensors 2019, 19(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19010040 - 22 Dec 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4621

Abstract

A biosensor based on a combination of cytochrome c (Cyt c), electrochemical reduced graphene oxides (ERGO), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated. The proposed biosensor electrode was denoted as GCE/ERGO-Nafion/AuNPs/Cyt c/Nafion, where ERGO-Nafion was deposited [...] Read more.

A biosensor based on a combination of cytochrome c (Cyt c), electrochemical reduced graphene oxides (ERGO), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated. The proposed biosensor electrode was denoted as GCE/ERGO-Nafion/AuNPs/Cyt c/Nafion, where ERGO-Nafion was deposited by dropping graphene oxides-Nafion mixed droplet first and following electrochemical reduction, AuNPs were directly deposited on the surface of the ERGO-Nafion modified electrode by electrochemical reduction, and other components were deposited by the dropping-dry method. The effect of the deposition amount of AuNPs on direct electrochemistry of Cyt c in the proposed electrode was investigated. The hydrogen peroxide was taken to evaluate the performance of the proposed biosensor. The results showed that the biosensor has great analytical performance, including a high sensitivity, a wide linear range, a low detection limit, and good stability, reproducibility, and reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Nanobiosensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

15 pages, 2277 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Electrochemical Paper-Based Biosensor Devices for Rapid Detection of Biomarkers

by Manuel Gutiérrez-Capitán, Antonio Baldi and César Fernández-Sánchez

Sensors 2020, 20(4), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20040967 - 11 Feb 2020

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 7303

Abstract

In healthcare, new diagnostic tools that help in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of diseases rapidly and accurately are in high demand. For in-situ measurement of disease or infection biomarkers, point-of-care devices provide a dramatic speed advantage over conventional techniques, thus aiding clinicians [...] Read more.

In healthcare, new diagnostic tools that help in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of diseases rapidly and accurately are in high demand. For in-situ measurement of disease or infection biomarkers, point-of-care devices provide a dramatic speed advantage over conventional techniques, thus aiding clinicians in decision-making. During the last decade, paper-based analytical devices, combining paper substrates and electrochemical detection components, have emerged as important point-of-need diagnostic tools. This review highlights significant works on this topic over the last five years, from 2015 to 2019. The most relevant articles published in 2018 and 2019 are examined in detail, focusing on device fabrication techniques and materials applied to the production of paper fluidic and electrochemical cell architectures as well as on the final device assembly. Two main approaches were identified, that are, on one hand, those ones where the fabrication of the electrochemical cell is done on the paper substrate, where the fluidic structures are also defined, and, on the other hand, the fabrication of those ones where the electrochemical cell and liquid-driving paper component are defined on different substrates and then heterogeneously assembled. The main limitations of the current technologies are outlined and an outlook on the current technology status and future prospects is given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Nanobiosensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 6327 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nanoparticles as Emerging Labels in Electrochemical Immunosensors

by Alba Iglesias-Mayor, Olaya Amor-Gutiérrez, Agustín Costa-García and Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz

Sensors 2019, 19(23), 5137; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235137 - 23 Nov 2019

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4639

Abstract

This review shows recent trends in the use of nanoparticles as labels for electrochemical immunosensing applications. Some general considerations on the principles of both the direct detection based on redox properties and indirect detection through electrocatalytic properties, before focusing on the applications for [...] Read more.

This review shows recent trends in the use of nanoparticles as labels for electrochemical immunosensing applications. Some general considerations on the principles of both the direct detection based on redox properties and indirect detection through electrocatalytic properties, before focusing on the applications for mainly proteins detection, are given. Emerging use as blocking tags in nanochannels-based immunosensing systems is also covered in this review. Finally, aspects related to the analytical performance of the developed devices together with prospects for future improvements and applications are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Nanobiosensors)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

29 pages, 5851 KiB

Open AccessReview

Copper(I)-Catalyzed Click Chemistry as a Tool for the Functionalization of Nanomaterials and the Preparation of Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors

by P. Yáñez-Sedeño, A. González-Cortés, S. Campuzano and J. M. Pingarrón

Sensors 2019, 19(10), 2379; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19102379 - 24 May 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 9691

Abstract

Proper functionalization of electrode surfaces and/or nanomaterials plays a crucial role in the preparation of electrochemical (bio)sensors and their resulting performance. In this context, copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) has been demonstrated to be a powerful strategy due to the high yields achieved, absence [...] Read more.

Proper functionalization of electrode surfaces and/or nanomaterials plays a crucial role in the preparation of electrochemical (bio)sensors and their resulting performance. In this context, copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) has been demonstrated to be a powerful strategy due to the high yields achieved, absence of by-products and moderate conditions required both in aqueous medium and under physiological conditions. This particular chemistry offers great potential to functionalize a wide variety of electrode surfaces, nanomaterials, metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) and polymers, thus providing electrochemical platforms with improved electrocatalytic ability and allowing the stable, reproducible and functional integration of a wide range of nanomaterials and/or different biomolecules (enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids and peptides). Considering the rapid progress in the field, and the potential of this technology, this review paper outlines the unique features imparted by this particular reaction in the development of electrochemical sensors through the discussion of representative examples of the methods mainly reported over the last five years. Special attention has been paid to electrochemical (bio)sensors prepared using nanomaterials and applied to the determination of relevant analytes at different molecular levels. Current challenges and future directions in this field are also briefly pointed out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Nanobiosensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Electrochemical Nanobiosensors

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (9 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI