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Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications
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Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 31329

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Hoi-Shun Antony Lui

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Global Big Data Technologies Centre , School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Level 6, Building 11, 81 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
Interests: antenna arrays; smart antenna; direction-of-arrival estimation; mutual coupling; ultra wideband; radar sensing and imaging; radar signal processing; radar target recongition; radar cross section; terahertz radar; transient electromagnetics; biomedical electromagnetics; medical imaging; microwave tomography; computerized tomography; algebraic reconstruction techniques; engineering education; effective learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Mikael Persson

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Head of Division of Signal Processing and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
Interests: biomedical electromagnetics; medical diagnosis; stoke detection; microwave tomography; biomedical engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Sensors aims at reporting the latest research findings on microwave and antenna technologies in medical applications.

The non-ionizing nature of microwave radiation and low-cost microwave electronics offers innovative solutions for medical diagnosis, treatment, and health monitoring. Researchers in antennas, microwave electronics, computational electromagnetics, imaging, and signal processing are working collaboratively with medical practitioners, aiming at enhancing our living through developing next-generation healthcare technologies. A well-known example would be the potential use of microwave radiation for breast screening, which provides a non-ionizing, compression-free alternative to X-ray mammography and tomosynthesis for cancer diagnosis. Women of all ages over the world will benefit from this. Another example would be the prospect of utilizing microwave sensors for stroke detection such that prehospital diagnosis can be facilitated in ambulances through a portable system. In regional areas in Australia and Sweden, stroke patients and the elderly who are located remotely from hospitals will benefit from this. Clinical trials of microwave breast screening and stroke detection are currently in place across Europe, North America, and Oceania.

The recent boom in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offers new avenues which accelerate technical development, particularly in signal processing and imaging. Although the recent focus is mostly on AI and ML, reliable medical solutions cannot be established without having a high-quality microwave and antenna system capturing the RF signals.

The scope of this Special Issue includes, but is not limited to, microwave and antenna systems that can be applied in medical diagnosis, health monitoring, ablation, and hyperthermia. Contributions toward system development and methodologies, including algorithms and imaging techniques, with medical-oriented applications in mind are welcome.

Dr. Hoi-Shun Antony Lui
Prof. Dr. Mikael Persson
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • medical diagnosis
  • health monitoring
  • hyperthermia
  • ablation
  • microwave imaging
  • microwave sensing
  • wearable and implantable devices
  • antenna systems
  • microwave systems
  • medical applications

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 161 KiB  
Editorial
Microwave and Antenna Systems in Medical Applications
by Hoi-Shun Lui and Mikael Persson
Sensors 2024, 24(4), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041059 - 06 Feb 2024
Viewed by 621
Abstract
The non-ionizing nature of microwave radiation and the low cost of microwave electronics offer innovative solutions for medical diagnosis, treatment, and health monitoring [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

18 pages, 8329 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Resolution in Inverse Scattering of Dielectric Cylinders for Medical Applications
by Ehsan Akbari Sekehravani and Giovanni Leone
Sensors 2023, 23(16), 7250; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23167250 - 18 Aug 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1334
Abstract
The inverse scattering problem has numerous significant applications, including in geophysical explorations, medical imaging, and radar imaging. To achieve better performance of the imaging system, theoretical knowledge of the resolution of the algorithm is required for most of these applications. However, analytical investigations [...] Read more.
The inverse scattering problem has numerous significant applications, including in geophysical explorations, medical imaging, and radar imaging. To achieve better performance of the imaging system, theoretical knowledge of the resolution of the algorithm is required for most of these applications. However, analytical investigations about the resolution presently feel inadequate. In order to estimate the achievable resolution, we address the point spread function (PSF) evaluation of the scattered field for a single frequency and the multi-view case both for the near and the far fields and the scalar case when the angular domain of the incident field and observation ranges is a round angle. Instead of the common free space condition, an inhomogeneous background medium, consisting of a homogeneous dielectric cylinder with a circular cross-section in free space, is assumed. In addition, since the exact evaluation of the PSF can only be accomplished numerically, an analytical approximation of the resolution is also considered. For the sake of its comparison, the truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) algorithm can be used to implement the exact PSF. We show how the behavior of the singular values and the resolution change by varying the permittivity of the background medium. The usefulness of the theoretical discussion is demonstrated in localizing point-like scatterers within a dielectric cylinder, so mimicking a scenario that may occur in breast cancer imaging. Numerical results are provided to validate the analytical investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications)
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22 pages, 4795 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Microwave Hyperthermia Applicator Designs with Fora Dipole and Connected Array
by Gulsah Yildiz, Iman Farhat, Lourdes Farrugia, Julian Bonello, Kristian Zarb-Adami, Charles V. Sammut, Tuba Yilmaz and Ibrahim Akduman
Sensors 2023, 23(14), 6592; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146592 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1324
Abstract
In microwave hyperthermia tumor therapy, electromagnetic waves focus energy on the tumor to elevate the temperature above its normal levels with minimal injury to the surrounding healthy tissue. Microwave hyperthermia applicator design is important for the effectiveness of the therapy and the feasibility [...] Read more.
In microwave hyperthermia tumor therapy, electromagnetic waves focus energy on the tumor to elevate the temperature above its normal levels with minimal injury to the surrounding healthy tissue. Microwave hyperthermia applicator design is important for the effectiveness of the therapy and the feasibility of real-time application. In this study, the potential of using fractal octagonal ring antenna elements as a dipole antenna array and as a connected array at 2.45 GHz for breast tumor hyperthermia application was investigated. Microwave hyperthermia treatment models consisting of different fractal octagonal ring antenna array designs and a breast phantom are simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain the field distributions. The antenna excitation phases and magnitudes are optimized using the global particle swarm algorithm to selectively increase the specific absorption rate at the target region while minimizing hot spots in other regions within the breast. Specific absorption rate distributions, obtained inside the phantom, are analyzed for each proposed microwave hyperthermia applicator design. The dipole fractal octagonal ring antenna arrays are comparatively assessed for three different designs: circular, linear, and Cross—array. The 16-antenna dipole array performance was superior for all three 1-layer applicator designs, and no distinct difference was found between 16-antenna circular, linear, or cross arrays. Two-layer dipole arrays have better performance in the deep-tissue targets than one-layer arrays. The performance of the connected array with a higher number of layers exceeds the performance of the dipole arrays in the superficial regions, while they are comparable for deep regions of the breast. The 1-layer 12-antenna circular FORA dipole array feasibility as a microwave hyperthermia applicator was experimentally shown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications)
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21 pages, 6538 KiB  
Article
On the Role of Training Data for SVM-Based Microwave Brain Stroke Detection and Classification
by Tomas Pokorny, Jan Vrba, Ondrej Fiser, David Vrba, Tomas Drizdal, Marek Novak, Luca Tosi, Alessandro Polo and Marco Salucci
Sensors 2023, 23(4), 2031; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042031 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1776
Abstract
The aim of this work was to test microwave brain stroke detection and classification using support vector machines (SVMs). We tested how the nature and variability of training data and system parameters impact the achieved classification accuracy. Using experimentally verified numerical models, a [...] Read more.
The aim of this work was to test microwave brain stroke detection and classification using support vector machines (SVMs). We tested how the nature and variability of training data and system parameters impact the achieved classification accuracy. Using experimentally verified numerical models, a large database of synthetic training and test data was created. The models consist of an antenna array surrounding reconfigurable geometrically and dielectrically realistic human head phantoms with virtually inserted strokes of arbitrary size, and different dielectric parameters in different positions. The generated synthetic data sets were used to test four different hypotheses, regarding the appropriate parameters of the training dataset, the appropriate frequency range and the number of frequency points, as well as the level of subject variability to reach the highest SVM classification accuracy. The results indicate that the SVM algorithm is able to detect the presence of the stroke and classify it (i.e., ischemic or hemorrhagic) even when trained with single-frequency data. Moreover, it is shown that data of subjects with smaller strokes appear to be the most suitable for training accurate SVM predictors with high generalization capabilities. Finally, the datasets created for this study are made available to the community for testing and developing their own algorithms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications)
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15 pages, 4755 KiB  
Article
Walking Step Monitoring with a Millimeter-Wave Radar in Real-Life Environment for Disease and Fall Prevention for the Elderly
by Xuezhi Zeng, Halldór Stefán Laxdal Báruson and Alexander Sundvall
Sensors 2022, 22(24), 9901; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249901 - 16 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7758
Abstract
We studied the use of a millimeter-wave frequency-modulated continuous wave radar for gait analysis in a real-life environment, with a focus on the measurement of the step time. A method was developed for the successful extraction of gait patterns for different test cases. [...] Read more.
We studied the use of a millimeter-wave frequency-modulated continuous wave radar for gait analysis in a real-life environment, with a focus on the measurement of the step time. A method was developed for the successful extraction of gait patterns for different test cases. The quantitative investigation carried out in a lab corridor showed the excellent reliability of the proposed method for the step time measurement, with an average accuracy of 96%. In addition, a comparison test between the millimeter-wave radar and a continuous-wave radar working at 2.45 GHz was performed, and the results suggest that the millimeter-wave radar is more capable of capturing instantaneous gait features, which enables the timely detection of small gait changes appearing at the early stage of cognitive disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications)
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21 pages, 4773 KiB  
Article
Thermal Evaluation of Multi-Antenna Systems Proposed to Treat Bone Tumors: Finite Element Analysis
by Citlalli Jessica Trujillo-Romero, Juan Dionisio Merida, Texar Javier Ramírez-Guzmán, Raquel Martínez-Valdez, Lorenzo Leija-Salas, Arturo Vera-Hernández, Genaro Rico-Martínez, José Jesús Agustín Flores-Cuautle, Josefina Gutiérrez-Martínez and Emilio Sacristán-Rock
Sensors 2022, 22(19), 7604; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22197604 - 07 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1418
Abstract
Microwave ablation is commonly used in soft tissue tumors, but its application in bone tumors has been barely analyzed. Antennas to treat bone tissue (~3 cm2), has been lately designed. Bone tumors at pathological stage T1 can reach 8 cm wide. [...] Read more.
Microwave ablation is commonly used in soft tissue tumors, but its application in bone tumors has been barely analyzed. Antennas to treat bone tissue (~3 cm2), has been lately designed. Bone tumors at pathological stage T1 can reach 8 cm wide. An antenna cannot cover it; therefore, our goal is to evaluate the thermal performance of multi-antenna arrays. Linear, triangular, and square configurations of double slot (DS) and monopole (MTM) antennas were evaluated. A parametric study (finite element method), with variations in distance between antennas (ad) and bone thickness (bt) was implemented. Array feasibility was evaluated by SWR, ablated tissue volume, etc. The linear configuration with DS and MTM antennas showed SWR ≤ 1.6 for ad = 1 mm–15 mm and bt = 20 mm–40 mm, and ad = 10 mm–15 mm and bt = 25 mm–40 mm, respectively; the triangular showed SWR ≤ 1.5 for ad = 5 mm–15 mm and bt = 20 mm–40 mm and ad = 10 mm–15 mm and bt = 25 mm–40 mm. The square configuration (DS) generated SWR ≤ 1.5 for ad = 5 mm–20 mm and bt = 20 mm–40 mm, and the MTM, SWR ≤ 1.5 with ad = 10 mm and bt = 25 mm–40 mm. Ablated tissue was 4.65 cm3–10.46 cm3 after 5 min. According to treatment time and array configuration, maximum temperature and ablated tissue is modified. Bone tumors >3 cm3 can be treated by these antenna-arrays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications)
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14 pages, 5084 KiB  
Article
Brain Implantable End-Fire Antenna with Enhanced Gain and Bandwidth
by Lisa Sapari, Samnang Hout and Jae-Young Chung
Sensors 2022, 22(12), 4328; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124328 - 07 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2495
Abstract
An end-fire radiating implantable antenna with a small footprint and broadband operation at the frequency range of 3–5 GHz is proposed for high-data-rate wireless communication in a brain–machine interface. The proposed Vivaldi antenna was implanted vertically along the height of the skull to [...] Read more.
An end-fire radiating implantable antenna with a small footprint and broadband operation at the frequency range of 3–5 GHz is proposed for high-data-rate wireless communication in a brain–machine interface. The proposed Vivaldi antenna was implanted vertically along the height of the skull to avoid deformation in the radiation pattern and to compensate for a gain–loss caused by surrounding lossy brain tissues. It was shown that the vertically implanted end-fire antenna had a 3 dB higher antenna gain than a horizontally implanted broadside radiating antenna discussed in recent literature. Additionally, comb-shaped slot arrays imprinted on the Vivaldi antenna lowered the resonant frequency by approximately 2 GHz and improved the antenna gain by more than 2 dB compared to an ordinary Vivaldi antenna. An antenna prototype was fabricated and then tested for verification inside a seven-layered semi-solid brain phantom where each layer had similar electromagnetic material properties as actual brain tissues. The measured data showed that the antenna radiated toward the end-fire direction with an average gain of −15.7 dBi under the frequency of interest, 3–5 GHz. A link budget analysis shows that reliable wireless communication can be achieved over a distance of 10.8 cm despite the electromagnetically harsh environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications)
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20 pages, 19353 KiB  
Article
Microwave Antenna System for Muscle Rupture Imaging with a Lossy Gel to Reduce Multipath Interference
by Laura Guerrero Orozco, Lars Peterson and Andreas Fhager
Sensors 2022, 22(11), 4121; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114121 - 29 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1609
Abstract
Injuries to the hamstring muscles are an increasing problem in sports. Imaging plays a key role in diagnosing and managing athletes with muscle injuries, but there are several problems with conventional imaging modalities with respect to cost and availability. We hypothesized that microwave [...] Read more.
Injuries to the hamstring muscles are an increasing problem in sports. Imaging plays a key role in diagnosing and managing athletes with muscle injuries, but there are several problems with conventional imaging modalities with respect to cost and availability. We hypothesized that microwave imaging could provide improved availability and lower costs and lead to improved and more accurate diagnostics. In this paper, a semicircular microwave imaging array with eight antennae was investigated. A key component in this system is the novel antenna design, which is based on a monopole antenna and a lossy gel. The purpose of the gel is to reduce the effects of multipath signals and improve the imaging quality. Several different gels have been manufactured and evaluated in imaging experiments. For comparison, corresponding simulations were performed. The results showed that the gels can effectively reduce the multipath signals and the imaging experiments resulted in significantly more stable and repeatable reconstructions when a lossy gel was used compared to when an almost non-lossy gel was used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications)
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19 pages, 9149 KiB  
Article
Wearable Sensor Based on Flexible Sinusoidal Antenna for Strain Sensing Applications
by Mehran Ahadi, Mourad Roudjane, Marc-André Dugas, Amine Miled and Younès Messaddeq
Sensors 2022, 22(11), 4069; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114069 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2279
Abstract
A flexible sinusoidal-shaped antenna sensor is introduced in this work, which is a modified half-wave dipole that can be used for strain sensing applications. The presented antenna is an improved extension of the previously introduced antenna sensor for respiration monitoring. The electrical and [...] Read more.
A flexible sinusoidal-shaped antenna sensor is introduced in this work, which is a modified half-wave dipole that can be used for strain sensing applications. The presented antenna is an improved extension of the previously introduced antenna sensor for respiration monitoring. The electrical and radiative characteristics of the sinusoidal antenna and the effects of the geometrical factors are studied. An approach is provided for designing the antenna, and equations are introduced to estimate the geometrical parameters based on desired electrical specifications. It is shown that the antenna sensor can be designed to have up to 5.5 times more sensitivity compared to the last generation of the antenna sensor previously introduced for respiration monitoring. The conductive polymer material used to fabricate the new antenna makes it more flexible and durable compared to the previous generation of antenna sensors made of glass-based material. Finally, a reference antenna made of copper and an antenna sensor made of the conductive polymer are fabricated, and their electrical characteristics are analyzed in free space and over the body. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications)
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10 pages, 2090 KiB  
Article
Microwave Ablation of Liver, Kidney and Lung Lesions: One-Month Response and Manufacturer’s Charts’ Reliability in Clinical Practice
by Julien Frandon, Philippe Akessoul, Tarek Kammoun, Djamel Dabli, Hélène de Forges, Jean-Paul Beregi and Joël Greffier
Sensors 2022, 22(11), 3973; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22113973 - 24 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1641
Abstract
Microwave ablation systems allow for performing tumoral destruction in oncology. The objective of this study was to assess the early response and reliability of the microwave ablation zone size at one month for liver, kidney and lung lesions, as compared to the manufacturer’s [...] Read more.
Microwave ablation systems allow for performing tumoral destruction in oncology. The objective of this study was to assess the early response and reliability of the microwave ablation zone size at one month for liver, kidney and lung lesions, as compared to the manufacturer’s charts. Patients who underwent microwave ablation with the EmprintTM ablation system for liver, kidney and lung lesions between June 2016 and June 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Local response and ablation zone size (major, L, and minor, l, axes) were evaluated on the one-month follow-up imaging. Results were compared to the manufacturers’ charts using the Bland–Altman analysis. Fifty-five patients (mean age 68 ± 11 years; 95 lesions) were included. The one-month complete response was 94%. Liver ablations showed a good agreement with subtle, smaller ablation zones (L: −2 ± 5.7 mm; l: −5.2 ± 5.6 mm). Kidney ablations showed a moderate agreement with larger ablations for L (L: 8.69 ± 7.94 mm; l: 0.36 ± 4.77 mm). Lung ablations showed a moderate agreement, with smaller ablations for l (L: −5.45 ± 4.5 mm; l: −9.32 ± 4.72 mm). With 94% of early complete responses, the system showed reliable ablations for liver lesions, but larger ablations for kidney lesions, and smaller for lung lesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

24 pages, 1494 KiB  
Review
Digital Pulmonology Practice with Phonopulmography Leveraging Artificial Intelligence: Future Perspectives Using Dual Microwave Acoustic Sensing and Imaging
by Arshia K. Sethi, Pratyusha Muddaloor, Priyanka Anvekar, Joshika Agarwal, Anmol Mohan, Mansunderbir Singh, Keerthy Gopalakrishnan, Ashima Yadav, Aakriti Adhikari, Devanshi Damani, Kanchan Kulkarni, Christopher A. Aakre, Alexander J. Ryu, Vivek N. Iyer and Shivaram P. Arunachalam
Sensors 2023, 23(12), 5514; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23125514 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2279
Abstract
Respiratory disorders, being one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, account for constant evolution in management technologies, resulting in the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) in the recording and analysis of lung sounds to aid diagnosis in clinical pulmonology practice. Although lung [...] Read more.
Respiratory disorders, being one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, account for constant evolution in management technologies, resulting in the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) in the recording and analysis of lung sounds to aid diagnosis in clinical pulmonology practice. Although lung sound auscultation is a common clinical practice, its use in diagnosis is limited due to its high variability and subjectivity. We review the origin of lung sounds, various auscultation and processing methods over the years and their clinical applications to understand the potential for a lung sound auscultation and analysis device. Respiratory sounds result from the intra-pulmonary collision of molecules contained in the air, leading to turbulent flow and subsequent sound production. These sounds have been recorded via an electronic stethoscope and analyzed using back-propagation neural networks, wavelet transform models, Gaussian mixture models and recently with machine learning and deep learning models with possible use in asthma, COVID-19, asbestosis and interstitial lung disease. The purpose of this review was to summarize lung sound physiology, recording technologies and diagnostics methods using AI for digital pulmonology practice. Future research and development in recording and analyzing respiratory sounds in real time could revolutionize clinical practice for both the patients and the healthcare personnel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications)
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21 pages, 1337 KiB  
Review
Practicing Digital Gastroenterology through Phonoenterography Leveraging Artificial Intelligence: Future Perspectives Using Microwave Systems
by Renisha Redij, Avneet Kaur, Pratyusha Muddaloor, Arshia K. Sethi, Keirthana Aedma, Anjali Rajagopal, Keerthy Gopalakrishnan, Ashima Yadav, Devanshi N. Damani, Victor G. Chedid, Xiao Jing Wang, Christopher A. Aakre, Alexander J. Ryu and Shivaram P. Arunachalam
Sensors 2023, 23(4), 2302; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042302 - 18 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4107
Abstract
Production of bowel sounds, established in the 1900s, has limited application in existing patient-care regimes and diagnostic modalities. We review the physiology of bowel sound production, the developments in recording technologies and the clinical application in various scenarios, to understand the potential of [...] Read more.
Production of bowel sounds, established in the 1900s, has limited application in existing patient-care regimes and diagnostic modalities. We review the physiology of bowel sound production, the developments in recording technologies and the clinical application in various scenarios, to understand the potential of a bowel sound recording and analysis device—the phonoenterogram in future gastroenterological practice. Bowel sound production depends on but is not entirely limited to the type of food consumed, amount of air ingested and the type of intestinal contractions. Recording technologies for extraction and analysis of these include the wavelet-based filtering, autoregressive moving average model, multivariate empirical mode decompression, radial basis function network, two-dimensional positional mapping, neural network model and acoustic biosensor technique. Prior studies evaluate the application of bowel sounds in conditions such as intestinal obstruction, acute appendicitis, large bowel disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and bowel polyps, ascites, post-operative ileus, sepsis, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and neonatal conditions such as hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Recording and analysis of bowel sounds using artificial intelligence is crucial for creating an accessible, inexpensive and safe device with a broad range of clinical applications. Microwave-based digital phonoenterography has huge potential for impacting GI practice and patient care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Antenna System in Medical Applications)
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