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Selected Papers from International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications ISETC 2022

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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 13755

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Prof. Dr. Florin Alexa

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Department of Communications, Politehnica University Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
Interests: audio and image processing; signal processing; antennas; radiocommunications; wireless sensor and actuator networks; audio and video compression
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Prof. Dr. Marius Otesteanu

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Guest Editor

Department of Communications, Politehnica University Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
Interests: communications; coding and compression for audio and video signals; pattern recognition and artificial vision; 2D and 3D image sensors
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Prof. Dr. Cătălin Căleanu

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Department of Communications, Politehnica University Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
Interests: deep learning; deep neural networks; computational intelligence; image processing; computer vision; Pattern Recognition; embedded systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Daniel-Ioan Curiac

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Guest Editor

Department of Automation and Applied Informatics, "Politehnica" University of Timisoara, V.Parvan no.2, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
Interests: artificial intelligence: approaches, tools and applications; adaptive control systems; chaotic systems; wireless sensor/actuator networks; cryptology and data security

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The 2022 International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications (ISETC 2022), 15th Edition will be held on 10–11 November 2022, in Timisoara, Romania (https://conference.etc.upt.ro/isetc2022/).

The International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications (ISETC) will bring together members from academia and industry to present their achievements in electronics and telecommunications. The conference is organized once every two years for the exchange of information on the progress of research and development in electronics and telecommunications.

Authors of selected high-quality papers that fit Sensors’ scope from the conference will be invited to submit extended versions of their original papers (50% extensions of contents of the conference paper). In addition to the ISETC 2022 papers, other independent submissions are also welcome. The subject of these contributions should be the same research topics as the ones in the conference:

Artificial intelligence and computer vision;
Instrumentation, sensors, measurement techniques and devices;
Industry 4.0 applications for smart manufacturing;
Electromagnetic compatibility, microwaves, antennas and propagation;
Blockchain technologies and the Internet of Things;
Smart grid and power electronics;
Signal analysis, transform, reconstruction and compressive sensing;
Speech and audio signal processing;
RADAR, video and 3D signal processing;
Network security;
Network and service management, and software-defined networks;
Data science and artificial intelligence for communications;
3G, 4G and 5G communication networks.

Prof. Dr. Florin Alexa
Prof. Dr. Marius Otesteanu
Prof. Dr. Cătălin Căleanu
Prof. Dr. Daniel-Ioan Curiac
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 4612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Buck Converter with Cubic Static Conversion Ratio

by Delia-Anca Botila, Ioana-Monica Pop-Calimanu and Dan Lascu

Sensors 2024, 24(2), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020696 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 618

Abstract

The paper introduces a step-down converter that exhibits a static conversion ratio of cubic nature, providing an output voltage which is much closer to the input voltage, and at the same duty cycle, compared to a wide class of one-transistor buck-type topologies. Although the proposed topology contains many components, its control is still simple, as it employs only one transistor. A dc analysis is performed, the semiconductor stresses are derived in terms of input and output voltages and output power, revealing that the semiconductor voltage stresses remain acceptable and anyway lower than in other cubic buck topology. All detailed design equations are provided. The state-space approach is used to analyze the converter in the presence of conduction losses and a procedure for calculating the individual power dissipation is provided. The feasibility of the proposed cubic buck topology is first validated by computer simulation and finally confirmed by an experimental 12 V–10 W prototype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications ISETC 2022)

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18 pages, 9644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fourth-Order Quadratic Buck Converter Controller Design

by Gabriela-Madalina Pop, Ioana-Monica Pop-Calimanu and Dan Lascu

Sensors 2024, 24(2), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020557 - 16 Jan 2024

Viewed by 604

Abstract

This paper aims to outline the process of dimensioning a controller tailored for a fourth-order step-down converter. In order to conduct a thorough small-signal analysis, it is imperative to find the state–space model in matrices form. Given its fourth-order nature, the control-to-output transfer function also aligns with this order, although its degree is ultimately reduced to a second-order using the tfest function. It is remarkable that the design of the type III error amplifier assumes a central position in the overall controller design process. The theoretical analysis was then subjected to rigorous validation via simulation, with particular attention paid to the step response in both input voltage and output resistance. This study developed from the desire to validate the efficacy of reducing the control-to-output transfer function degree using the tfest function, aiming to highlight a fourth-order converter to which controller design theory can be applied, related to that for a second-order converter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications ISETC 2022)

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17 pages, 2732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Induced Wettability Switch in Thin Films of Conductive Polymer Coatings Exhibiting Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Interactions

by Daniela Ionescu and Maria Kovaci

Sensors 2023, 23(15), 6867; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156867 - 02 Aug 2023

Viewed by 716

Abstract

The hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of some conductive polymer (CP) coatings can be switched in the function of the working conditions of these adaptive materials. We studied the influence of electrical stimuli and intrinsic physical characteristics (nature of the polymerizable core, dopants, the droplet dimension and physical properties, surface roughness, etc.) on the CP wettability. A simulation strategy was developed for determining the contact angle (CA) of a liquid droplet on a CP layer with roughness. The method was tested for new reported CP composites, but with new dopants. The results indicate that the influences on the material wettability are correlated, and in practice, modification of more than one parameter converges to a wanted behavior of the material. E.g., the CP porous film of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) + [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyricacid-methyl-ester (PCBM) changes its wettability at voltages of up to 26 V, but if doping ions are inserted and the roughness geometry is modified, the voltage decreases twice. Our multi-parametrical study points out that the polymer wettability type is driven by the voltage, but this effect is tuned differently by each internal parameter. The thin films’ effect and the dopants (in-situ and ex-situ) significantly decrease the actuation voltage. We also illustrated that the wettability type does not change for specific sets of parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications ISETC 2022)

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22 pages, 4214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contributions to Unsupervised Online Misalignment Detection and Bumper Error Compensation for Automotive Radar

by Alexandru Bobaru, Corina Nafornita, George Copacean, Vladimir Cristian Vesa and Michael Skutek

Sensors 2023, 23(15), 6785; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156785 - 29 Jul 2023

Viewed by 974

Abstract

One of the fundamental sensors utilized in the Advanced Driver Assist System (ADAS) is the radar sensor. Automotive-related functions need highly precise detection and range of traffic and surroundings; otherwise, the whole ADAS performance suffers. The radar placement beneath a bumper or a cover, the age or exposure to accidents or vehicle vibration, vehicle integration, and mounting tolerances will impact the angular performance of the radar sensor. In this research, we present an unsupervised online method for elevation mounting angle error compensation and a method for bumper and environmental error compensation in the azimuth direction. The proposed methods need no specific calibration jig and may be used to replace traditional initial calibration methods; they also enable ongoing calibration throughout the sensor’s lifespan. A first proposed standalone method for vertical alignment uses stationary radar targets reflected from the environment to calculate a vertical misalignment angle with a line-fitting algorithm. The vertical mounting error compensation approach delivers two types of correction values: a dynamic value that converges quickly in the case of minor accidents and a more stable correction value that converges slowly but offers a long-term compensation value over the sensor’s lifespan. A second proposed solution uses the vehicle velocity and radar targets properties, like relative velocity and measured azimuth angle, to calculate an individual azimuth correction curve. Real-world data collected from drive testing with a 77 GHz series automobile radar was used to analyze the performance of the proposed methods, yielding encouraging results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications ISETC 2022)

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17 pages, 1987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Real-Time Streaming System for Customized Network Traffic Capture

by Adrian-Tiberiu Costin, Daniel Zinca and Virgil Dobrota

Sensors 2023, 23(14), 6467; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146467 - 17 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1275

Abstract

Logging network traffic offers valuable insights into data flow, enabling the proactive analysis and troubleshooting of issues as they arise. Moreover, it provides a means to access and examine the exchanged information among network users that would otherwise be inaccessible. To enhance network traffic analysis, the integration of innovative technologies that facilitate real-time querying and pattern matching proves indispensable. This research paper presents a system that exemplifies such advancements—an innovative network traffic logging tool. The tool specifically focuses on performing real-time network packet transfer to Apache Kafka and ksqlDB, leveraging their capabilities to ensure swift and dependable storage of network packets in Apache Kafka topics. By showcasing this solution, the paper demonstrates the benefits and effectiveness of employing modern technologies for network traffic analysis and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications ISETC 2022)

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12 pages, 320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decision Levels and Resolution for Low-Power Winner-Take-All Circuit

by Ruxandra L. Costea

Sensors 2023, 23(14), 6247; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146247 - 08 Jul 2023

Viewed by 702

Abstract

Sensors in many applications must select the largest element in a sequence of currents. This can be performed in an analog way by the Winner-Take-All (WTA) circuit. This paper considers the classic version of the WTA Lazzaro circuit, working with MOS devices in a subthreshold regime. Since the separation of the gainer by analytically computable “decision levels” has recently been introduced, this paper aims to numerically verify and discuss these levels and their dependence on circuit and device parameters. For

V_{T}

, the threshold voltage of MOS devices, which is primarily responsible for differences between components (mismatch), its relationship with the output voltages is theoretically demonstrated and numerically checked. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications ISETC 2022)

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12 pages, 1170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Systolic Array Algorithms and VLSI Architectures for 1-D MDST

by Doru Florin Chiper and Arcadie Cracan

Sensors 2023, 23(13), 6220; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136220 - 07 Jul 2023

Viewed by 865

Abstract

In this paper, we present two systolic array algorithms for efficient Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) implementations of the 1-D Modified Discrete Sine Transform (MDST) using the systolic array architectural paradigm. The new algorithms decompose the computation of the MDST into modular and regular computational structures called pseudo-circular correlation and pseudo-cycle convolution. The two computational structures for pseudo-circular correlation and pseudo-cycle convolution both have the same form. This feature can be exploited to significantly reduce the hardware complexity since the two computational structures can be computed on the same linear systolic array. Moreover, the second algorithm can be used to further reduce the hardware complexity by replacing the general multipliers from the first one with multipliers with a constant that have a significantly reduced complexity. The resulting VLSI architectures have all the advantages of a cycle convolution and circular correlation based systolic implementations, such as high-speed using concurrency, an efficient use of the VLSI technology due to its local and regular interconnection topology, and low I/O cost. Moreover, in both architectures, a cost-effective application of an obfuscation technique can be achieved with low overheads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications ISETC 2022)

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19 pages, 9044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Congestion Analysis of Transport Layer in a Multicell 5G DL Communication System

by Cristina Maria Andras, Gordana Barb, Florin Alexa and Cornel Balint

Sensors 2023, 23(13), 6111; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136111 - 03 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1377

Abstract

The fifth generation (5G) marks an important advance in mobile network capabilities. When it comes to high data rates, capacity, spectrum efficiency, and availability, 5G mobile broadband goes above and beyond what was previously possible with standard mobile broadband. The construction of 5G networks is still in the planning stages. These 5G networks will create intelligent networked communication environments by connecting people, things, data, applications, and transport networks. Mobile networks have made it possible for customers’ mobile devices (such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and so on) to connect to the internet. A variety of distinct protocols will be required to take into consideration the various aspects that 5G possess. One of these is the transport protocol, which is intended to deliver extremely high data transfer rates up to 400 Gbps. The transmission control protocol (TCP) is one of the numerous protocols that are necessary for supporting 5G’s many capabilities. Our work focuses on the detection and analysis, on the downlink (DL) side, of the congestion of the transport layer in single- and multicell environments. For the purpose of the analysis, the following metrics were analyzed: physical resource blocks (PRBs), user throughput, cell throughput, cell edge user throughput, and delay. The work emphasizes the activation of the TCP slow-start algorithm using file transfer protocol (FTP) model two according to 3GPP standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications ISETC 2022)

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29 pages, 8044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Network Slicing with SDN and Heuristic Algorithm for Low Latency Services in 5G/B5G Networks

by Robert Botez, Andres-Gabriel Pasca, Alin-Tudor Sferle, Iustin-Alexandru Ivanciu and Virgil Dobrota

Sensors 2023, 23(13), 6053; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23136053 - 30 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2219

Abstract

This paper presents a novel approach for network slicing in 5G backhaul networks, targeting services with low or very low latency requirements. We propose a modified A* algorithm that incorporates network quality of service parameters into a composite metric. The algorithm’s efficiency outperforms that of Dijkstra’s algorithm using a precalculated heuristic function and a real-time monitoring strategy for congestion management. We integrate the algorithm into an SDN module called a path computation element, which computes the optimal path for the network slices. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces processing time compared to Dijkstra’s algorithm, particularly in complex topologies, with an order of magnitude improvement. The algorithm successfully adjusts paths in real-time to meet low latency requirements, preventing packet delay from exceeding the established threshold. The end-to-end measurements using the Speedtest client validate the algorithm’s performance in differentiating traffic with and without delay requirements. These results demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in achieving ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) in 5G backhaul networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications ISETC 2022)

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28 pages, 5923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automation and Optimization of Rat Heart Decellularization Using a Vibrating Fluid Column

by Dumitru-Daniel Bonciog, Mihaela-Ruxandra Lascu, Liliana Mâțiu-Iovan and Valentin Laurențiu Ordodi

Sensors 2023, 23(8), 4045; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084045 - 17 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1164

Abstract

This paper presents the validation of a software application to optimize the discoloration process in simulated hearts and to automate and determine the final moment of decellularization in rat hearts using a vibrating fluid column. The implemented algorithm specifically for the automated verification of a simulated heart’s discoloration process was optimized in this study. Initially, we used a latex balloon containing enough dye to reach the opacity of a heart. The complete discoloration process corresponds to complete decellularization. The developed software automatically detects the complete discoloration of a simulated heart. Finally, the process stops automatically. Another goal was to optimize the Langendorff-type experimental apparatus, which is pressure-controlled and equipped with a vibrating fluid column that shortens the decellularization time by mechanically acting directly on cell membranes. Control experiments were performed with the designed experimental device and the vibrating liquid column using different decellularization protocols for hearts taken from rats. In this work, we used a commonly utilized solution based on sodium dodecyl sulfate. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry was used to measure the evolution of the dye concentration in the simulated hearts and, similarly, to determine the concentrations of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins in the rat hearts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications ISETC 2022)

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14 pages, 2073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Core Time-Triggered OCBP-Based Scheduling for Mixed Criticality Periodic Task Systems

by Marian D. Baciu, Eugenia A. Capota, Cristina S. Stângaciu, Daniel-Ioan Curiac and Mihai V. Micea

Sensors 2023, 23(4), 1960; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041960 - 09 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1214

Abstract

Mixed criticality systems are one of the relatively new directions of development for the classical real-time systems. As the real-time embedded systems become more and more complex, incorporating different tasks with different criticality levels, the continuous development of mixed criticality systems is only natural. These systems have practically entered every field where embedded systems are present: avionics, automotive, medical systems, wearable devices, home automation, industry and even the Internet of Things. While scheduling techniques have already been proposed in the literature for different types of mixed criticality systems, the number of papers addressing multiprocessor platforms running in a time-triggered mixed criticality environment is relatively low. These algorithms are easier to certify due to their complete determinism and isolation between components of different criticalities. Our research has centered on the problem of real-time scheduling on multiprocessor platforms for periodic tasks in a time-triggered mixed criticality environment. A partitioned, non-preemptive, table-driven scheduling algorithm was proposed, called Partitioned Time-Triggered Own Criticality Based Priority, based on a uniprocessor mixed criticality method. Furthermore, an analysis of the scheduling algorithm is provided in terms of success ratio by comparing it against an event-driven and a time-triggered method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications ISETC 2022)

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