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Polymers
Special Issues
Polymer Composites Used in the 3D Printing Process
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Polymer Composites Used in the 3D Printing Process

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Processing and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2022) | Viewed by 10927

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Mariusz Oleksy

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Polymer Composites, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Interests: epoxy and resin related materials: processing, properties and applications
Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Budzik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautic, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
Interests: additively manufactured polymers; additive manufacturing; rapid prototyping; aeronautical gears
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Paweł Turek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Interests: additive manufacturing; polymer material; quality control; medical models; computer measurement systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Today, 3D printing technology is one of the most rapidly developing methods for the manufacture of the most geometrically complex models. Manufacturing a model with 3D printing techniques adds materials layer by layer, thus gradually forming the desired shape. Considering the printing of objects, especially for their use in industrial applications, we have entered the sphere of the need to obtain specific physical properties of printed objects. Most often, they include resistance to high temperature, water, and various chemicals. In addition, it is necessary to ensure adequate strength while maintaining a low weight of the element. In this case, composite materials, consisting of a base material acting as a binder and a certain amount of admixture of additional material, come in handy.

The subject of this Special Issue is the possibility of using polymer composites in additive manufacturing technologies. The theoretical basics of composite processing, as well as their practical applications, will be discussed. It will be essential to present research on the use of polymer composites to produce full-value products and components for the electromechanical, automotive, medical, energy, aviation, space, and defense industries.

Prof. Dr. Mariusz Oleksy
Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Budzik
Dr. Paweł Turek
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • 3D printing
  • polymer composites
  • design methods
  • quality control, experimental methods
  • numerical studies
  • computer measurement systems
  • polymer chemistry and physic
  • static and dynamic mechanical properties
  • functional materials

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 3599 KiB  
Article
The Role of Molar Mass in Achieving Isotropy and Inter-Layer Strength in Mat-Ex Printed Polylactic Acid
by Andrea Costanzo, Alice Poggi, Stan Looijmans, Deepak Venkatraman, Dan Sawyer, Ljiljana Puskar, Claire Mcllroy and Dario Cavallo
Polymers 2022, 14(14), 2792; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142792 - 8 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1546
Abstract
There has been extensive research in the field of material-extrusion (Mat-Ex) 3D printing to improve the inter-layer bonding process. Much research focusses on how various printing conditions may be detrimental to weld strength; many different feedstocks have been investigated along with various additives [...] Read more.
There has been extensive research in the field of material-extrusion (Mat-Ex) 3D printing to improve the inter-layer bonding process. Much research focusses on how various printing conditions may be detrimental to weld strength; many different feedstocks have been investigated along with various additives to improve strength. Surprisingly, there has been little attention directed toward how fundamental molecular properties of the feedstock, in particular the average molar mass of the polymer, may contribute to microstructure of the weld. Here we showed that weld strength increases with decreasing average molar mass, contrary to common observations in specimens processed in more traditional ways, e.g., by compression molding. Using a combination of synchrotron infra-red polarisation modulation microspectroscopy measurements and continuum modelling, we demonstrated how residual molecular anisotropy in the weld region leads to poor strength and how it can be eradicated by decreasing the relaxation time of the polymer. This is achieved more effectively by reducing the molar mass than by the usual approach of attempting to govern the temperature in this hard to control non-isothermal process. Thus, we propose that molar mass of the polymer feedstock should be considered as a key control parameter for achieving high weld strength in Mat-Ex. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites Used in the 3D Printing Process)
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31 pages, 16416 KiB  
Article
Manufacturing Polymer Model of Anatomical Structures with Increased Accuracy Using CAx and AM Systems for Planning Orthopedic Procedures
by Paweł Turek, Damian Filip, Łukasz Przeszłowski, Artur Łazorko, Grzegorz Budzik, Sławomir Snela, Mariusz Oleksy, Jarosław Jabłoński, Jarosław Sęp, Katarzyna Bulanda, Sławomir Wolski and Andrzej Paszkiewicz
Polymers 2022, 14(11), 2236; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14112236 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1847
Abstract
Currently, medicine uses typical industrial structure techniques, including reverse engineering, data processing, 3D-CAD modeling, 3D printing, and coordinate measurement techniques. Taking this into account, one can notice the applications of procedures used in the aviation or automotive industries based on the structure of [...] Read more.
Currently, medicine uses typical industrial structure techniques, including reverse engineering, data processing, 3D-CAD modeling, 3D printing, and coordinate measurement techniques. Taking this into account, one can notice the applications of procedures used in the aviation or automotive industries based on the structure of Industry 4.0 in the planning of operations and the production of medical models with high geometric accuracy. The procedure presented in the publication shortens the processing time of tomographic data and increases the reconstruction accuracy within the hip and knee joints. The procedure allows for the partial removal of metallic artifacts from the diagnostic image. Additionally, numerical models of anatomical structures, implants, and bone cement were developed in more detail by averaging the values of local segmentation thresholds. Before the model manufacturing process, additional tests of the PLA material were conducted in terms of its strength and thermal properties. Their goal was to select the appropriate type of PLA material for manufacturing models of anatomical structures. The numerical models were divided into parts before being manufactured using the Fused Filament Fabrication technique. The use of the modifier made it possible to change the density, type of filling, number of counters, and the type of supporting structure. These treatments allowed us to reduce costs and production time and increase the accuracy of the printout. The accuracy of the manufactured model geometry was verified using the MCA-II measuring arm with the MMDx100 laser head and surface roughness using a 3D Talyscan 150 profilometer. Using the procedure, a decrease in geometric deviations and amplitude parameters of the surface roughness were noticed. The models based on the presented approach allowed for detailed and meticulous treatment planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites Used in the 3D Printing Process)
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18 pages, 3447 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Metrological Quality and Mechanical Properties of Models Manufactured with Photo-Curing PolyJet Matrix Technology for Medical Applications
by Tomasz Kozior, Jerzy Bochnia, Damian Gogolewski, Paweł Zmarzły, Mateusz Rudnik, Wiktor Szot, Paweł Szczygieł and Mateusz Musiałek
Polymers 2022, 14(3), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030408 - 20 Jan 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1941
Abstract
This paper presents the metrological quality and mechanical properties of models in the form of hook holders manufactured from MED610 polymer material using PolyJet Matrix (PJM) technology. Measurements in the dimensional and shape analysis were made using the optical method with a microscope. [...] Read more.
This paper presents the metrological quality and mechanical properties of models in the form of hook holders manufactured from MED610 polymer material using PolyJet Matrix (PJM) technology. Measurements in the dimensional and shape analysis were made using the optical method with a microscope. The mechanical test was estimated by static tensile testing of the fabricated parts. A comprehensive approach to both the analysis of test results based on standardized samples and real hook models makes the presented results of great scientific and engineering value and creates the possibility of practical use in the medical industry, which has not been so comprehensively presented in the currently published research papers. Analyzing the results of measurements of the geometrical characteristics of the elements, it can be concluded that the PolyJet Matrix 3D printing technology has demonstrated a high level of precision in manufacturing the prototype parts. The static tensile test of samples, taking into account the printing directions, showed a high anisotropy of mechanical properties. The results of both strength and simulation tests indicate that it is necessary to assume a relatively high safety factor, the value of which depends on the direction of printing, which, in the case of such a responsible medical application, is very important. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites Used in the 3D Printing Process)
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Review

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45 pages, 3130 KiB  
Review
Characterisation of Selected Materials in Medical Applications
by Kacper Kroczek, Paweł Turek, Damian Mazur, Jacek Szczygielski, Damian Filip, Robert Brodowski, Krzysztof Balawender, Łukasz Przeszłowski, Bogumił Lewandowski, Stanisław Orkisz, Artur Mazur, Grzegorz Budzik, Józef Cebulski and Mariusz Oleksy
Polymers 2022, 14(8), 1526; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14081526 - 9 Apr 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4920
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field of science that has developed very intensively in recent years. The first part of this review describes materials with medical and dental applications from the following groups: metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Both positive and negative sides [...] Read more.
Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field of science that has developed very intensively in recent years. The first part of this review describes materials with medical and dental applications from the following groups: metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Both positive and negative sides of their application are presented from the point of view of medical application and mechanical properties. A variety of techniques for the manufacture of biomedical components are presented in this review. The main focus of this work is on additive manufacturing and 3D printing, as these modern techniques have been evaluated to be the best methods for the manufacture of medical and dental devices. The second part presents devices for skull bone reconstruction. The materials from which they are made and the possibilities offered by 3D printing in this field are also described. The last part concerns dental transitional implants (scaffolds) for guided bone regeneration, focusing on polylactide–hydroxyapatite nanocomposite due to its unique properties. This section summarises the current knowledge of scaffolds, focusing on the material, mechanical and biological requirements, the effects of these devices on the human body, and their great potential for applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites Used in the 3D Printing Process)
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