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Polymers
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Main Applications of Plant, Fungal and Algal Polysaccharides: Current Vision...
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Main Applications of Plant, Fungal and Algal Polysaccharides: Current Vision and Future Horizon

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2020) | Viewed by 25082

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Cédric Delattre

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
2. Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Interests: biomaterials; polymers; polysaccharides; nanomaterials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Paolina Lukova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Interests: medicinal plants; pharmacognosy; phytochemistry; plant polysaccharides and oligosaccharides; prebiotics; enzymology
Prof. Dr. Pascal Dubessay

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Interests: biocatalyst; biopolymers; enzymology; parasitology; cell biology; molecular biology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is focused especially on the current state-of-the-art of polysaccharides and derivatives from numerous biotopes such as plants, algae (macro and microalgae) and fungi for biological applications. The applications of polysaccharides is very extensive in the food, pharmaceutical, medical, and agricultural fields. In fact, for many decades, numerous studies have been made all over the world in order to extract and characterize potential bioactive polysaccharides. Consequently, the main scope of this Special Issue is to provide an overview of the extraction, chemical characterization and biological applications of the most important plant, algal and fungal polysaccharides and derivatives such as oligosaccharides and low molecular weight fractions, and related enzymes.

Prof. Cédric Delattre
Prof. Paolina Lukova
Prof. Pascal Dubessay
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Polysaccharides
  • Oligosaccharides
  • Glyco-materials
  • Biomaterials
  • Prebiotics applications
  • Pharmaceutical applications
  • Medical applications
  • Pectin
  • Chitosan
  • Alginate

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 1892 KiB  
Article
Metabolic Profiling of Xylooligosaccharides by Lactobacilli
by Ilia Iliev, Tonka Vasileva, Veselin Bivolarski, Albena Momchilova and Iskra Ivanova
Polymers 2020, 12(10), 2387; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102387 - 16 Oct 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2993
Abstract
Three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus sakei isolated from meat products were tested for their ability to utilize and grow on xylooligosaccharides (XOSs). The extent of carbohydrate utilization by the studied strains was [...] Read more.
Three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus sakei isolated from meat products were tested for their ability to utilize and grow on xylooligosaccharides (XOSs). The extent of carbohydrate utilization by the studied strains was analyzed by HPLC. All three strains showed preferences for the degree of polymerization (DP). The added oligosaccharides induced the LAB to form end-products of typical mixed-acid fermentation. The utilization of XOSs by the microorganisms requires the action of three important enzymes: β-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) exo-oligoxylanase (EC 3.2.1.156) and α-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55). The presence of intracellular β-D-xylosidase in Lb. brevis, Lb. plantarum, and Lb. sakei suggest that XOSs might be the first imported into the cell by oligosaccharide transporters, followed by their degradation to xylose. The studies on the influence of XOS intake on the lipids of rat liver plasma membranes showed that oligosaccharides display various beneficial effects for the host organism, which are probably specific for each type of prebiotic used. The utilization of different types of oligosaccharides may help to explain the ability of Lactobacillus strains to compete with other bacteria in the ecosystem of the human gastrointestinal tract. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Main Applications of Plant, Fungal and Algal Polysaccharides: Current Vision and Future Horizon)
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13 pages, 1476 KiB  
Article
Innovation in Tigernut (Cyperus Esculentus L.) Milk Production: In Situ Hydrolysis of Starch
by Djomdi, Bakari Hamadou, Olivier Gibert, Thierry Tran, Cedric Delattre, Guillaume Pierre, Philippe Michaud, Richard Ejoh and Robert Ndjouenkeu
Polymers 2020, 12(6), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061404 - 23 Jun 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3925
Abstract
Tigernut tubers (Cyperus esculentus) are used for the production of vegetable milk, commonly known as “Horchata de chufa” in Spain. The presence of starch in the tuber limits the yield of the milk, since this carbohydrate gelatinizes during the pasteurization of [...] Read more.
Tigernut tubers (Cyperus esculentus) are used for the production of vegetable milk, commonly known as “Horchata de chufa” in Spain. The presence of starch in the tuber limits the yield of the milk, since this carbohydrate gelatinizes during the pasteurization of the milk and leads to the considerable solidification of this drink. The present work aims to improve the yields and extraction practice of the milk by an in situ hydrolysis of starch, using exogenous amylases of industrial or vegetable origin. The obtained results show that sprouting improves the extraction yields of tigernut milk, which goes from 50% to about 70%. This improvement in milk yield corresponds to a hydrolysis of about 35% of the starch in the tuber. The use of exogenous amylases leads to starch hydrolysis rates of 45% and 70%, respectively, for amylolytic extracts from sprouted tigernut tubers and amylase, with the corollary of a natural increase in the sweetness of milk. This technical approach makes it possible to produce a naturally sweetened tigernut milk which easily lends itself to pasteurization without a significant increase in viscosity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Main Applications of Plant, Fungal and Algal Polysaccharides: Current Vision and Future Horizon)
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11 pages, 1728 KiB  
Article
Bacterial Natural Disaccharide (Trehalose Tetraester): Molecular Modeling and in Vitro Study of Anticancer Activity on Breast Cancer Cells
by Biliana Nikolova, Georgi Antov, Severina Semkova, Iana Tsoneva, Nelly Christova, Lilyana Nacheva, Proletina Kardaleva, Silvia Angelova, Ivanka Stoineva, Juliana Ivanova, Ivanina Vasileva and Lyudmila Kabaivanova
Polymers 2020, 12(2), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12020499 - 24 Feb 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2987
Abstract
Isolation and characterization of new biologically active substances affecting cancer cells is an important issue of fundamental research in biomedicine. Trehalose lipid was isolated from Rhodococcus wratislaviensis strain and purified by liquid chromatography. The effect of trehalose lipid on cell viability and migration, [...] Read more.
Isolation and characterization of new biologically active substances affecting cancer cells is an important issue of fundamental research in biomedicine. Trehalose lipid was isolated from Rhodococcus wratislaviensis strain and purified by liquid chromatography. The effect of trehalose lipid on cell viability and migration, together with colony forming assays, were performed on two breast cancer (MCF7—low metastatic; MDA-MB231—high metastatic) and one “normal” (MCF10A) cell lines. Molecular modeling that details the structure of the neutral and anionic form (more stable at physiological pH) of the tetraester was carried out. The tentative sizes of the hydrophilic (7.5 Å) and hydrophobic (12.5 Å) portions of the molecule were also determined. Thus, the used trehalose lipid is supposed to interact as a single molecule. The changes in morphology, adhesion, viability, migration, and the possibility of forming colonies in cancer cell lines induced after treatment with trehalose lipid were found to be dose and time dependent. Based on the theoretical calculations, a possible mechanism of action and membrane asymmetry between outer and inner monolayers of the bilayer resulting in endosome formation were suggested. Initial data suggest a mechanism of antitumor activity of the purified trehalose lipid and its potential for biomedical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Main Applications of Plant, Fungal and Algal Polysaccharides: Current Vision and Future Horizon)
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Review

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22 pages, 1356 KiB  
Review
Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Fucoidan: A Review
by Elisaveta Apostolova, Paolina Lukova, Alexandra Baldzhieva, Plamen Katsarov, Mariana Nikolova, Ilia Iliev, Lyudmil Peychev, Bogdan Trica, Florin Oancea, Cédric Delattre and Vesela Kokova
Polymers 2020, 12(10), 2338; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102338 - 13 Oct 2020
Cited by 134 | Viewed by 8450
Abstract
Inflammation is the initial response of the immune system to potentially harmful stimuli (e.g., injury, stress, and infections). The process involves activation of macrophages and neutrophils, which produce mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The pro-inflammatory [...] Read more.
Inflammation is the initial response of the immune system to potentially harmful stimuli (e.g., injury, stress, and infections). The process involves activation of macrophages and neutrophils, which produce mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are considered as biomarkers of inflammation. Even though it occurs as a physiological defense mechanism, its involvement in the pathogenesis of various diseases is reported. Rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and cardiovascular diseases are only a part of the diseases, in which pathogenesis the chronic inflammation is involved. Fucoidans are complex polysaccharides from brown seaweeds and some marine invertebrates, composed mainly of l-fucose and sulfate ester groups and minor amounts of neutral monosaccharides and uronic acids. Algae-derived fucoidans are studied intensively during the last years regarding their multiple biological activities and possible therapeutic potential. However, the source, species, molecular weight, composition, and structure of the polysaccharides, as well as the route of administration of fucoidans, could be crucial for their effects. Fucoidan is reported to act on different stages of the inflammatory process: (i) blocking of lymphocyte adhesion and invasion, (ii) inhibition of multiple enzymes, and (iii) induction of apoptosis. In this review, we focused on the immunemodulating and anti-inflammatory effects of fucoidans derived from macroalgae and the models used for their evaluation. Additional insights on the molecular structure of the compound are included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Main Applications of Plant, Fungal and Algal Polysaccharides: Current Vision and Future Horizon)
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17 pages, 535 KiB  
Review
Studies of Cellulose and Starch Utilization and the Regulatory Mechanisms of Related Enzymes in Fungi
by Bao-Teng Wang, Shuang Hu, Xing-Ye Yu, Long Jin, Yun-Jia Zhu and Feng-Jie Jin
Polymers 2020, 12(3), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030530 - 02 Mar 2020
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 5985
Abstract
Polysaccharides are biopolymers made up of a large number of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides are widely distributed in nature: Some, such as peptidoglycan and cellulose, are the components that make up the cell walls of bacteria and plants, and some, [...] Read more.
Polysaccharides are biopolymers made up of a large number of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides are widely distributed in nature: Some, such as peptidoglycan and cellulose, are the components that make up the cell walls of bacteria and plants, and some, such as starch and glycogen, are used as carbohydrate storage in plants and animals. Fungi exist in a variety of natural environments and can exploit a wide range of carbon sources. They play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle because of their ability to break down plant biomass, which is composed primarily of cell wall polysaccharides, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Fungi produce a variety of enzymes that in combination degrade cell wall polysaccharides into different monosaccharides. Starch, the main component of grain, is also a polysaccharide that can be broken down into monosaccharides by fungi. These monosaccharides can be used for energy or as precursors for the biosynthesis of biomolecules through a series of enzymatic reactions. Industrial fermentation by microbes has been widely used to produce traditional foods, beverages, and biofuels from starch and to a lesser extent plant biomass. This review focuses on the degradation and utilization of plant homopolysaccharides, cellulose and starch; summarizes the activities of the enzymes involved and the regulation of the induction of the enzymes in well-studied filamentous fungi. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Main Applications of Plant, Fungal and Algal Polysaccharides: Current Vision and Future Horizon)
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