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Polymers
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Piezoelectric Polymers, Composites and Materials for Modern Technologies
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Piezoelectric Polymers, Composites and Materials for Modern Technologies

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Processing and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 March 2021) | Viewed by 14361

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Halina Kaczmarek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
Interests: polymers; biopolymers and copolymers; polymer blends and (nano)composites; polymer characterization; polymer photochemistry; photopolymerization; biodegradable and bioactive polymers; thermal and photochemical degradation; piezoelectric polymers; biomedical; pharmaceutical and cosmetics application of polymers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jolanta Kowalonek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
Interests: polymers; polymer characterization; biopolymers; polymer blends; photochemistry; photochemistry of polymers; photooxidative degradation of polymers; polymer modifications; piezoelectric polymers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Piezoelectric polymers, classified as intelligent or smart materials, arouse ever increasing interest due to their unique properties, a characteristic desirable in modern and future technologies. Thanks to the possibility of producing permanent electric dipoles under the influence of mechanical forces, one can generate electrical impulses that can be used for the production of electronic devices, biomedical sensors, energy harvesters, pacemakers, blood pressure meters, etc. Piezoelectric polymers can successfully replace inorganic, ceramic piezoelectrics, which are usually fragile, inflexible, and often contain toxic heavy metals—factors that preclude them from medical applications. However, the polymers used as piezomaterials should have a specific structure that will ensure the accumulation of electric charges, which will make them competitive for existing piezomaterials.

Therefore, we invite you to present your own research related to novel piezoelectric polymers or composites, innovative methods of obtaining such polymer systems, their characterization, and descriptions of the correlation between the chemical structure and properties, which will elucidate their specific applications in practice. Work on polymers of natural origin exhibiting a piezoelectric effect is very important from an ecological point of view, as well as from anticipated medical applications, and will certainly attract readers.

The main purpose of this Special Issue of Polymers is to collect the latest and most promising achievements concerning the piezoelectric phenomenon, particularly those that can be induced in polymers with a proper chemical structure obtained by specific modifications and provide comprehensive knowledge on the subject.

We do not want to limit the issue only to piezoelectric polymers or composites. Works related to ferroelectric polymers or other new solutions in this field as well as reviews on this issue are also welcome.

Prof. Dr. Halina Kaczmarek
Prof. Dr. Jolanta Kowalonek
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • piezoelectric polymers
  • piezocomposites
  • voided charged polymers
  • piezoelectrets
  • ferroelectrets
  • natural piezoelectric materials
  • characterization of piezoelectric polymers
  • application of piezoelectric polymers
  • polymers for advanced technologies

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 4289 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Electromechanical Properties and Conversion Efficiency of Piezoelectric Nanocomposites with Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Electrodes for Stress Sensing and Energy Harvesting
by Yaonan Yu and Fumio Narita
Polymers 2021, 13(18), 3184; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183184 - 19 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2335
Abstract
Wireless sensor networks are the future development direction for realizing an Internet of Things society and have been applied in bridges, buildings, spacecraft, and other areas. Nevertheless, with application expansion, the requirements for material performance also increase. Although the development of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer [...] Read more.
Wireless sensor networks are the future development direction for realizing an Internet of Things society and have been applied in bridges, buildings, spacecraft, and other areas. Nevertheless, with application expansion, the requirements for material performance also increase. Although the development of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) to achieve these functions is challenging, it has attracted attention because of its excellent performance. This study combined the CFRP electrode with epoxy resin containing potassium sodium niobate piezoelectric nanoparticles and successfully polarized the composite sample. Furthermore, a three-point bending method was applied to compare the bending behavior of the samples. The peak output voltage produced by the maximum bending stress of 98.4 MPa was estimated to be 0.51 mV. Additionally, a conversion efficiency of 0.01546% was obtained. The results showed that the piezoelectric resin with CFRPs as the electrode exhibited stress self-inductance characteristics. This study is expected to be applied in manufacturing self-sensing piezoelectric resin/CFRP composite materials, paving the way for developing stable and efficient self-sensing structures and applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Polymers, Composites and Materials for Modern Technologies)
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12 pages, 15712 KiB  
Article
Effect of Stretching on Crystalline Structure, Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Solution-Cast Nylon-11 Films
by Jima Wu, Yuheng Fu, Guo-Hua Hu, Shan Wang and Chuanxi Xiong
Polymers 2021, 13(13), 2037; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132037 - 22 Jun 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2542
Abstract
Compared to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers, castor-oil-derived nylon-11 has been less explored over the past decades, despite its excellent piezoelectric properties at elevated temperatures. To utilize nylon-11 for future sensor or vibrational energy harvesting devices, it is important to control the [...] Read more.
Compared to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers, castor-oil-derived nylon-11 has been less explored over the past decades, despite its excellent piezoelectric properties at elevated temperatures. To utilize nylon-11 for future sensor or vibrational energy harvesting devices, it is important to control the formation of the electroactive δ′ crystal phase. In this work, nylon-11 films were first fabricated by solution-casting and were then uniaxially stretched at different stretching ratios (SR) and temperatures (Ts) to obtain a series of stretched films. The combination of two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffraction (2D-WAXD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques showed that the fraction of the δ′ crystal phase increased with the stretching ratio and acquired a maximum at a Ts of 80 °C. Further, it was found that the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the fabricated nylon-11 films could be correlated well with their crystalline structure. Consequently, the stretched nylon-11 film stretched at an SR of 300% and a Ts of 80 °C showed maximum remanent polarization and a remarkable piezoelectric coefficient of 7.2 pC/N. A simple piezoelectric device with such a nylon-11 film was made into a simple piezoelectric device, which could generate an output voltage of 1.5 V and a current of 11 nA, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Polymers, Composites and Materials for Modern Technologies)
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13 pages, 3488 KiB  
Article
Corona Charging of Isotactic-Polypropylene Composites
by Jolanta Kowalonek, Halina Kaczmarek, Bogusław Królikowski, Ewa Klimiec and Marta Chylińska
Polymers 2021, 13(6), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13060942 - 18 Mar 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2186
Abstract
A new approach to obtaining piezoelectric polymeric films based on the isotactic-polypropylene (i-PP) using corona discharge with the energy of 45 W·min/m2 was presented. Detailed analyses with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) led to the conclusion that the surface quality was the important [...] Read more.
A new approach to obtaining piezoelectric polymeric films based on the isotactic-polypropylene (i-PP) using corona discharge with the energy of 45 W·min/m2 was presented. Detailed analyses with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) led to the conclusion that the surface quality was the important factor influencing the possibility of charging the i-PP composites, which was necessary to induce the permanent piezoelectric effect. It has been found that the high surface smoothness of the polymer films contributed to improved piezoelectric properties without the need for an additional polymer modification such as orientation, foaming or doping with fillers. The values of the piezoelectric constant, d33, of the studied samples were compared to these values for the analogous systems polarized with a constant electric field of 100 V/μm. The milder conditions of the film polarization during the corona discharge process are sufficient to achieve the electrets in i-PP films. The simple and cheap method proposed can be profitable in obtaining flexible electrets in the form of thin films for the production of personal biomedical sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Polymers, Composites and Materials for Modern Technologies)
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15 pages, 4918 KiB  
Article
Cellular Polyolefin Composites as Piezoelectric Materials: Properties and Applications
by Ewa Klimiec, Halina Kaczmarek, Bogusław Królikowski and Grzegorz Kołaszczyński
Polymers 2020, 12(11), 2698; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112698 - 16 Nov 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2105
Abstract
Piezoelectric polymers characterized by flexibility are sought for applications in microelectronics, medicine, telecommunications, and everyday devices. The objective of this work was to obtain piezoelectric polymeric composites with a cellular structure and to evaluate their usefulness in practice. Composites based on polyolefins (isotactic-polypropylene [...] Read more.
Piezoelectric polymers characterized by flexibility are sought for applications in microelectronics, medicine, telecommunications, and everyday devices. The objective of this work was to obtain piezoelectric polymeric composites with a cellular structure and to evaluate their usefulness in practice. Composites based on polyolefins (isotactic-polypropylene and polyethylene) with the addition of aluminosilicate fillers were manufactured by extrusion, and then polarized in a constant electric field at 100 V/µm. The content of mineral fillers up to 10 wt% in the polymer matrix enhances its electric stability and mechanical strength. The value of the piezoelectric coefficient d33 attained ~150 pC/N in the range of lower stresses and ~80 pC/N in the range of higher stresses, i.e., at ~120 kPa. The materials exhibited high durability in time, therefore, they can be used as transducers of mechanical energy of the human motion into electric energy. It was demonstrated that one shoe insert generates an energy of 1.1 mJ after a person walks for 300 s. The miniaturized integrated circuits based on polyolefin composites may be applied for the power supply of portable electronics. Due to their high sensitivity, they can be recommended for measuring the blood pulse. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Polymers, Composites and Materials for Modern Technologies)
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15 pages, 7517 KiB  
Article
Laser Ablation-Assisted Synthesis of Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride)/Au Nanocomposites: Crystalline Phase and Micromechanical Finite Element Analysis
by Yasin Orooji, Babak Jaleh, Fatemeh Homayouni, Parisa Fakhri, Mohammad Kashfi, Mohammad Javad Torkamany and Ali Akbar Yousefi
Polymers 2020, 12(11), 2630; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112630 - 09 Nov 2020
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3597
Abstract
In this research, piezoelectric polymer nanocomposite films were produced through solution mixing of laser-synthesized Au nanoparticles in poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix. Synthetization of Au nanoparticles was carried out by laser ablation in N-methyle-2-pyrrolidene (NMP), and then it was added to PVDF: [...] Read more.
In this research, piezoelectric polymer nanocomposite films were produced through solution mixing of laser-synthesized Au nanoparticles in poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix. Synthetization of Au nanoparticles was carried out by laser ablation in N-methyle-2-pyrrolidene (NMP), and then it was added to PVDF: NMP solution with three different concentrations. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were carried out in order to study the crystalline structure of the nanocomposite films. Results revealed that a remakable change in crystalline polymorph of PVDF has occurred by embedding Au nanoparticles into the polymer matrix. The polar phase fraction was greatly improved by increasing the loading content of Au nanoparticle. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the nanocomposite films are more resistant to high temperature and thermal degradation. An increment in dielectric constant was noticed by increasing the concentration of Au nanoparticles through capacitance, inductance, and resistance (LCR) measurement. Moreover, the mechanical properties of nanocomposites were numerically anticipated by a finite element based micromechanical model. The results reveal an enhancement in both tensile and shear moduli. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Polymers, Composites and Materials for Modern Technologies)
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