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Polymers
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Durability of Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (FRP) Composites
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Durability of Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (FRP) Composites

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Processing and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 October 2022) | Viewed by 20301

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Milad Bazli

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Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
Interests: FRP; durability; FRP reinforced structures; thin-walled structures
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Saad Al-Saadi

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Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
Interests: electrochemistry; corrosion and coating; FRP degradation; 2D materials; thermodynamics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fiber-reinforced-polymers (FRPs) may deteriorate during processing and service life-span, particularly when subjected to different environmental conditions. Elevated temperatures, hydrothermal, alkaline, acidic, ultraviolet radiation, seawater, and freeze/thaw and wet/dry cycles are just some of these environmental conditions. 

In order to improve the technology and application of such advanced materials, their short-term and long-term durability under different loading and environmental conditions needs to be understood.

The studying of FRPs durability is therefore the major topic of this Special Issue.

The topics of this Special Issue include but are not limited to:

  • Short-term and long-term mechanical properties of FRP materials and structures;
  • Bond degradation between FRP and different substrates;
  • Physical and chemical properties of FRPs after exposure to harsh environments;
  • Durability enhancement methods, e.g., surface protections, characteristics improvement;
  • Microstructural properties of FRPs under different environmental conditions.

Original research papers as well as review articles are welcomed.

Dr. Milad Bazli
Dr. Saad Al-Saadi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP)
  • durability
  • degradation mechanisms
  • bond deterioration
  • environmental conditions
  • long-term performance
  • surface protection

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 5246 KiB  
Article
Connection Confinement of Bolted Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Bamboo Composite
by Joel Kennaway, Ali Rajabipour, Dongsheng Huang, Milad Bazli, Siyuan Tang, Junkai Wang, Hayden Zanker and Fangming Su
Polymers 2022, 14(10), 2051; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14102051 - 17 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1719
Abstract
Parallel strand bamboo is a composite material that demonstrates high strength and low variability compared to other timber materials. However, its use in bolted connections is limited by a tendency to fail in shear-out mode. One promising technique to prevent failure is the [...] Read more.
Parallel strand bamboo is a composite material that demonstrates high strength and low variability compared to other timber materials. However, its use in bolted connections is limited by a tendency to fail in shear-out mode. One promising technique to prevent failure is the method of confinement, whereby the composite connection is confined laterally, inducing a compressive force perpendicular to the composite fibres, which increases the shear strength in the loading process. This paper investigates the confinement method and its effect on parallel strand bamboo connections’ strength and failure mechanisms through experimental tests and ANSYS simulation methods. It was discovered that bolted connection confinement reduces the propensity of shear-out failure by counteracting shear stresses. A comparison of graphical results revealed that confinement increased the ultimate tensile capacity of parallel strand bamboo bolted connections by up to 26%. Confinement also improved the consistency of the connection’s mechanical properties throughout the loading process. These findings assist in refining and optimising practical applications of parallel strand bamboo connections by using the method of connection confinement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Durability of Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (FRP) Composites)
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15 pages, 10016 KiB  
Communication
Evaluation of the Effect of Granite Waste Powder by Varying the Molarity of Activator on the Mechanical Properties of Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag-Based Geopolymer Concrete
by Fatheali A. Shilar, Sharanabasava V. Ganachari, Veerabhadragouda B. Patil, Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar, Abdel-Haleem Abdel-Aty and I. S. Yahia
Polymers 2022, 14(2), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14020306 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2383
Abstract
Industrial waste such as Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Granite Waste Powder (GWP) is available in huge quantities in several states of India. These ingredients have no recognized application and are usually shed in landfills. This process and these materials are sources [...] Read more.
Industrial waste such as Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Granite Waste Powder (GWP) is available in huge quantities in several states of India. These ingredients have no recognized application and are usually shed in landfills. This process and these materials are sources of severe environmental pollution. This industrial waste has been utilized as a binder for geopolymers, which is our primary focus. This paper presents the investigation of the optimum percentage of granite waste powder as a binder, specifically, the effect of molar and alkaline to binder (A/B) ratio on the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete (GPC). Additionally, this study involves the use of admixture SP-340 for better performance of workability. Current work focuses on investigating the effect of a change in molarity that results in strength development in geopolymer concrete. The limits for the present work were: GGBS partially replaced by GWP up to 30%; molar ranging from 12 to 18 with the interval of 2 M; and A/B ratio of 0.30. For 16 M of GPC, a maximum slump was observed for GWP with 60 mm compared to other molar concentration. For 16 M of GPC, a maximum compressive strength (CS) was observed for GWP with 20%, of 33.95 MPa. For 16 M of GPC, a maximum STS was observed for GWP, with 20%, of 3.15 MPa. For 16 M of GPC, a maximum FS was observed for GWP, with 20%, of 4.79 MPa. Geopolymer concrete has better strength properties than conventional concrete. GPC is $13.70 costlier than conventional concrete per cubic meter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Durability of Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (FRP) Composites)
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13 pages, 4258 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Effect of Parameters on Fracture Toughness of Hemp Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites Using the ANOVA Method
by H. K. Madhusudhana, M. Prasanna Kumar, Arun Y. Patil, R. Keshavamurthy, T. M. Yunus Khan, Irfan Anjum Badruddin and Sarfaraz Kamangar
Polymers 2021, 13(17), 3013; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13173013 - 06 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2390
Abstract
In today’s world, global warming has become a concern. To overcome this, we need to reduce the carbon footprints caused by the production of materials. Much of the time, this is equivalent to the same amount of CO2 emissions per tonne of [...] Read more.
In today’s world, global warming has become a concern. To overcome this, we need to reduce the carbon footprints caused by the production of materials. Much of the time, this is equivalent to the same amount of CO2 emissions per tonne of production. This is a serious concern and needs to be overcome by identifying alternative materials to have as minimal a carbon footprint as possible. In this context, hemp fiber is by far the best natural fiber when compared to its peers. As per the survey conducted by the Nova institute, hemp has CO2 emissions of only 360 Kg/tonne, whereas jute has CO2 emissions of 550 Kg/tonne, kenaf 420 Kg/tonne, and flax 350 Kg/tonne. This paper presents an experimental study of the fracture toughness of hemp-reinforced hybrid composites (HRHC). The effect of the parameters on the fracture toughness behavior of HRHC is studied using the Taguchi technique. It uses different filler combinations with hemp fiber and epoxy. Hemp fiber is used as the reinforcement, epoxy resin is used as a matrix, and banana fiber, coconut shell powder, and sawdust are used as fillers. The experimental plan is prepared using an orthogonal array and analyzed using Minitab software. The obtained results were analyzed using ANOVA and main effects plots. It was observed that the fracture toughness increases with a decrease in thickness. The fracture toughness is affected by the fiber content in the range of 25%–35% and is also affected by the filler materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Durability of Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (FRP) Composites)
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21 pages, 8517 KiB  
Article
Design, Manufacturing and Test of CFRP Front Hood Concepts for a Light-Weight Vehicle
by Paul Bere, Mircea Dudescu, Călin Neamțu and Cătălin Cocian
Polymers 2021, 13(9), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091374 - 22 Apr 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4069
Abstract
Composite materials are very often used in the manufacture of lightweight parts in the automotive industry, manufacturing of cost-efficient elements implies proper technology combined with a structural optimization of the material structure. The paper presents the manufacturing process, experimental and numerical analyses of [...] Read more.
Composite materials are very often used in the manufacture of lightweight parts in the automotive industry, manufacturing of cost-efficient elements implies proper technology combined with a structural optimization of the material structure. The paper presents the manufacturing process, experimental and numerical analyses of the mechanical behavior for two composite hoods with different design concepts and material layouts as body components of a small electric vehicle. The first model follows the black metal design and the second one is based on the composite design concept. Manufacturing steps and full details regarding the fabrication process are delivered in the paper. Static stiffness and strain values for lateral, longitudinal and torsional loading cases were investigated. The first composite hood is 254 times lighter than a similar steel hood and the second hood concept is 22% lighter than the first one. The improvement in terms of lateral stiffness for composite hoods about a similar steel hood is for the black metal design concept about 80% and 157% for the hood with a sandwich structure and modified backside frame. Transversal stiffness is few times higher for both composite hoods while the torsional stiffness has an increase of 62% compared to a similar steel hood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Durability of Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (FRP) Composites)
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19 pages, 9221 KiB  
Article
A Novel and Highly Effective Natural Vibration Modal Analysis to Predict Nominal Strength of Open Hole Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Structure
by Mohammed Y. Abdellah, Mohamed K. Hassan, Ahmed F. Mohamed and Khalil Abdelrazek Khalil
Polymers 2021, 13(8), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081251 - 12 Apr 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2058
Abstract
Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite laminates are considered the key material in many industries such as the infrastructure industries and the aerospace sector, and in building structures due to their superior specific strength and lightweight properties. The prediction of specimens’ nominal strength [...] Read more.
Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite laminates are considered the key material in many industries such as the infrastructure industries and the aerospace sector, and in building structures due to their superior specific strength and lightweight properties. The prediction of specimens’ nominal strength with open holes is still an attractive and questionable field of study. The specimen size effect is referred to its strength degradation due to the presence of holes when specimen geometry gets scaled. The non-destructive test used to measure the nominal strength of such material is a great tool for fast selection purposes, but not secure enough for several purposes. Furthermore, the destructive tests which are more expensive and time-consuming should be avoided in such structures. The present work aims to predict the nominal strength of open-hole GFRP’s composite using modal analysis of their natural frequency as non-destructive tests. At this end, the natural frequency, which is measured using modal analysis procedures, is combined with both linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and the theory of elasticity to predict the nominal strength of open-hole composite laminates. This advanced model employs two parameters of surface release energy resulting from a simple tension test and Young’s modulus based on vibration modal analysis. It is well established that these types of materials are also subjected to a size effect in dynamic response. Inversely to the known static loading size effect, the size effect in dynamic response increases with specimen size. The novel model gives excellent and acceptable results when compared with experimental and finite element ones. Size effects curves of a nominal strength of these laminates have a very close relative value with those obtained from finite element and analytical modeling. Moreover, the received design tables and graphs would be highly applicable when selecting suitable materials for similar industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Durability of Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (FRP) Composites)
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Review

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28 pages, 2372 KiB  
Review
Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Reinforced Concrete Members under Elevated Temperatures: A Review on Structural Performance
by Fariborz Sharifianjazi, Parham Zeydi, Milad Bazli, Amirhossein Esmaeilkhanian, Roozbeh Rahmani, Leila Bazli and Samad Khaksar
Polymers 2022, 14(3), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030472 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 6049
Abstract
Several experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to address the structural performance of FRP-reinforced/strengthened concrete structures under and after exposure to elevated temperatures. The present paper reviews over 100 research studies focused on the structural responses of different FRP-reinforced/strengthened concrete structures after [...] Read more.
Several experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to address the structural performance of FRP-reinforced/strengthened concrete structures under and after exposure to elevated temperatures. The present paper reviews over 100 research studies focused on the structural responses of different FRP-reinforced/strengthened concrete structures after exposure to elevated temperatures, ranging from ambient temperatures to flame. Different structural systems were considered, including FRP laminate bonded to concrete, FRP-reinforced concrete, FRP-wrapped concrete, and concrete-filled FRP tubes. According to the reported data, it is generally accepted that, in the case of insignificant resin in the post curing process, as the temperature increases, the ultimate strength, bond strength, and structure stiffness reduce, especially when the glass transition temperature Tg of the resin is approached and exceeded. However, in the case of post curing, resin appears to preserve its mechanical properties at high temperatures, which results in the appropriate structural performance of FRP-reinforced/strengthened members at high temperatures that are below the resin decomposition temperature Td. Given the research gaps, recommendations for future studies have been presented. The discussions, findings, and comparisons presented in this review paper will help designers and researchers to better understand the performance of concrete structures that are reinforced/strengthened with FRPs under elevated temperatures and consider appropriate approaches when designing such structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Durability of Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (FRP) Composites)
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