Polymers

Research

Jump to: Review

9 pages, 2126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chiral Porous Carbon Surfaces for Enantiospecific Synthesis

by Sapir Shekef Aloni, Molhm Nassir and Yitzhak Mastai

Polymers 2022, 14(14), 2765; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142765 - 6 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1458

Abstract

Chiral surfaces, developed in the last decade, serve as media for enantioselective chemical reactions. Until today, they have been based mostly on developments in silica templating, and are made mainly from imprints of silicate materials developed a long time ago. Here, a chiral [...] Read more.

Chiral surfaces, developed in the last decade, serve as media for enantioselective chemical reactions. Until today, they have been based mostly on developments in silica templating, and are made mainly from imprints of silicate materials developed a long time ago. Here, a chiral porous activated carbon surface was developed based on a chiral ionic liquid, and the surface chemistry and pore structure were studied to lay a new course of action in the field. The enantioselectivities of surfaces are examined by using variety of methods such as circular dichroism, linear sweep voltammetry and catalysis. These techniques revealed a 28.1% preference for the D enantiomer of the amino acid proline, and linear sweep voltammetry confirmed chirality recognition by another probe. An aldol surface chiral catalytic reaction was devised and allowed to determine the root of the enantiomeric excess. These results affirm the path toward a new type of chiral surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Ionic Liquids in Colloid and Polymer Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Properties of Betaine-1,2-Propanediol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents

by Qicheng Chen, Nan He, Jing Fan and Fenhong Song

Polymers 2022, 14(9), 1783; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091783 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2677

Abstract

Due to their splendid advantages, deep eutectic solvents have attracted high attention and are considered as analogues of ionic liquids. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are homogeneous mixtures formed by two or three green and cheap components through hydrogen bond, which is divided into [...] Read more.

Due to their splendid advantages, deep eutectic solvents have attracted high attention and are considered as analogues of ionic liquids. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are homogeneous mixtures formed by two or three green and cheap components through hydrogen bond, which is divided into hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and hydrogen bond donors (HBD). Recently, Betaine has been widely used as a hydrogen bond acceptor. In this work, four DESs were synthesized by blending betaine as HBA and 1,2-propanediol as HBD in four molar ratios (1:3.5, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6). Then, the physical properties of these DESs were measured. The density values were measured within the temperature range (293.15 K to 363.15 K) at atmospheric pressure, whereas the surface tension and viscosity data were determined in four and seven temperatures between 293.15 K and 353.15 K. The relationship between the density and surface tension with temperature have been analyzed and have been fitted as a linear function. The commonly used Arrhenius model was used to describe the dependence between viscosity and temperature. The results of this study are important not only for the DESs’ industrial applications but also for the research on their synthesis mechanism and microstructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Ionic Liquids in Colloid and Polymer Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pure Chitosan-Based Fibers Manufactured by a Wet Spinning Lab-Scale Process Using Ionic Liquids

by Irina Kuznik, Iris Kruppke and Chokri Cherif

Polymers 2022, 14(3), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030477 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3603

Abstract

Ionic liquids offer alternative methods for the sustainable processing of natural biopolymers like chitosan. The ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BmimOAc) was successfully used for manufacturing of pure chitosan-based monofilaments by a wet spinning process at lab-scale. Commercial chitosan with 90% deacetylation degree was [...] Read more.

Ionic liquids offer alternative methods for the sustainable processing of natural biopolymers like chitosan. The ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BmimOAc) was successfully used for manufacturing of pure chitosan-based monofilaments by a wet spinning process at lab-scale. Commercial chitosan with 90% deacetylation degree was used for the preparation of spinning dopes with solids content of 4–8 wt.%. Rheology tests were carried out for the characterization of the viscometric properties. BmimOAc was used as a solvent and deionized water as coagulation and washing medium. Optical (scanning electron microscope (SEM), light microscope) and textile physical tests were used for the evaluation of the morphological and mechanical characteristics. The manufactured chitosan monofilaments a homogeneous structure with a diameter of ~150 μm and ~30 tex yarn count. The mechanical tests show tensile strengths of 8 cN/tex at Young’s modulus up to 4.5 GPa. This work represents a principal study for the manufacturing of pure chitosan fibers from ionic liquids and provides basic knowledge for the development of a wet spinning process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Ionic Liquids in Colloid and Polymer Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 7737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dissolution of Silk Fibroin in Mixtures of Ionic Liquids and Dimethyl Sulfoxide: On the Relative Importance of Temperature and Binary Solvent Composition

by Omar A. El Seoud, Marc Kostag, Shirley Possidonio, Marcella T. Dignani, Paulo A. R. Pires and Matheus C. Lourenço

Polymers 2022, 14(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14010013 - 21 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3200

Abstract

We studied the dependence of dissolution of silk fibroin (SF) in mixtures of DMSO with ionic liquids (ILs) on the temperature (T = 40 to 80 °C) and DMSO mole fraction (χ_DMSO = 0.5 to 0.9). The ILs included BuMeImAcO, [...] Read more.

We studied the dependence of dissolution of silk fibroin (SF) in mixtures of DMSO with ionic liquids (ILs) on the temperature (T = 40 to 80 °C) and DMSO mole fraction (χ_DMSO = 0.5 to 0.9). The ILs included BuMeImAcO, C₃OMeImAcO, AlBzMe₂NAcO, and Bu₄NAcO; see the names and structures below. We used design of experiments (DOE) to determine the dependence of mass fraction of dissolved SF (SF-m%) on T and χ_DMSO. We successfully employed a second-order polynomial to fit the biopolymer dissolution data. The resulting regression coefficients showed that the dissolution of SF in BuMeImAcO-DMSO and C₃OMeImAcO-DMSO is more sensitive to variation of T than of χ_DMSO; the inverse is observed for the quaternary ammonium ILs. Using BuMeImAcO, AlBzMe₂NAcO, and molecular dynamics simulations, we attribute the difference in IL efficiency to stronger SF-IL hydrogen bonding with the former IL, which is coupled with the difference in the molecular volumes and the rigidity of the phenyl ring of the latter IL. The order of SF dissolution is BuMeImAcO-DMSO > C₃OMeImAcO-DMSO; this was attributed to the formation of intramolecular H-bonding between the ether oxygen in the side chain of the latter IL and the relatively acidic hydrogens of the imidazolium cation. Using DOE, we were able to predict values of SF-m%; this is satisfactory and important because it results in economy of labor, time, and material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Ionic Liquids in Colloid and Polymer Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 5374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Reactive Ionic Liquids Addition on the Physicochemical and Sorption Properties of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Based Films

by Guoqiang Li, Edyta Rynkowska, Kateryna Fatyeyeva, Joanna Kujawa, Krzysztof Dzieszkowski, Andrzej Wolan, Stephane Marais, Corinne Chappey, Zbigniew Rafiński and Wojciech Kujawski

Polymers 2020, 12(9), 1958; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091958 - 29 Aug 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3652

Abstract

A new type of hybrid polymeric-based film containing 1-(1,3-diethoxy-1,3-dioxopropan-2-ylo)-3-methylimidazolium bromide (RIL1_Br) and 1-(2-etoxy-2-oxoethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bromide (RIL2_Br) reactive ionic liquids was elaborated. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based films with 9–33 wt % of RILs were subsequently characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), [...] Read more.

A new type of hybrid polymeric-based film containing 1-(1,3-diethoxy-1,3-dioxopropan-2-ylo)-3-methylimidazolium bromide (RIL1_Br) and 1-(2-etoxy-2-oxoethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bromide (RIL2_Br) reactive ionic liquids was elaborated. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based films with 9–33 wt % of RILs were subsequently characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and TGA-FTIR. PVA-RIL films were also studied in tensile tests, contact angle and sorption measurements. RIL incorporation enhanced thermal and mechanical stability of PVA membranes due to the hydrogen bonds between RILs and polymer chains. Membrane swelling behavior in water (H₂O), ethanol (EtOH), and propan-2-ol (IPA) and the kinetics of water sorption process revealed that PVA-RILs membranes possess the highest affinity towards water. It was pointed out that both the RIL type and the RIL amount in the polymer matrix have significant influence on the membrane swelling behavior and the water sorption kinetics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Ionic Liquids in Colloid and Polymer Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 7221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drag Reduction Performance and Mechanism of Hydrophobic Polymers in Fresh Water and Brine

by Hongzhong Tan, Jincheng Mao, Wenlong Zhang, Bo Yang, Xiaojiang Yang, Yang Zhang, Chong Lin, Jianfa Feng and Hao Zhang

Polymers 2020, 12(4), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040955 - 20 Apr 2020

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3425

Abstract

Three kinds of drag reducer were synthesized by inverse emulsion polymerization and named PHWAM-1, PHWAM-2, and PHWAM-3. Drag reduction (DR) tests showed that the three drag reducers have different DR characteristics in fresh water and various saline waters because of their different types [...] Read more.

Three kinds of drag reducer were synthesized by inverse emulsion polymerization and named PHWAM-1, PHWAM-2, and PHWAM-3. Drag reduction (DR) tests showed that the three drag reducers have different DR characteristics in fresh water and various saline waters because of their different types of hydrophobic monomers. PHWAM-1, without hydrophobic monomers, performs better in fresh water, while PHWAM-2 and PHWAM-3, with hydrophobic monomers, perform better in brine. In addition, PHWAM-3, which has twin-tailed hydrophobic monomers, performs best in high-concentration brine. Measurements of micro-particle size and observations of spatial structure suggest that although the stronger hydrophobic polymer has no DR advantage over a linear polymer in fresh water, the molecular chains form a mutually associative supporting structure that improves the DR performance over that of a linear polymer in high-concentration brine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Ionic Liquids in Colloid and Polymer Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Review

Jump to: Research

34 pages, 6847 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biocompatible Solvents and Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants as Sustainable Components to Formulate Environmentally Friendly Organized Systems

by Nahir Dib, Cristian M. O. Lépori, N. Mariano Correa, Juana J. Silber, R. Dario Falcone and Luis García-Río

Polymers 2021, 13(9), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091378 - 23 Apr 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3990

Abstract

In this review, we deal with the formation and application of biocompatible water-in-oil microemulsions commonly known as reverse micelles (RMs). These RMs are extremely important to facilitate the dissolution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds for biocompatibility in applications in drug delivery, food science, [...] Read more.

In this review, we deal with the formation and application of biocompatible water-in-oil microemulsions commonly known as reverse micelles (RMs). These RMs are extremely important to facilitate the dissolution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds for biocompatibility in applications in drug delivery, food science, and nanomedicine. The combination of two wisely chosen types of compounds such as biocompatible non-polar solvents and ionic liquids (ILs) with amphiphilic character (surface-active ionic liquids, SAILs) can be used to generate organized systems that perfectly align with the Green Chemistry concepts. Thus, we describe the current state of SAILs (protic and aprotic) to prepare RMs using non-polar but safe solvents such as esters derived from fatty acids, among others. Moreover, the use of the biocompatible solvents as the external phase in RMs and microemulsions/nanoemulsions with the other commonly used biocompatible surfactants is detailed showing the diversity of preparations and important applications. As shown by multiple examples, the properties of the RMs can be modified by changes in the type of surfactant and/or external solvents but a key fact to note is that all these modifications generate novel systems with dissimilar properties. These interesting properties cannot be anticipated or extrapolated, and deep analysis is always required. Finally, the works presented provide valuable information about the use of biocompatible RMs, making them a green and promising alternative toward efficient and sustainable chemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Ionic Liquids in Colloid and Polymer Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

51 pages, 10681 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants: Recent Advances in Their Syntheses, Solution Properties, and Applications

by Omar A. El Seoud, Nicolas Keppeler, Naved I. Malek and Paula D. Galgano

Polymers 2021, 13(7), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13071100 - 30 Mar 2021

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 5559

Abstract

The impetus for the expanding interest in ionic liquids (ILs) is their favorable properties and important applications. Ionic liquid-based surfactants (ILBSs) carry long-chain hydrophobic tails. Two or more molecules of ILBSs can be joined by covalent bonds leading, e.g., to gemini compounds (GILBSs). [...] Read more.

The impetus for the expanding interest in ionic liquids (ILs) is their favorable properties and important applications. Ionic liquid-based surfactants (ILBSs) carry long-chain hydrophobic tails. Two or more molecules of ILBSs can be joined by covalent bonds leading, e.g., to gemini compounds (GILBSs). This review article focuses on aspects of the chemistry and applications of ILBSs and GILBSs, especially in the last ten years. Data on their adsorption at the interface and micelle formation are relevant for the applications of these surfactants. Therefore, we collected data for 152 ILBSs and 11 biamphiphilic compounds. The head ions of ILBSs are usually heterocyclic (imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, etc.). Most of these head-ions are also present in the reported 53 GILBSs. Where possible, we correlate the adsorption/micellar properties of the surfactants with their molecular structures, in particular, the number of carbon atoms present in the hydrocarbon “tail”. The use of ILBSs as templates for the fabrication of mesoporous nanoparticles enables better control of particle porosity and size, hence increasing their usefulness. ILs and ILBSs form thermodynamically stable water/oil and oil/water microemulsions. These were employed as templates for (radical) polymerization reactions, where the monomer is the “oil” component. The formed polymer nanoparticles can be further stabilized against aggregation by using a functionalized ILBS that is co-polymerized with the monomers. In addition to updating the literature on the subject, we hope that this review highlights the versatility and hence the potential applications of these classes of surfactants in several fields, including synthesis, catalysis, polymers, decontamination, and drug delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Ionic Liquids in Colloid and Polymer Chemistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Applications of Ionic Liquids in Colloid and Polymer Chemistry

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Published Papers (8 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI