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Advanced Research on Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of Polymer...
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Advanced Research on Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of Polymer Composites

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 October 2024 | Viewed by 9501

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Peng Jiang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
Interests: flame-retardant materials; bio-based flame retardants; wood composites
Dr. Yuxiang Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
Interests: flame-retardant materials; activated carbon fibers; bamboo cellulose; bamboo fiber-based composites
Dr. Long Yan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Disaster Prevention Science and Safety Technology, Central South University, Changsha, China
Interests: transparent fire-retardant coatings; intumescent flame retardant; flame-retarded wood; foam extinguishing agent

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The utilization of polymeric materials has made our daily life considerably more convenient in recent years. However, most polymeric materials possess a fatal drawback: high flammability. Therefore, an increasing number of countries are introducing laws and regulations to ensure that flame-retardant treatment is compulsory for the polymeric materials used in many fields.

This Special Issue titled “Advanced Research on Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of Polymer Composites” focuses on novel flame retardants of polymers, the mechanisms and modes of action in the flame retardancy of polymers, the latest advances in current applications of flame-retardant polymeric materials, and the development of new methods for ecopolymeric materials or natural polymers.

We invite the research community to contribute to this Special Issue by submitting comprehensive reviews or original research articles.

Dr. Peng Jiang
Dr. Yuxiang Huang
Dr. Long Yan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • flame retardants
  • flame-retardant polymeric materials
  • fire testing
  • ecopolymer composites
  • fire-retardant modes of action

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4535 KiB  
Article
Effect of Heat Treatment under Different Atmospheres on the Bonding Properties and Mechanism of Ceramiziable Heat-Resistant Adhesive
by Qingke Wang, Jiadong Tao, Huawei Shan, Tangyin Cui, Jie Ding and Jianghang Wang
Polymers 2024, 16(4), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16040557 - 18 Feb 2024
Viewed by 641
Abstract
In this study, a heat-resistant adhesive was prepared using molybdenum-phenolic (Mo-PF) resin as the matrix and TiB2 particle as the ceramizable filler for bonding Al2O3 ceramic substrates. Firstly, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to characterize the chemical structure [...] Read more.
In this study, a heat-resistant adhesive was prepared using molybdenum-phenolic (Mo-PF) resin as the matrix and TiB2 particle as the ceramizable filler for bonding Al2O3 ceramic substrates. Firstly, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to characterize the chemical structure of the Mo-PF. Subsequently, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and shear strength testing were employed to investigate the effects of heat treatment in different atmospheres on the thermal stability and residual bonding properties of the adhesive. To further explore the bonding mechanism of the adhesive after heat treatment in different atmospheres, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compressive strength testing, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilized to analyze the microstructure, mechanical strength, and composition evolution of the adhesive at different temperatures. The bonding strength of Al2O3 joints showed a trend of initially decreasing and then increasing after different temperature heat treatment in air, with the shear strength reaching a maximum value of 25.68 MPa after treatment at 1200 °C. And the bonding strength of Al2O3 joints decreased slowly with the increase of temperature in nitrogen. In air, the ceramicization reaction at a high temperature enabled the mechanical strength of the adhesive to rise despite the continuous pyrolysis of the resin. However, the TiB2 filler in nitrogen did not react, and the properties of the adhesive showed a decreasing tendency with the pyrolysis of the resin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of Polymer Composites)
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16 pages, 9696 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Doped Magnesium Hydrate and Its Effect on the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene
by Xue Li, Hongbo Zhang, Xiaoyuan Liu, Zhihui Lv, Yankui Jin, Donghai Zhu and Li Dang
Polymers 2023, 15(21), 4248; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15214248 - 28 Oct 2023
Viewed by 679
Abstract
In this work, an effective flame retardant consisting of nanoscale zinc oxide doped on the surface of hexagonal lamellar magnesium hydrate (ZO@MH) has been successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal process. Approximately 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570) is chosen as a modifier of ZO@MH for the purpose [...] Read more.
In this work, an effective flame retardant consisting of nanoscale zinc oxide doped on the surface of hexagonal lamellar magnesium hydrate (ZO@MH) has been successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal process. Approximately 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570) is chosen as a modifier of ZO@MH for the purpose of enhancing the interfacial interaction between ZO@MH and the polypropylene (PP) matrix and reducing the agglomeration of ZO@MH. Afterwards, ZO@MH and KH-570 modified ZO@MH (KZO@MH) filled PP (PP/ZO@MH and PP/KZO@MH) composites are respectively prepared via the melt blending method. The flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of PP/ZO@MH and PP/KZO@MH composites are estimated by a cone calorimetry test (CCT). The peak value of the heat release rate of the PP/40KZO@MH composite is 327.0 kW/m2, which is 6.1% and 31.2% lower than that of the PP/40ZO@MH and PP/40MH composites, respectively. The lowest peak values of CO and CO2 production, 0.008 and 0.62 g/s, also appeared in the PP/40KZO@MH composite, which are 11.1% and 10.1% lower than those of the PP/40ZO@MH composite. Analysis of char residues indicates that nanoscale ZO and modification of KH-570 improve the amount and quality of char residues, which should be the main reason for the good flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of KZO@MH. Impact strength and nominal strain at break results show that the PP matrix is toughened by ZO@MH rather than KZO@MH. Tensile properties and the quantitative interfacial interaction calculated by the Turcsányi equation both prove the reinforcement of KZO@MH on the PP matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of Polymer Composites)
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14 pages, 7042 KiB  
Article
Facile Synthesis of Reduced-Graphene-Oxide-Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate to Enhance the Flame Retardancy, Smoke Release Suppression, and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin
by Feiyue Wang, Jiahao Liao, Miaotian Long, Long Yan and Mengtao Cai
Polymers 2023, 15(5), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15051304 - 05 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1538
Abstract
A unique hybridized intumescent flame retardant named reduced-graphene-oxide-modified ammonium polyphosphate (RGO-APP) was successfully synthesized via the simple hydrothermal method and reduced process. Then, the obtained RGO-APP was applied in epoxy resin (EP) for flame retardancy reinforcement. The addition of RGO-APP results in a [...] Read more.
A unique hybridized intumescent flame retardant named reduced-graphene-oxide-modified ammonium polyphosphate (RGO-APP) was successfully synthesized via the simple hydrothermal method and reduced process. Then, the obtained RGO-APP was applied in epoxy resin (EP) for flame retardancy reinforcement. The addition of RGO-APP results in a significant reduction in heat release and smoke production from the EP, which is attributed to EP/RGO-APP producing a more compact and intumescent char against the heat transfer and combustible decomposition, thus enhancing the fire safety of EP, as confirmed by char residue analysis. Especially, the EP containing 15 wt% RGO-APP acquires a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 35.8% and shows a 83.6% reduction in peak heat release rate and a 74.3% reduction in peak smoke production rate compared with those of pure EP. The tensile test exhibits that the presence of RGO-APP favors the enhancement in tensile strength and elastic modulus of EP due to the good compatibility between flame retardant and epoxy matrix, as supported by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. This work provides a new strategy for the modification of APP, thus facilitating a promising application in polymeric materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of Polymer Composites)
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11 pages, 3469 KiB  
Article
Tannin-Epoxidized Soybean Oil as Bio-Based Resin for Fabrication of Grinding Wheel
by Weicong Wang, Yunxia Zhou, Bowen Liu, Hisham Essawy, Zhiyan Liu, Shuduan Deng, Xiaojian Zhou and Jun Zhang
Polymers 2022, 14(24), 5423; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14245423 - 11 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1305
Abstract
Formaldehyde-free epoxidized soybean oil-based resin has been prepared under acidic conditions by co-condensation of the epoxidized soybean oil and condensed tannin originating from agricultural and forestry sources as the main raw materials, whereas 1,6-hexanediamine was employed as a cross-linking agent. Fourier transform infrared [...] Read more.
Formaldehyde-free epoxidized soybean oil-based resin has been prepared under acidic conditions by co-condensation of the epoxidized soybean oil and condensed tannin originating from agricultural and forestry sources as the main raw materials, whereas 1,6-hexanediamine was employed as a cross-linking agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrospray ionization (ESI) corroborated that tannin and epoxidized soybean oil underwent crosslinking under acidic conditions supported by hexamethylenediamine. A bio-based grinding wheel was fabricated by formulation of the developed resin with wood powder as source of grinding particles. The appearance, hardness, compressive strength and wear resistance of the resulting grinding wheel were studied. The results have shown that the grinding wheel possesses a smooth surface with no bubbles or cracks, and its hardness and wear resistance were greater than that of a phenolic resin-based grinding wheel. Interestingly, the grinding wheel incorporates more than 90% of its raw materials as biomass renewable materials; thus, it is generally considered non-toxic. In addition, the future feasibility of this approach to replace some petrochemical resins that are frequently used in the fabrication of grinding wheels is considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of Polymer Composites)
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16 pages, 6258 KiB  
Article
Use of Cement Mortar Incorporating Superabsorbent Polymer as a Passive Fire-Protective Layer
by Sittisak Jamnam, Gritsada Sua-iam, Buchit Maho, Satharat Pianfuengfoo, Manote Sappakittipakorn, Hexin Zhang, Suchart Limkatanyu and Piti Sukontasukkul
Polymers 2022, 14(23), 5266; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235266 - 02 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1488
Abstract
Concrete structures, when exposed to fire or high temperatures for a certain time, could suffer partial damage or complete structural failure. Passive fire-protective coating materials are an alternative way to prevent or delay damage to concrete structures resulting from fire. Superabsorbent polymer (SP) [...] Read more.
Concrete structures, when exposed to fire or high temperatures for a certain time, could suffer partial damage or complete structural failure. Passive fire-protective coating materials are an alternative way to prevent or delay damage to concrete structures resulting from fire. Superabsorbent polymer (SP) is a synthetic material known for its ability to absorb and retain a large volume of water within itself. With this unique property, the SP exhibits great potential for use as a passive fire protection material. Although several studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of SP as a surface coating material for fire protection, very few have been investigated on the potential use of SP mixed with mortar as a passive fire-protective layer. The objective of this study is to introduce the use of SP in plastering mortar as a fire-protective layer for concrete subjected to temperatures up to 800 °C. This study is divided into two parts: (1) investigating the properties of cement mortar mixed with SP at 0.5% (CONC/SP-0.5) and 1.0% (CONC/SP-1.0) by weight of cement, and (2) investigating the potential use of SP mortar as a plastering layer for concrete subject to high temperatures. The experimental results showed that the density and compressive strength of SP mortar decreases with increasing SP dosages. From the heat exposure results, SP mortar exhibited lower strength loss due to the ability to mitigate moisture through its interconnected pore system. As for the use of SP mortar as a plastering layer, the results demonstrated the concrete specimen plastered with SP mortar had a lower temperature at the interface and core than that plastered with plain mortar. This led to a reduced strength loss of 20.5% for CONC/SP-0.5 and 17.2% for CONC/SP-1.0. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of Polymer Composites)
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12 pages, 2099 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Cardanol-Based Flame Retardant for Enhancing the Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Adhesives
by Won-Ji Lee, Sang-Ho Cha and Do-Hyun Kim
Polymers 2022, 14(23), 5205; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235205 - 29 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1568
Abstract
Epoxy resin has a versatile set of applications due to its excellent properties. However, its easily flammable property limits further applications. A bio-based flame retardant, cardanyl diphenylphosphate (CDPP), was successfully synthesized via condensation reaction between cardanol and diphenyl phosphoryl chloride. The chemical structure [...] Read more.
Epoxy resin has a versatile set of applications due to its excellent properties. However, its easily flammable property limits further applications. A bio-based flame retardant, cardanyl diphenylphosphate (CDPP), was successfully synthesized via condensation reaction between cardanol and diphenyl phosphoryl chloride. The chemical structure of CDPP was confirmed via 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. To overcome the flammable property of epoxy resin, different amounts of CDPP were incorporated into the epoxy resin. The thermal stability of epoxy resin with CDPP was reduced due to its phosphorus component, which had a relatively weak bond. Meanwhile, the measured char residue of epoxy resin with CDPP was increased compared to its calculated value, which indicated that CDPP promoted the formation of char residue. The limiting oxygen index of epoxy resin with CDPP was enhanced as the amount of CDPP increased from 22.1% for EP0 to 32.7% for EP10. The maximum value of the heat release rate per unit area and total heat release values of EP10 decreased by 23.23% and 12.02%, respectively, as compared to those of EP0. Additionally, single lap shear strength confirmed the improvement in the adhesion property of EP5. The lap shear strength increased to 7.19 MPa for EP5 compared to 6.27 MPa for EP0. This behavior might be due to the higher polarity of the phosphorus components. Based on the findings gathered in the present study, the incorporation of a bio-based flame retardant (CDPP) in epoxy resin has the potential for improving flame retardancy and adhesion property, which will be promising for the industrial area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of Polymer Composites)
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13 pages, 6134 KiB  
Article
Facile Synthesis of Formaldehyde-Free Bio-Based Thermoset Resins for Fabrication of Highly Efficient Foams
by Xuehui Li, Bowen Liu, Lulu Zheng, Hisham Essawy, Zhiyan Liu, Can Liu, Xiaojian Zhou and Jun Zhang
Polymers 2022, 14(23), 5140; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235140 - 25 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1229
Abstract
Bio-based biodegradable foams were formulated from a crosslinkable network structure combining starch, furfuryl alcohol, glyoxal, and condensed tannin in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA) and azodicarbonamide (AC) as a foaming agent. More importantly, the reinforcement of gelatinized starch–furanic foam using tannin, originating [...] Read more.
Bio-based biodegradable foams were formulated from a crosslinkable network structure combining starch, furfuryl alcohol, glyoxal, and condensed tannin in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA) and azodicarbonamide (AC) as a foaming agent. More importantly, the reinforcement of gelatinized starch–furanic foam using tannin, originating from forestry, resulted in an excellent compressive strength and lower pulverization ratio. Moreover, the addition of tannin guaranteed a low thermal conductivity and moderate flame retardancy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy approved the successful polycondensation of these condensing agents under the employed acidic conditions. Moreover, the catalytic effect of pTSA on the foaming agent induced liberation of gases, which are necessary for foam formation during crosslinking. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed foam formation comprising closed cells with uniform cell distribution and appropriate apparent density. Meanwhile, the novel foam exhibited biodegradation under the action of Penicillium sp., as identified by the damage of cell walls of this foam over a period of 30 days. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of Polymer Composites)
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