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21 pages, 2696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Abiotic Stresses on the Protein Composition of Four Hungarian Wheat Varieties

by Dalma Nagy-Réder, Zsófia Birinyi, Marianna Rakszegi, Ferenc Békés and Gyöngyvér Gell

Plants 2022, 11(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010001 - 21 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2714

Abstract

Global climate change in recent years has resulted in extreme heat and drought events that significantly influence crop production and endanger food security. Such abiotic stress during the growing season has a negative effect on yield as well as on the functional properties [...] Read more.

Global climate change in recent years has resulted in extreme heat and drought events that significantly influence crop production and endanger food security. Such abiotic stress during the growing season has a negative effect on yield as well as on the functional properties of wheat grain protein content and composition. This reduces the value of grain, as these factors significantly reduce end-use quality. In this study, four Hungarian bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum) with different drought and heat tolerance were examined. Changes in the size- and hydrophobicity-based distribution of the total proteins of the samples have been monitored by SE- and RP-HPLC, respectively, together with parallel investigations of changes in the amounts of the R5 and G12 antibodies related to celiac disease immunoreactive peptides. Significant difference in yield, protein content and composition have been observed in each cultivar, altering the amounts of CD-related gliadin, as well as the protein parameters directly related to techno-functional properties (Glu/Gli ratio, UPP%). The extent of changes largely depended on the timing of the abiotic stress. The severity of the negative effect depended on the growth stage in which abiotic stress occurred. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants Response to Temperature Extremes)

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20 pages, 4693 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Responses of Grain Yield and Yield Related Parameters to Post-Heading Low-Temperature Stress in Japonica Rice

by Iftikhar Ali, Liang Tang, Junjie Dai, Min Kang, Aqib Mahmood, Wei Wang, Bing Liu, Leilei Liu, Weixing Cao and Yan Zhu

Plants 2021, 10(7), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071425 - 12 Jul 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2853

Abstract

There is unprecedented increase in low-temperature stress (LTS) during post-heading stages in rice as a consequence of the recent climate changes. Quantifying the effect of LTS on yields is key to unraveling the impact of climatic changes on crop production, and therefore developing [...] Read more.

There is unprecedented increase in low-temperature stress (LTS) during post-heading stages in rice as a consequence of the recent climate changes. Quantifying the effect of LTS on yields is key to unraveling the impact of climatic changes on crop production, and therefore developing corresponding mitigation strategies. The present research was conducted to analyze and quantify the effect of post-heading LTS on rice yields as well as yield and grain filling related parameters. A two-year experiment was conducted during rice growing season of 2018 and 2019 using two Japonica cultivars (Huaidao 5 and Nanjing 46) with different low-temperature sensitivities, at four daily minimum/maximum temperature regimes of 21/27 °C (T1), 17/23 °C (T2), 13/19 °C (T3) and 9/15 °C (T4). These temperature treatments were performed for 3 (D1), 6 (D2) or 9 days (D3), at both flowering and grain filling stages. We found LTS for 3 days had no significant effect on grain yield, even when the daily mean temperature was as low as 12 °C. However, LTS of between 6 and 9 days at flowering but not at filling stage significantly reduced grain yield of both cultivars. Comparatively, Huaidao 5 was more cold tolerant than Nanjing 46. LTS at flowering and grain filling stages significantly reduced both maximum and mean grain filling rates. Moreover, LTS prolonged the grain filling duration of both cultivars. Additionally, there was a strong correlation between yield loss and spikelet fertility, spikelet weight at maturity, grain filling duration as well as mean and maximum grain filling rates under post-heading LTS (p < 0.001). Moreover, the effect of post-heading LTS on rice yield can be well quantified by integrating the canopy temperature (CT) based accumulated cold degree days (ACDD_CT) with the response surface model. The findings of this research are useful in modeling rice productivity under LTS and for predicting rice productivity under future climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants Response to Temperature Extremes)

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11 pages, 1902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chilling and Freezing Temperature Stress Differently Influence Glucosinolates Content in Brassica oleracea var. acephala

by Valentina Ljubej, Ivana Radojčić Redovniković, Branka Salopek-Sondi, Ana Smolko, Sanja Roje and Dunja Šamec

Plants 2021, 10(7), 1305; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071305 - 27 Jun 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3566

Abstract

Brassica oleracea var. acephala is known to have a strong tolerance to low temperatures, but the protective mechanisms enabling this tolerance are unknown. Simultaneously, this species is rich in health-promoting compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and glucosinolates. We hypothesize that these metabolites play [...] Read more.

Brassica oleracea var. acephala is known to have a strong tolerance to low temperatures, but the protective mechanisms enabling this tolerance are unknown. Simultaneously, this species is rich in health-promoting compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and glucosinolates. We hypothesize that these metabolites play an important role in the ability to adapt to low temperature stress. To test this hypothesis, we exposed plants to chilling (8 °C) and additional freezing (−8 °C) temperatures under controlled laboratory conditions and determined the levels of proline, chlorophylls, carotenoids, polyphenols, and glucosinolates. Compared with that of the control (21 °C), the chilling and freezing temperatures increased the contents of proline, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. Detailed analysis of individual glucosinolates showed that chilling increased the total amount of aliphatic glucosinolates, while freezing increased the total amount of indolic glucosinolates, including the most abundant indolic glucosinolate glucobrassicin. Our data suggest that glucosinolates are involved in protection against low temperature stress. Individual glucosinolate species are likely to be involved in different protective mechanisms because they show different accumulation trends at chilling and freezing temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants Response to Temperature Extremes)

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19 pages, 2394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Individual and Combined Effects of Booting and Flowering High-Temperature Stress on Rice Biomass Accumulation

by Aqib Mahmood, Wei Wang, Iftikhar Ali, Fengxian Zhen, Raheel Osman, Bing Liu, Leilei Liu, Yan Zhu, Weixing Cao and Liang Tang

Plants 2021, 10(5), 1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10051021 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3219

Abstract

Extreme temperature events as a consequence of global climate change result in a significant decline in rice production. A two-year phytotron experiment was conducted using three temperature levels and two heating durations to compare the effects of heat stress at booting, flowering, and [...] Read more.

Extreme temperature events as a consequence of global climate change result in a significant decline in rice production. A two-year phytotron experiment was conducted using three temperature levels and two heating durations to compare the effects of heat stress at booting, flowering, and combined (booting + flowering) stages on the production of photosynthates and yield formation. The results showed that high temperature had a significant negative effect on mean net assimilation rate (MNAR), harvest index (HI), and grain yield per plant (YPP), and a significant positive effect under treatment T₃ on mean leaf area index (MLAI) and duration of photosynthesis (DOP), and no significant effect on biomass per plant at maturity (BPP_M), except at the flowering stage. Negative linear relationships between heat degree days (HDD) and MNAR, HI, and YPP were observed. Conversely, HDD showed positive linear relationships with MLAI and DOP. In addition, BPP_M also showed a positive relationship with HDD, except at flowering, for both cultivars and Wuyunjing-24 at combined stages. The variation of YPP in both cultivars was mainly attributed to HI compared to BPP_M. However, for biomass, from the first day of high-temperature treatment to maturity (BPP_T-M), the main change was caused by MNAR followed by DOP and then MLAI. The projected alleviation effects of multiple heat stress at combined stages compared to single-stage heat stress would help to understand and evaluate rice yield formation and screening of heat-tolerant rice cultivars under current scenarios of high temperature during the rice-growing season. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants Response to Temperature Extremes)

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Review

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17 pages, 1581 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Cellular Protein Trafficking: A New Player in Low-Temperature Response Pathway

by M. Arif Ashraf and Abidur Rahman

Plants 2022, 11(7), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070933 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2660

Abstract

Unlike animals, plants are unable to escape unfavorable conditions, such as extremities of temperature. Among abiotic variables, the temperature is notableas it affects plants from the molecular to the organismal level. Because of global warming, understanding temperature effects on plants is salient today [...] Read more.

Unlike animals, plants are unable to escape unfavorable conditions, such as extremities of temperature. Among abiotic variables, the temperature is notableas it affects plants from the molecular to the organismal level. Because of global warming, understanding temperature effects on plants is salient today and should be focused not only on rising temperature but also greater variability in temperature that is now besetting the world’s natural and agricultural ecosystems. Among the temperature stresses, low-temperature stress is one of the major stresses that limits crop productivity worldwide. Over the years, although substantial progress has been made in understanding low-temperature response mechanisms in plants, the research is more focused on aerial parts of the plants rather than on the root or whole plant, and more efforts have been made in identifying and testing the major regulators of this pathway preferably in the model organism rather than in crop plants. For the low-temperature stress response mechanism, ICE-CBF regulatory pathway turned out to be the solely established pathway, and historically most of the low-temperature research is focused on this single pathway instead of exploring other alternative regulators. In this review, we tried to take an in-depth look at our current understanding of low temperature-mediated plant growth response mechanism and present the recent advancement in cell biological studies that have opened a new horizon for finding promising and potential alternative regulators of the cold stress response pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants Response to Temperature Extremes)

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13 pages, 1634 KiB

Open AccessReview

WRKY Transcription Factor Response to High-Temperature Stress

by Zhuoya Cheng, Yuting Luan, Jiasong Meng, Jing Sun, Jun Tao and Daqiu Zhao

Plants 2021, 10(10), 2211; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102211 - 18 Oct 2021

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 4655

Abstract

Plant growth and development are closely related to the environment, and high-temperature stress is an important environmental factor that affects these processes. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in plant responses to high-temperature stress. WRKY TFs can bind to the W-box cis [...] Read more.

Plant growth and development are closely related to the environment, and high-temperature stress is an important environmental factor that affects these processes. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in plant responses to high-temperature stress. WRKY TFs can bind to the W-box cis-acting elements of target gene promoters, thereby regulating the expression of multiple types of target genes and participating in multiple signaling pathways in plants. A number of studies have shown the important biological functions and working mechanisms of WRKY TFs in plant responses to high temperature. However, there are few reviews that summarize the research progress on this topic. To fully understand the role of WRKY TFs in the response to high temperature, this paper reviews the structure and regulatory mechanism of WRKY TFs, as well as the related signaling pathways that regulate plant growth under high-temperature stress, which have been described in recent years, and this paper provides references for the further exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying plant tolerance to high temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants Response to Temperature Extremes)

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17 pages, 1721 KiB

Open AccessReview

Convergence and Divergence: Signal Perception and Transduction Mechanisms of Cold Stress in Arabidopsis and Rice

by Xiaoshuang Wei, Shuang Liu, Cheng Sun, Guosheng Xie and Lingqiang Wang

Plants 2021, 10(9), 1864; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091864 - 09 Sep 2021

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4078

Abstract

Cold stress, including freezing stress and chilling stress, is one of the major environmental factors that limit the growth and productivity of plants. As a temperate dicot model plant species, Arabidopsis develops a capability to freezing tolerance through cold acclimation. The past decades [...] Read more.

Cold stress, including freezing stress and chilling stress, is one of the major environmental factors that limit the growth and productivity of plants. As a temperate dicot model plant species, Arabidopsis develops a capability to freezing tolerance through cold acclimation. The past decades have witnessed a deep understanding of mechanisms underlying cold stress signal perception, transduction, and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. In contrast, a monocot cereal model plant species derived from tropical and subtropical origins, rice, is very sensitive to chilling stress and has evolved a different mechanism for chilling stress signaling and response. In this review, the authors summarized the recent progress in our understanding of cold stress response mechanisms, highlighted the convergent and divergent mechanisms between Arabidopsis and rice plasma membrane cold stress perceptions, calcium signaling, phospholipid signaling, MAPK cascade signaling, ROS signaling, and ICE-CBF regulatory network, as well as light-regulated signal transduction system. Genetic engineering approaches of developing freezing tolerant Arabidopsis and chilling tolerant rice were also reviewed. Finally, the future perspective of cold stress signaling and tolerance in rice was proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants Response to Temperature Extremes)

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23 pages, 2524 KiB

Open AccessReview

Thermal Stresses in Maize: Effects and Management Strategies

by Muhammad Ahmed Waqas, Xiukang Wang, Syed Adeel Zafar, Mehmood Ali Noor, Hafiz Athar Hussain, Muhammad Azher Nawaz and Muhammad Farooq

Plants 2021, 10(2), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020293 - 04 Feb 2021

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 11245

Abstract

Climate change can decrease the global maize productivity and grain quality. Maize crop requires an optimal temperature for better harvest productivity. A suboptimal temperature at any critical stage for a prolonged duration can negatively affect the growth and yield formation processes. This review [...] Read more.

Climate change can decrease the global maize productivity and grain quality. Maize crop requires an optimal temperature for better harvest productivity. A suboptimal temperature at any critical stage for a prolonged duration can negatively affect the growth and yield formation processes. This review discusses the negative impact of temperature extremes (high and low temperatures) on the morpho-physiological, biochemical, and nutritional traits of the maize crop. High temperature stress limits pollen viability and silks receptivity, leading to a significant reduction in seed setting and grain yield. Likewise, severe alterations in growth rate, photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation, cellular membranes, and antioxidant enzyme activities under low temperature collectively limit maize productivity. We also discussed various strategies with practical examples to cope with temperature stresses, including cultural practices, exogenous protectants, breeding climate-smart crops, and molecular genomics approaches. We reviewed that identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes controlling high- and low temperature stress tolerance in maize could be introgressed into otherwise elite cultivars to develop stress-tolerant cultivars. Genome editing has become a key tool for developing climate-resilient crops. Moreover, challenges to maize crop improvement such as lack of adequate resources for breeding in poor countries, poor communication among the scientists of developing and developed countries, problems in germplasm exchange, and high cost of advanced high-throughput phenotyping systems are discussed. In the end, future perspectives for maize improvement are discussed, which briefly include new breeding technologies such as transgene-free clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas)-mediated genome editing for thermo-stress tolerance in maize. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants Response to Temperature Extremes)

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