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Plants
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Degradation of Plant Organelles and Cell Remodeling during Autophagy
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Degradation of Plant Organelles and Cell Remodeling during Autophagy

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Cell Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2021) | Viewed by 17044

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Olga V. Voitsekhovskaja

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Scienses, Professora Popova str., 2, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
Interests: autophagy in plant cells; photosynthesis and photoprotection; phloem transport; plasmodesmata; plant signalling; compartmentation of metabolites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Autophagy is a conserved catabolic program of degradation of cytoplasmic components in lytic acidic compartments, intrinsic to all eukaryotic cells. In plants, selective autophagy is an essential mechanism of quality control of organelles and elimination of dysfunctional cell constituents, thus maintaining cell homeostasis. Various abiotic stresses lead to a strong activation of autophagy, which, apart from clearance of damaged cell parts, enables bulk degradation of non-essential cell constituents providing energy and ‘building blocks’ for the maintenance of vital cell parts and functions. Autophagy involves a sophisticated cellular machinery, the core of which is formed by ATG proteins. Bulk autophagy results in large-scaled remodeling of cell structure and metabolism.

The pro-survival role of autophagy in plant cells during stress has been confirmed in many studies. Intriguingly, autophagy can be recruited to serve as a mechanism of programmed cell death (PCD) during development, and was suggested to play a similar role in some cases of stress-induced PCD. The fine-tuned interplay between autophagy and PCD during the plant immune response is critical for the resistance to diverse pathogens. This Special Issue invites research papers and reviews about the molecular and cellular mechanisms and regulators of autophagy, as well as the variety of roles autophagy plays in cells of plants and algae.

Dr. Olga V. Voitsekhovskaja
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Plants is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • autophagy in plants and algae
  • degradation of plant organelles
  • selective autophagy receptors
  • signals and master regulators of autophagy
  • role of the cytoskeleton in autophagy
  • energy balance during autophagy
  • metabolic adjustments during autophagy
  • autophagy-associated proteome changes
  • interaction between autophagy and programmed cell death (PCD).

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 36589 KiB  
Article
Role of Autophagy in Haematococcus lacustris Cell Growth under Salinity
by Daria A. Zharova, Alexandra N. Ivanova, Irina V. Drozdova, Alla I. Belyaeva, Olga N. Boldina, Olga V. Voitsekhovskaja and Elena V. Tyutereva
Plants 2022, 11(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020197 - 12 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2876
Abstract
The microalga Haematococcus lacustris (formerly H. pluvialis) is able to accumulate high amounts of the carotenoid astaxanthin in the course of adaptation to stresses like salinity. Technologies aimed at production of natural astaxanthin for commercial purposes often involve salinity stress; however, after [...] Read more.
The microalga Haematococcus lacustris (formerly H. pluvialis) is able to accumulate high amounts of the carotenoid astaxanthin in the course of adaptation to stresses like salinity. Technologies aimed at production of natural astaxanthin for commercial purposes often involve salinity stress; however, after a switch to stressful conditions, H. lacustris experiences massive cell death which negatively influences astaxanthin yield. This study addressed the possibility to improve cell survival in H. lacustris subjected to salinity via manipulation of the levels of autophagy using AZD8055, a known inhibitor of TOR kinase previously shown to accelerate autophagy in several microalgae. Addition of NaCl in concentrations of 0.2% or 0.8% to the growth medium induced formation of autophagosomes in H. lacustris, while simultaneous addition of AZD8055 up to a final concentration of 0.2 µM further stimulated this process. AZD8055 significantly improved the yield of H. lacustris cells after 5 days of exposure to 0.2% NaCl. Strikingly, this occurred by acceleration of cell growth, and not by acceleration of aplanospore formation. The level of astaxanthin synthesis was not affected by AZD8055. However, cytological data suggested a role of autophagosomes, lysosomes and Golgi cisternae in cell remodeling during high salt stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradation of Plant Organelles and Cell Remodeling during Autophagy)
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34 pages, 7099 KiB  
Article
Exploration of Autophagy Families in Legumes and Dissection of the ATG18 Family with a Special Focus on Phaseolus vulgaris
by Elsa-Herminia Quezada-Rodríguez, Homero Gómez-Velasco, Manoj-Kumar Arthikala, Miguel Lara, Antonio Hernández-López and Kalpana Nanjareddy
Plants 2021, 10(12), 2619; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122619 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2709
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a fundamental catabolic pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis in eukaryotic cells by forming double-membrane-bound vesicles named autophagosomes. The autophagy family genes remain largely unexplored except in some model organisms. Legumes are a large family of economically important crops, and knowledge of [...] Read more.
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a fundamental catabolic pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis in eukaryotic cells by forming double-membrane-bound vesicles named autophagosomes. The autophagy family genes remain largely unexplored except in some model organisms. Legumes are a large family of economically important crops, and knowledge of their important cellular processes is essential. Here, to first address the knowledge gaps, we identified 17 ATG families in Phaseolus vulgaris, Medicago truncatula and Glycine max based on Arabidopsis sequences and elucidated their phylogenetic relationships. Second, we dissected ATG18 in subfamilies from early plant lineages, chlorophytes to higher plants, legumes, which included a total of 27 photosynthetic organisms. Third, we focused on the ATG18 family in P. vulgaris to understand the protein structure and developed a 3D model for PvATG18b. Our results identified ATG homologs in the chosen legumes and differential expression data revealed the nitrate-responsive nature of ATG genes. A multidimensional scaling analysis of 280 protein sequences from 27 photosynthetic organisms classified ATG18 homologs into three subfamilies that were not based on the BCAS3 domain alone. The domain structure, protein motifs (FRRG) and the stable folding conformation structure of PvATG18b revealing the possible lipid-binding sites and transmembrane helices led us to propose PvATG18b as the functional homolog of AtATG18b. The findings of this study contribute to an in-depth understanding of the autophagy process in legumes and improve our knowledge of ATG18 subfamilies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradation of Plant Organelles and Cell Remodeling during Autophagy)
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24 pages, 8505 KiB  
Article
Molecular Genetic Characteristics of Different Scenarios of Xylogenesis on the Example of Two Forms of Silver Birch Differing in the Ratio of Structural Elements in the Xylem
by Natalia A. Galibina, Tatiana V. Tarelkina, Olga V. Chirva, Yulia L. Moshchenskaya, Kseniya M. Nikerova, Diana S. Ivanova, Ludmila I. Semenova, Aleksandra A. Serkova and Ludmila L. Novitskaya
Plants 2021, 10(8), 1593; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081593 - 2 Aug 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2426
Abstract
Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) is an economically important species in Northern Europe. The current research focused on the molecular background of different xylogenesis scenarios in the birch trunks. The study objects were two forms of silver birch, silver birch trees, and [...] Read more.
Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) is an economically important species in Northern Europe. The current research focused on the molecular background of different xylogenesis scenarios in the birch trunks. The study objects were two forms of silver birch, silver birch trees, and Karelian birch trees; the latter form is characterized by the formation of two types of wood, non-figured (straight-grained) and figured, respectively, while it is currently not clear which factors cause this difference. We identified VND/NST/SND genes that regulate secondary cell wall biosynthesis in the birch genome and revealed differences in their expression in association with the formation of xylem with different ratios of structural elements. High expression levels of BpVND7 accompanied differentiation of the type of xylem which is characteristic of the species. At the same time, the appearance of figured wood was accompanied by the low expression levels of the VND genes and increased levels of expression of NST and SND genes. We identified BpARF5 as a crucial regulator of auxin-dependent vascular patterning and its direct target—BpHB8. A decrease in the BpARF5 level expression in differentiating xylem was a specific characteristic of both Karelian birch with figured and non-figured wood. Decreased BpARF5 level expression in non-figured trees accompanied by decreased BpHB8 and VND/NST/SND expression levels compared to figured Karelian birch trees. According to the results obtained, we suggested silver birch forms differing in wood anatomy as valuable objects in studying the regulation of xylogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradation of Plant Organelles and Cell Remodeling during Autophagy)
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Review

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29 pages, 2381 KiB  
Review
Electrical Signals, Plant Tolerance to Actions of Stressors, and Programmed Cell Death: Is Interaction Possible?
by Ekaterina Sukhova and Vladimir Sukhov
Plants 2021, 10(8), 1704; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081704 - 19 Aug 2021
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3958
Abstract
In environmental conditions, plants are affected by abiotic and biotic stressors which can be heterogenous. This means that the systemic plant adaptive responses on their actions require long-distance stress signals including electrical signals (ESs). ESs are based on transient changes in the activities [...] Read more.
In environmental conditions, plants are affected by abiotic and biotic stressors which can be heterogenous. This means that the systemic plant adaptive responses on their actions require long-distance stress signals including electrical signals (ESs). ESs are based on transient changes in the activities of ion channels and H+-ATP-ase in the plasma membrane. They influence numerous physiological processes, including gene expression, phytohormone synthesis, photosynthesis, respiration, phloem mass flow, ATP content, and many others. It is considered that these changes increase plant tolerance to the action of stressors; the effect can be related to stimulation of damages of specific molecular structures. In this review, we hypothesize that programmed cell death (PCD) in plant cells can be interconnected with ESs. There are the following points supporting this hypothesis. (i) Propagation of ESs can be related to ROS waves; these waves are a probable mechanism of PCD initiation. (ii) ESs induce the inactivation of photosynthetic dark reactions and activation of respiration. Both responses can also produce ROS and, probably, induce PCD. (iii) ESs stimulate the synthesis of stress phytohormones (e.g., jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene) which are known to contribute to the induction of PCD. (iv) Generation of ESs accompanies K+ efflux from the cytoplasm that is also a mechanism of induction of PCD. Our review argues for the possibility of PCD induction by electrical signals and shows some directions of future investigations in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradation of Plant Organelles and Cell Remodeling during Autophagy)
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9 pages, 531 KiB  
Review
ER-Phagy and Its Role in ER Homeostasis in Plants
by Yan Bao and Diane C. Bassham
Plants 2020, 9(12), 1771; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121771 - 14 Dec 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3733
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest continuous membrane-bound cellular organelle and plays a central role in the biosynthesis of lipids and proteins and their distribution to other organelles. Autophagy is a conserved process that is required for recycling unwanted cellular components. Recent [...] Read more.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest continuous membrane-bound cellular organelle and plays a central role in the biosynthesis of lipids and proteins and their distribution to other organelles. Autophagy is a conserved process that is required for recycling unwanted cellular components. Recent studies have implicated the ER as a membrane source for the formation of autophagosomes, vesicles that transport material to the vacuole during autophagy. When unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER and/or the ER lipid bilayer is disrupted, a condition known as ER stress results. During ER stress, ER membranes can also be engulfed through autophagy in a process termed ER-phagy. An interplay between ER stress responses and autophagy thus maintains the functions of the ER to allow cellular survival. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding ER-phagy in plants, including identification of regulatory factors and selective autophagy receptors. We also identify key unanswered questions in plant ER-phagy for future study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradation of Plant Organelles and Cell Remodeling during Autophagy)
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