Research

26 pages, 1903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coastal Wild Grapevine Accession (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris) Shows Distinct Late and Early Transcriptome Changes under Salt Stress in Comparison to Commercial Rootstock Richter 110

by David Carrasco, Andres Zhou-Tsang, Alberto Rodriguez-Izquierdo, Rafael Ocete, María Angeles Revilla and Rosa Arroyo-García

Plants 2022, 11(20), 2688; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11202688 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1864

Abstract

Increase in soil salinity, driven by climate change, is a widespread constrain for viticulture across several regions, including the Mediterranean basin. The implementation of salt-tolerant varieties is sought after to reduce the negative impact of salinity in grape production. An accession of wild [...] Read more.

Increase in soil salinity, driven by climate change, is a widespread constrain for viticulture across several regions, including the Mediterranean basin. The implementation of salt-tolerant varieties is sought after to reduce the negative impact of salinity in grape production. An accession of wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris), named AS1B, found on the coastline of Asturias (Spain), could be of interest toward the achievement of salt-tolerant varieties, as it demonstrated the ability to survive and grow under high levels of salinity. In the present study, AS1B is compared against widely cultivated commercial rootstock Richter 110, regarding their survival capabilities, and transcriptomic profiles analysis allowed us to identify the genes by employing RNA-seq and gene ontology analyses under increasing salinity and validate (via RT-qPCR) seven salinity-stress-induced genes. The results suggest contrasting transcriptomic responses between AS1B and Richter 110. AS1B is more responsive to a milder increase in salinity and builds up specific mechanisms of tolerance over a sustained salt stress, while Richter 110 maintains a constitutive expression until high and prolonged saline inputs, when it mainly shows responses to osmotic stress. The genetic basis of AS1B’s strategy to confront salinity could be valuable in cultivar breeding programs, to expand the current range of salt-tolerant rootstocks, aiming to improve the adaptation of viticulture against climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All about Growing Grapes and Wine Making)

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16 pages, 3047 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversification of Vascular Occlusions and Crystal Deposits in the Xylem Sap Flow of Five Tunisian Grapevines

by Badra Bouamama-Gzara, Hassene Zemni, Noomene Sleimi, Abdelwahed Ghorbel, Lassaad Gzara and Naima Mahfoudhi

Plants 2022, 11(16), 2177; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11162177 - 22 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1715

Abstract

Xylem vessels are essential pivotal organs in bulk hydraulic flow through the whole woody plant. However, environmental constraints generate disagreements in xylem structures, which are characterized by air emboli and occlusions formations, compromising water conductivity in grapevines. The aim of this work was [...] Read more.

Xylem vessels are essential pivotal organs in bulk hydraulic flow through the whole woody plant. However, environmental constraints generate disagreements in xylem structures, which are characterized by air emboli and occlusions formations, compromising water conductivity in grapevines. The aim of this work was to explore xylem morphology dynamics through the xylem sap flow of five Tunisian grapevine cultivars during the natural bleeding sap periods of 2019, 2021, and 2022. In fact, Sakasly, Khamri, Hencha, Razegui1, and Razegui2 rain-fed grapevine cultivars revealed differential responses towards xylem sap movement. The results demonstrated that the xylem sap flow was significantly more abundant in 2019 than 2021 and 2022 bleeding sap campaigns. A variation was revealed between the cultivars regarding the xylem sap flow. In fact, Sakasly gave the best xylem flow during the three campaigns. Razegui1 and Razegui2 registered approximately similar xylem sap flow, while Hencha and Khamri present the lowest sap fluxes during the three campaigns. Moreover, several vascular occlusions forms were identified from stem cross sections using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), including tyloses, gels, starch, and gum deposits. The highest occlusion number was observed in Sakasly, Razegui1, and Razegui2 cultivars. Among different biogenic calcium shapes, several were observed for the first time in grapevine, including multi-faceted druse, cubic, crystalline sand, styloids, spherical, or drop-like structures. Considering their lower flow and totally blocked vessels, both Hencha and Khamri confirmed their susceptibility to environmental constraints. However, Sakasly, Razegui1, and Razegui2 cultivars presented higher tolerance according to their sap flow and xylem morphology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All about Growing Grapes and Wine Making)

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15 pages, 5091 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Calcium and Potassium Accumulation during the Growing Season in Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot Grape Varieties

by Eleonora Nistor, Alina Georgeta Dobrei, Giovan Battista Mattii and Alin Dobrei

Plants 2022, 11(12), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11121536 - 08 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1610

Abstract

The evolution of calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) accumulation in grape berries during the growing season provided information on the productivity and quality of grape crops, considering that both elements have numerous physiological effects. The aim of the study was to determine and [...] Read more.

The evolution of calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) accumulation in grape berries during the growing season provided information on the productivity and quality of grape crops, considering that both elements have numerous physiological effects. The aim of the study was to determine and compare Ca and K accumulation in berries from ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Merlot’ grape varieties influenced by the number of days after flowering (DAF) over three consecutive growing seasons (2019–2021) in Recaş vineyards, from Banat Region in Western Romania. Results showed that Ca accumulation in the berries continued at slow rates after veraison when water was available for both varieties; accumulation was observed mainly in the skin, suggesting translocation from the flesh. Regression analysis showed a strong dependence on the interval of 65–75 DAF for Ca accumulation in the skin. K accumulation increased after the onset of veraison until 70 to 90 DAF in both varieties, with higher accumulation in the flesh than in the skin. No significant differences were found among varieties regarding the Ca and K content during the study period. In both varieties, the relationship between sugar accumulation and the Ca/K content was highly significant. Given the importance of both elements, new data may contribute to establishing the optimum grape ripeness in relation to the sugar concentration in the berries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All about Growing Grapes and Wine Making)

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13 pages, 3947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Colored Shade Nets Can Relieve Abnormal Fruit Softening and Premature Leaf Senescence of “Jumeigui” Grapes during Ripening under Greenhouse Conditions

by Qian Zha, Xiangjing Yin, Xiaojun Xi and Aili Jiang

Plants 2022, 11(9), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091227 - 01 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1751

Abstract

High temperature causes premature grape leaf senescence, abnormal berry softening, and shortening of the fruiting period. Furthermore, the fruit quality and yield are severely affected. Here, the “Jumeigui” grape quality and leaf senescence were evaluated under shading; green, blue, black, and gray nets [...] Read more.

High temperature causes premature grape leaf senescence, abnormal berry softening, and shortening of the fruiting period. Furthermore, the fruit quality and yield are severely affected. Here, the “Jumeigui” grape quality and leaf senescence were evaluated under shading; green, blue, black, and gray nets were used for shading, and their spectra were measured. At the same density, the shade-net color significantly affected cooling and shading efficiencies, with gray nets showing the best light transmission and cooling effect. Shading significantly alleviated abnormal heat-induced grape softness. The total soluble solids (TSS) content and grape coloration were affected under gray, blue, and green shade nets. Nonetheless, TSS exceeded 18 °Brix under gray, blue, and green nets, as required of first-class high-quality fruit. The peel color was not significantly affected under gray or blue shade nets, whereas unshaded grapes showed clear heat-stress damage, especially on the edges of unshaded bottom leaves, in which the net photosynthesis rate was significantly lower than that under shading, indicating that high light intensity and heat caused premature leaf senescence. Colored shade nets reduced greenhouse temperature and light intensity, thereby alleviating the premature senescence of grape plants. Grape quality under black shade nets was poor, whereas superior quality was achieved using gray or blue shade nets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All about Growing Grapes and Wine Making)

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15 pages, 1699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occurrence and Genetic Characterization of Grapevine Pinot Gris Virus in Russia

by Darya Shvets and Svetlana Vinogradova

Plants 2022, 11(8), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081061 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1675

Abstract

Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) is a widespread grapevine pathogen associated with symptoms of leaf mottling and deformation. In order to study the distribution and genetic diversity of GPGV in Russia, we tested 1347 grapevine samples from 3 regions of Russia–the Krasnodar Krai, [...] Read more.

Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) is a widespread grapevine pathogen associated with symptoms of leaf mottling and deformation. In order to study the distribution and genetic diversity of GPGV in Russia, we tested 1347 grapevine samples from 3 regions of Russia–the Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, and Republic of Crimea—using duplex real-time RT-PCR. GPGV was detected in 993 grapevines, both symptomatic and asymptomatic. In 119 isolates, we sequenced complete movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) genes of the GPGV genome. The percentage of identity of the obtained nucleotide MP/CP sequences with the closest isolates from the GenBank was 97.75–99.56%. A phylogenetic analysis showed that these Russian GPGV isolates are mainly grouped with previously described representative asymptomatic isolates. New post-translational modifications of the MP and CP at the positions of polymorphisms in the genomes of Russian isolates were predicted. The present work is the first study on the distribution and genetic diversity of GPGV in Russia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All about Growing Grapes and Wine Making)

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13 pages, 5198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecogeographic Conditions Dramatically Affect Trans-Resveratrol and Other Major Phenolics’ Levels in Wine at a Semi-Arid Area

by Bat-Chen R. Lubin, Nimrod Inbar, Ania Pinkus, Maria Stanevsky, Jonathan Cohen, Oshrit Rahimi, Yaakov Anker, Oded Shoseyov and Elyashiv Drori

Plants 2022, 11(5), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050629 - 25 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1849

Abstract

Grapevines are susceptible and responsive to their surrounding environment. Factors such as climate region and terroir are known to affect polyphenolic compounds in wine and therefore, its quality. The uniqueness of the terroir in Israel is the variety of soil types and the [...] Read more.

Grapevines are susceptible and responsive to their surrounding environment. Factors such as climate region and terroir are known to affect polyphenolic compounds in wine and therefore, its quality. The uniqueness of the terroir in Israel is the variety of soil types and the climatic conditions, ranging from Mediterranean to arid climates. Thus, understanding the effects of climate on grapevine performance in Israel may be a test case for the effect of climate change on grapevine at other areas in the future. First, we present a preliminary survey (2012–2014) in different climate zones and terroirs, which showed that trans-resveratrol concentrations in Merlot and Shiraz were high, while those of Cabernet Sauvignon were significantly lower. A further comprehensive countrywide survey (2016) of Merlot wines from 62 vineyards (53 wineries) compared several phenolic compounds’ concentrations between five areas of different climate and terroir. Results show a connection between trans-resveratrol concentrations, variety, and terroir properties. Furthermore, we show that trans-resveratrol concentrations are strongly correlated to humidity levels at springtime, precipitation, and soil permeability. This work can be considered a glimpse into the possible alterations of wine composition in currently moderate-climate wine-growing areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All about Growing Grapes and Wine Making)

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13 pages, 3097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Carbon Balance and Sugar Content of Vitis vinifera under Two Different Trellis Systems

by Linda Salvi, Eleonora Cataldo, Sofia Sbraci, Francesca Paoli, Maddalena Fucile, Eleonora Nistor and Giovan Battista Mattii

Plants 2021, 10(8), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081675 - 15 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2019

Abstract

Environmental factors might influence the carbon balance and sugar content in grapevine. In this two-year research, the STELLA software was employed to predict dry matter accumulation in Sangiovese vines, comparing the traditional vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and the single high wire (SHW) trellis [...] Read more.

Environmental factors might influence the carbon balance and sugar content in grapevine. In this two-year research, the STELLA software was employed to predict dry matter accumulation in Sangiovese vines, comparing the traditional vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and the single high wire (SHW) trellis systems. Every week, vegetative, eco-physiological and grape quality parameters were collected for 15 tagged vines per trellis system to set up the software. Significant differences in photosynthesis were recorded in 2014, with higher values in VSP (23–25% more). Shoot growth was significantly higher in VSP (20–25% more), whereas higher dry matter (30%) and yield (9–11% more) were detected for SHW. At harvest, berry composition suggested a slower ripening in SHW compared to VSP, which was linked to the shading of clusters in SHW. Finally, for the first time, linear regressions were found between measured berry sugar content and STELLA-estimated dry matter (R² = 0.96 in VSP; R² = 0.95 in SHW). This latter evidence allowed the estimation of berry sugar content, showing this software to be a practical tool to support winegrowers in decision making. Other studies are already underway to calibrate and validate the model for other varieties, training systems and environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All about Growing Grapes and Wine Making)

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15 pages, 2056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Defoliation at Fruit Set on Vine Physiology and Berry Composition in Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines

by Eleonora Cataldo, Linda Salvi, Francesca Paoli, Maddalena Fucile and Giovan Battista Mattii

Plants 2021, 10(6), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061183 - 10 Jun 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3020

Abstract

Grapevine canopy defoliation is a fundamentally important technique for the productivity and quality of grapes. Leaf removal is a pivotal operation on high-density vines which aims to improve air circulation, light exposure, and leaf gas exchange. The effects of leaf removal (LR) on [...] Read more.

Grapevine canopy defoliation is a fundamentally important technique for the productivity and quality of grapes. Leaf removal is a pivotal operation on high-density vines which aims to improve air circulation, light exposure, and leaf gas exchange. The effects of leaf removal (LR) on vine physiology and berry composition in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines were studied during the 2018–2019 growing season in the Bolgheri area, Tuscany, Italy. The basal leaves were removed at fruit set at two severity levels (removal of four basal leaves of each shoot (LR4) and removal of eight basal leaves (LR8)). The two treatments were compared with the not defoliated control (CTRL). The following physiological parameters of vines were measured: leaf gas exchange, leaf water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence and indirect chlorophyll content. The results showed that defoliation increased single leaf photosynthesis. In addition, qualitative grape parameters (phenolic and technological analyses) and daytime and night-time berry temperature were studied. The results showed that leaf removal had an impact on total soluble solids (°Brix), titratable acidity, and pH. The LR8-treated grapes had higher titratable acidity, while those in the LR4 treatment had higher °Brix and extractable anthocyanin and polyphenol content. Berry weight was not significantly influenced by the timing and severity of basal defoliation. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effects of defoliation at the fruit set on vines performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue All about Growing Grapes and Wine Making)

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