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Antioxidant Activity of Medical Plants

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A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Phytochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 35918

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Dr. Monika Czerwinska

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Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: bioactive plant natural products (iridoids, phenylpropanoids, and other phenolic compounds); phytochemical (Oleaceae, Cornaceae, and Lamiaceae); chromatographic analysis of plant preparations; epithelial inflammation; phytochemistry and traditional phytotherapy
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Dear Colleagues,

Medicinal plants are herbs or different parts of plants used for therapeutic or medical benefits. These natural healing remedies have been widely used in folk medicine since ancient times. Active chemical substances developed for drug synthesis were often of plant origin. The therapeutic effects of medicinal plants, such as the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, inflammation disorders, or reducing the risk of cancer, are used in the pharmaceutical industry. Their additional preservative properties result from the presence of antioxidant constituents, which determine the use of plant materials in the food and cosmetic industries. Despite the wide range of commonly used medicinal plants with antioxidant activity which have been traditionally used, some of them have not yet been described. Many of them remain to be discovered.

In particular, the phytochemical composition of not-well-known medicinal plants, the concentration of detected antioxidants, as well as the appropriate determination of antioxidant capacity provide the possibility of plant therapeutic development and the scientific justification of their traditional use. A special insight into the variety of plants, environmental conditions, climatic and seasonal variations, and degree of ripeness will allow us to show the diversity of antioxidants as well as the plant-composition–environment–antioxidant-capacity interactions.

In addition, the antioxidant capacity depends on the conditions of plant preparation processing such as extraction technique, solvents, and assay methodology. Taking into consideration the significance of plant collection and preparation in folk medicine, the results of studies showing the correlation between environmental and technological conditions and the antioxidant activity of plant materials will be particularly considered. Studies comparing the antioxidant properties of medicinal plants with different assays, including the appropriate positive/negative controls, will be forwarded for peer-review.

This Special Issue of Plants will highlight the relationship between the composition of traditionally used medicinal plants and their antioxidant activity.

Dr. Monika Czerwinska
Guest Editor

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Keywords

medicinal plants
traditional medicine
antioxidants
polyphenols
antioxidant assays
oxidative stress
free radical
scavenging

Published Papers (11 papers)

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16 pages, 1405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Profiling of Polyphenolic Compounds of Leontopodium alpinum Cass Callus Cultures Using UPLC/IM-HRMS and Screening of In Vitro Effects

by Ioana-Ecaterina Pralea, Radu-Cristian Moldovan, Adrian-Bogdan Țigu, Alina-Maria Petrache, Simona-Codruța Hegheș, Monica Mitoi, Gina Cogălniceanu and Cristina-Adela Iuga

Plants 2022, 11(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010100 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2538

Abstract

Leontopodium alpinum Cass. (edelweiss) is recognized as a frequent constituent of anti-aging skin care products, providing increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defense. Considering the growing demand and the protected status of edelweiss in many countries, alternative methods of production have been developed, one of them being callus culturing. This study reports the phytochemical composition of a methanolic extract of L. alpinum callus cultures, characterized by liquid chromatography coupled to ion-mobility high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC/IM-HRMS). The methanolic extract exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity (122.19 ± 7.28 mg AAE/g dw), while the quantitative evaluation revealed that four major constituents (phenylpropanoid derivatives) represent 57.13% (m/m) of the extract. Consequently, a screening of antiproliferative effects was performed on ten cancer cell lines, representative of prostate, colon, lung and breast cancer, showing inhibition of colony formation in all cases. These results provide a comprehensive phytochemical characterization of L. alpinum callus cultures using advanced IM-HRMS, while the in vitro explorations confirmed the potent antioxidant properties of edelweiss which are worth exploring further in cancer prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Medical Plants)

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23 pages, 1343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Enzymatic Activity of Five Common Spices: Focus on Their Essential Oils and Spent Material Extractives

by Adriana Trifan, Gokhan Zengin, Mihai Brebu, Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak and Simon Vlad Luca

Plants 2021, 10(12), 2692; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122692 - 07 Dec 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3583

Abstract

The essential oil industry of aromatic herbs and spices is currently producing a significant amount of by-products, such as the spent plant materials remaining after steam or hydrodistillation, that are simply discarded. The aim of this study was to comparatively investigate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and multi-enzymatic inhibitory potential of the essential oils and spent plant material extractives obtained from cinnamon, cumin, clove, laurel, and black pepper. The essential oils were characterized by the presence of several phytochemical markers (cinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde, eugenol, eucalyptol, α-terpinene, limonene, β-caryophyllene or β-pinene). On the other hand, the LC-HRMS/MS profiling of the spent material extracts allowed the annotation of species specific and non-specific metabolites, such as organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, hydrolysable tannins, fatty acids, or piperamides. All samples exhibited very strong antioxidant effects, with the clove essential oil displaying the strongest radical scavenging (525.78 and 936.44 mg TE/g in DPPH and ABTS assays), reducing (2848.28 and 1927.98 mg TE/g in CUPRAC and FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (68.19 mmol TE/g). With respect to the anti-acetylcholinesterase (0.73–2.95 mg GALAE/g), anti-butyrylcholinesterase (0–3.41 mg GALAE/g), anti-tyrosinase (0–76.86 mg KAE/g), anti-amylase and anti-glucosidase (both 0–1.00 mmol ACAE/g) assays, the spice samples showed a modest activity. Overall, our study reports that, not only the volatile fractions of common spices, but also their spent plant materials remaining after hydrodistillation can be regarded as rich sources of bioactive molecules with antioxidant and multi-enzymatic inhibitory effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Medical Plants)

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18 pages, 2056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cornus mas and Cornus officinalis—A Comparison of Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Standardized Fruit Extracts in Human Neutrophils and Caco-2 Models

by Monika E. Czerwińska, Agata Bobińska, Katarzyna Cichocka, Tina Buchholz, Konrad Woliński and Matthias F. Melzig

Plants 2021, 10(11), 2347; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112347 - 30 Oct 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2884

Abstract

Fruits of Cornus mas and Cornus officinalis are representative plant materials traditionally used in Europe and Asia, respectively, in the treatment of diabetes and diabetes-related complications, which are often mediated by pathogenic inflammatory agents. Additionally, due to the fact of mutual infiltration of Asian and European medicines, the differentiation as well as standardization of traditional prescriptions seem to be crucial for ensuring the quality of traditional products. The objective of this study was a comparison of biological activity of extracts from fruits of C. mas and C. officinalis by an assessment of their effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human neutrophils as well as cytokines secretion both in neutrophils (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF- α; interleukin 8, IL-8; interleukin 1β, IL-1β) and in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 (IL-8). To evaluate the phytochemical differences between the studied extracts as well as to provide a method for standardization procedures, a quantitative analysis of iridoids, such as loganin, sweroside, and loganic acid, found in extracts of Cornus fruits was performed with HPLC-DAD. All standardized extracts significantly inhibited ROS production, whereas the aqueous-alcoholic extracts were particularly active inhibitors of IL-8 secretion by neutrophils. The aqueous-methanolic extract of C. officinalis fruit, decreased IL-8 secretion by neutrophils to 54.64 ± 7.67%, 49.68 ± 6.55%, 50.29 ± 5.87% at concentrations of 5, 50, and 100 µg/mL, respectively, compared to LPS-stimulated control (100%). The aqueous extract of C. officinalis fruit significantly inhibited TNF-α release by neutrophils at concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL. On the other hand, the aqueous-ethanolic extract of C. mas fruit showed the propensity to increase TNF-α and IL-1β secretion. The modulatory activity of the Cornus extracts was noted in the case of secretion of IL-8 in Caco-2 cells. The effect was comparable with dexamethasone. The content of loganin in aqueous and aqueous-methanolic extract of C. officinalis fruit was higher than in the aqueous-ethanolic extract of C. mas fruit, which was characterized by a significant quantity of loganic acid. In conclusion, the immunomodulatory effect observed in vitro may partially confirm the traditional use of Cornus fruits through alleviation of the development of diabetes-derived inflammatory complications. Loganin and loganic acid are significant markers for standardization of C. mas and C. officinalis fruit extracts, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Medical Plants)

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17 pages, 2643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaf Tea on Sexual Behavior and Reproductive Function in Male Rats

by Jiraporn Laoung-on, Kanokporn Saenphet, Churdsak Jaikang and Paiwan Sudwan

Plants 2021, 10(10), 2019; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102019 - 26 Sep 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2544

Abstract

Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) has been called the “miracle tree” due to its attributes for therapy in various diseases. However, M. oleifera studies on the male reproductive system have been limited. The aim of this study was a phytochemical screening and investigation of the effects of M. oleifera leaf tea on sexual behavior, reproductive function and antioxidant activities. Male rats were fed with M. oleifera leaf tea extract at doses of 0.55, 1.10 and 2.20 mg/kg or distilled water for 30 days. The result showed that M. oleifera leaf tea contained rich total phenols and flavonoids. The courtship behavior, seminiferous tubule diameter, epithelium height, epithelium area, type A spermatogonia, and spermatogonia efficiency were significantly increased in all treatment groups. The groups treated with 1.10 and 2.20 mg/kg increased the number of Sertoli cells. The total of spermatogenic cells increased in the group treated with 0.55 mg/kg. M. oleifera leaf tea scavenged DPPH radical, ABTS radical and H₂O₂, and inhibited LPO and AGEs formation. Due to M. oleifera leaf tea containing rich total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants, it could enhance sexual function and the male reproductive system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Medical Plants)

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15 pages, 1977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Roots of Apium graveolens and Petroselinum crispum—Insight into Phenolic Status against Toxicity Level of Trace Elements

by Danijela Arsenov, Milan Župunski, Slobodanka Pajević, Ivana Nemeš, Nataša Simin, Abdullah M. Alnuqaydan, Malcolm Watson, Abdulaziz A. Aloliqi and Neda Mimica-Dukić

Plants 2021, 10(9), 1785; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091785 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2927

Abstract

Celery (Appium graveolens L.) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss) are herbs utilized in the everyday diet as spices and culinary flavorings, often used in the chemical and medicinal industries. Despite the knowing benefits of different plants from the Apiaceae family, their chemical composition is closely associated with various extrinsic factors. Environmental loading with trace elements (TEs) can modify a plant’s metabolic pathways, change bioactive compounds production, cause plant pollution, and consequently provoke human health issues. Therefore, we established this research aiming to unravel the linkage between TEs accumulation and phenolic status in celery and parsley. Higher As, Cd, and Ni levels were observed in celery, which was followed by greater DPPH^∙ radical scavenging activity and higher coumarins content. Contrary, parsley accumulated chromium to a greater extent, was richer in flavonoids, apigenin, and its glucosides. No significant difference between species was found in total phenolic contents, where ferulic and chlorogenic acid dominated in both species. A direct relationship between TEs and selected secondary metabolites was proven by the standardized major axis model. Besides abundant bioactive compounds, analyzed plant species showed a moderate hazard index in the children population, since the hazard index was higher than 1. Therefore, future perspectives should be turned towards the production of genotypes with a lower potential for toxic elements accumulation, so the health benefits of plant food will be more prominent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Medical Plants)

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20 pages, 5676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Sperm Viability of Nelumbo nucifera Petal Extracts

by Jiraporn Laoung-on, Churdsak Jaikang, Kanokporn Saenphet and Paiwan Sudwan

Plants 2021, 10(7), 1375; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071375 - 05 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3043

Abstract

Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.; N. nucifera) is a common ingredient in traditional medicine and Thai recipes. Its petal is an agricultural waste from stamen production. There are limitations in the used and pharmacological data of the petals resulting in more petals waste. The aims of this study were to investigate the phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity, and potential effects on sperm viability of aqueous (NAE) and ethanolic extracts (NEE) of both red and white N. nucifera petals. The white NAE had the highest total phenolics content, total tannins content and maximal antioxidant activity. The white NEE had the highest concentration of total flavonoids. Quercetin was a major flavonoid and was found in the aqueous extracts. Both red and white of NAE in the range of 0.22 to 1.76 mg/mL increased sperm viability. The white NAE was prominent in phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and both red and white NAE effectively increased rat sperm viability in the in vitro model. The white NAE enhanced sperm viability by decreasing oxidative stress. It might be suggested that the N. nucifera petals have benefits for sperm viability health promotion and may increase the economic value of agricultural waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Medical Plants)

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17 pages, 1139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Cyanthillium cinereum (Less) H. Rob. Lozenges in Volunteer Smokers

by Thitiya Luetragoon, Rungnapa Pankla Sranujit, Chanai Noysang, Yordhathai Thongsri, Pachuen Potup, Jukarin Somboonjun, Nucharee Maichandi, Nungruthai Suphrom, Supaporn Sangouam and Kanchana Usuwanthim

Plants 2021, 10(7), 1336; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071336 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4354

Abstract

Smokers have high plaque accumulation that initiates gingival inflammation and progresses to periodontitis. Thus, oral hygiene to control microbial plaque formation is an effective method of preventing gingivitis. Medicinal plants such as Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) and Cyanthillium cinereum (Less.) H. Rob. (CC) have an anti-inflammatory effect that might improve oral health in smokers. This study evaluated the effect of MO leaf and CC extracts using MO lozenges and a combination of MO + CC lozenges on oral inflammation and gingivitis in volunteer smokers. Lozenges consisting of MO and CC extracts were developed and studied in vivo. The results showed that lozenges significantly reduced oral inflammation and gingivitis in volunteers. The gingival index (GI) of group III (MO + CC lozenges) significantly decreased, while the percentage decrease of oral inflammation in group II (MO lozenges) was significantly higher than the other groups. The percentage decrease of GI values in group II (MO lozenges) and group III (MO + CC lozenges) were significantly higher than the placebo group I. Our findings indicated that MO and MO + CC lozenges reduced oral inflammation and gingivitis and showed potential to improve oral health in smokers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Medical Plants)

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19 pages, 39522 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Comparative Study on Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of an Epiphyte, Viscum album L. (White Berry Mistletoe), Derived from Different Host Trees

by Mahak Majeed, Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah, Manzoor Ahmad Mir, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Hesham F. Alharby, Hameed Alsamadany, Atif A. Bamagoos and Reiaz Ul Rehman

Plants 2021, 10(6), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061191 - 11 Jun 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3586

Abstract

The study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant profile of a medicinal epiphyte Viscum album L. harvested from three tree species, namely, Populus ciliata L, Ulmus villosa L., and Juglans regia L. The crude extracts were obtained with ethanol, methanol, and water and were evaluated for the total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities using total reducing power (TRP), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1, 1-diphenyl 1-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide radical scavenging (SOR), and hydroxyl radical scavenging (^•OH) assays. Our results showed that crude leaf extracts of plants harvested from the host Juglans regia L. exhibited higher yields of phytochemical constituents and noticeable antioxidative properties. The ethanolic leaf samples reported the highest phenols (13.46 ± 0.87 mg/g), flavonoids (2.38 ± 0.04 mg/g), FRAP (500.63 ± 12.58 μM Fe II/g DW), and DPPH (87.26% ± 0.30 mg/mL). Moreover, the highest values for TRP (4.24 ± 0.26 μg/mL), SOR (89.79% ± 0.73 mg/mL), and OH (67.16% ± 1.15 mg/mL) were obtained from aqueous leaf extracts. Further, Pearson correlation was used for quantifying the relationship between TPC, TFC, and antioxidant (FRAP, DPPH, SOR, OH) activities in Viscum album L. compared to their hosts. It was revealed that the epiphyte showed variation with the type of host plant and extracting solvent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Medical Plants)

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13 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systematic Analysis of Combined Antioxidant and Membrane-Stabilizing Properties of Several Lamiaceae Family Kazakhstani Plants for Potential Production of Tea Beverages

by Alibek Ydyrys, Nazgul Zhaparkulova, Arailym Aralbaeva, Aigul Mamataeva, Ainur Seilkhan, Sayagul Syraiyl and Maіra Murzakhmetova

Plants 2021, 10(4), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10040666 - 30 Mar 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2348

Abstract

One of the most important compounds that exhibit a wide range of biological activities with especially strong antioxidant action are plant polyphenols. In the course of the experiment, the dose-dependent effects of polyphenols-rich extracts isolated from the Lamiaceae family Kazakhstani plants were studied on the processes of lipid peroxidation and on the degree of erythrocytes hemolysis. The activity of aqueous-ethanolic extracts from dried parts of plants, such as Origanum vulgare, Ziziphora bungeana, Dracocephalum integrifolium, Mentha piperita, Leonurus turkestanicus, Thymus serpyllum, and Salvia officinalis, was studied in a Wistar rat model. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in liver microsomes was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde content in the form of thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS). Estimation of osmotic resistance of isolated erythrocytes was evaluated based on hemoglobin absorbance. The amount of total phenolics in the extracts was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method. Based on the results, Thymus serpyllum extract exhibited a significantly higher antioxidant activity (IC50 = 3.3 ± 0.7) compared to other plant extracts. Accordingly, among the extracts studied, those from Salvia officinalis, Thymus serpyllum, and Origanum vulgare show the most pronounced membrane-stabilizing activity. Antioxidant and antihemolytic properties of green tea and Origanum vulgare extract mixtures were similar to that of each individual plant extract. Similar results were obtained when the green tea extract was mixed with Mentha piperita, Ziziphora bungeana, and Dracocephalum integrifolium extracts, indicating no discernible synergistic interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Medical Plants)

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14 pages, 5869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Analysis of Rutin by HPTLC and In Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Phenolic-Rich Extracts from Verbesina sphaerocephala

by Kathia Yanelly Rodríguez-Valdovinos, Rafael Salgado-Garciglia, Monserrat Vázquez-Sánchez, Dioselina Álvarez-Bernal, Ernesto Oregel-Zamudio, Luis Fernando Ceja-Torres and José Roberto Medina-Medrano

Plants 2021, 10(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030475 - 03 Mar 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3040

Abstract

Verbesina sphaerocephala A. Gray, like other wild plants of the genus Verbesina, has been used in herbal medicine. There is information for other species of the genus related to their phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and isolation of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity. However, there are no reports for V. sphaerocephala, although it has an important presence in the state of Michoacán, México. In this study, the phenolic composition, quantification of rutin, and in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanolic extracts from V. sphaerocephala leaves and flowers were determined. The results showed that all the investigated extracts have high phenolic and flavonoid contents. The flavonoid rutin was identified in all the extracts from V. sphaerocephala by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). The V. sphaerocephala extracts showed scavenging activity against DPPH^• and ABTS^•+ radicals (IC₅₀ and 5.83 ± 0.50 and 0.93 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively) as well as relevant antioxidant capacity (51.05 ± 0.36 mg of ascorbic acid/g of dry tissue). The experimental results show that V. sphaerocephala extracts possessed a strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research indicates that V. sphaerocephala could be considered as a potential source of natural compounds from the point of ethnopharmacological usage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Medical Plants)

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10 pages, 931 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Evaluation of the Conditions for the Cultivation of Callus Cultures of Hyssopus officinalis Regarding the Yield of Polyphenolic Compounds

by Olga Babich, Stanislav Sukhikh, Artem Pungin, Lidiya Astahova, Evgeny Chupakhin, Daria Belova, Alexander Prosekov and Svetlana Ivanova

Plants 2021, 10(5), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050915 - 02 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2559

Abstract

The cultivation of plants in the form of callus cultures constitutes a renewable source of secondary plant metabolites. The conditions for the cultivation of callus cultures affect the yield of target compounds. Callus cultures of Hyssopus officinalis were chosen for study. Nutrient media of various compositions were used for Hyssopus officinalis callus culture. For each culture, data on the quantitative contents of saponins, flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, as well as antioxidant activity, were obtained. It was found that Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1-naphthylacetic acid and kinetin led to the highest yield of secondary metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Medical Plants)

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