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Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Development in Bamboo
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Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Development in Bamboo

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Development and Morphogenesis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 6228

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Qiang Wei

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
Interests: genes; development and evolution of bamboo
Dr. Shuyan Lin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
Interests: transition of bamboo flower and development of flower organs; development of bamboo leaves; variation mechanism of ornamental bamboo
Dr. Fen Yu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
Interests: bamboo development; bamboo germplasm resources and utilization
Dr. Feng Que

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
Interests: growth and development of bamboo plants; hormones in bamboo plants; cell wall development
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bamboo is an important forestry resource with countless documented uses. It is the world's most traded non-timber product, with an estimated value of about 100 billion USD in 2025. In addition to its great economic value, bamboo exhibits several unique developmental processes, such as rapid growth and a long flowering period, that differ from those of other plants. These unique processes are closely related to the characteristics that are important to the downstream bamboo industry. With advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies, more and more "omics" disciplines (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) have been applied to bamboo developmental research. Although much progress has been made recently in bamboo developmental research, more research is needed in many areas. For example, key genes that could be used for the genetic improvement of bamboo are still far less understood. The aim and scope of this Special Issue is to present new research on the molecular and physiological mechanisms of vegetative organ morphogenesis and the flowering mechanisms of bamboo. We also invite new research on the anatomical structures of unique bamboo structures and genetic transformation of bamboo.

Dr. Qiang Wei
Dr. Shuyan Lin
Dr. Fen Yu
Dr. Feng Que
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Plants is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bamboo
  • development
  • shoot
  • culm
  • flowering
  • leaf
  • root
  • transcriptome
  • anatomy
  • omics
  • genetic transformation

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 4665 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Phenological Gaps on Leaf Characteristics and Foliage Dynamics of an Understory Dwarf Bamboo, Sasa kurilensis
by Chongyang Wu, Ryota Tanaka, Kyohei Fujiyoshi, Yasuaki Akaji, Muneto Hirobe, Naoko Miki, Juan Li, Keiji Sakamoto and Jian Gao
Plants 2024, 13(5), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050719 - 4 Mar 2024
Viewed by 582
Abstract
Phenological gaps exert a significant influence on the growth of dwarf bamboos. However, how dwarf bamboos respond to and exploit these phenological gaps remain enigmatic. The light environment, soil nutrients, leaf morphology, maximum photosynthetic rate, foliage dynamics, and branching characteristics of Sasa kurilensis [...] Read more.
Phenological gaps exert a significant influence on the growth of dwarf bamboos. However, how dwarf bamboos respond to and exploit these phenological gaps remain enigmatic. The light environment, soil nutrients, leaf morphology, maximum photosynthetic rate, foliage dynamics, and branching characteristics of Sasa kurilensis were examined under the canopies of Fagus crenata and Magnolia obovata. The goal was to elucidate the adaptive responses of S. kurilensis to phenological gaps in the forest understory. The findings suggest that phenological gaps under an M. obovata canopy augment the available biomass of S. kurilensis, enhancing leaf area, leaf thickness, and carbon content per unit area. However, these gaps do not appreciably influence the maximum photosynthetic rate, total leaf number, leaf lifespan, branch number, and average branch length. These findings underscore the significant impact of annually recurring phenological gaps on various aspects of S. kurilensis growth, such as its aboveground biomass, leaf morphology, and leaf biochemical characteristics. It appears that leaf morphology is a pivotal trait in the response of S. kurilensis to phenological gaps. Given the potential ubiquity of the influence of phenological gaps on dwarf bamboos across most deciduous broadleaf forests, this canopy phenomenon should not be overlooked. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Development in Bamboo)
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20 pages, 8075 KiB  
Article
Anatomical Mechanisms of Leaf Blade Morphogenesis in Sasaella kogasensis ‘Aureostriatus’
by Wanqi Zhao, Zhuo Lv, Hanjiao Zhang, Jiahui Yue, Xu Zhang, Long Li, Feiyi Huang and Shuyan Lin
Plants 2024, 13(3), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030332 - 23 Jan 2024
Viewed by 774
Abstract
There are limited studies on the cytology of bamboo leaf development from primordium to maturity. This study delves into the leaf morphological characteristics and growth patterns of Sasaella kogasensis ‘Aureostriatus’ and provides a three-dimensional anatomical analysis of cell division, expansion, and degradation. Leaves [...] Read more.
There are limited studies on the cytology of bamboo leaf development from primordium to maturity. This study delves into the leaf morphological characteristics and growth patterns of Sasaella kogasensis ‘Aureostriatus’ and provides a three-dimensional anatomical analysis of cell division, expansion, and degradation. Leaves on the same branch develop bottom-up, while individual leaves develop the other way around. Like bamboo shoots and culms, the leaves follow a “slow–fast–slow” growth pattern, with longitudinal growth being predominant during their development. The growth zones of individual leaves included division, elongation, and maturation zones based on the distribution of growth space. By measuring 13,303 epidermal long cells and 3293 mesophyll cells in longitudinal sections of rapidly elongating leaves, we observed that in the rapid elongation phase (S4–S5), the division zone was located in the 1–2 cm segment at the bottom of the leaf blade and maintained a constant size, continuously providing new cells for leaf elongation, whereas in the late rapid elongation phase (S6), when the length of the leaf blade was approaching that of a mature leaf, its cells at the bottom of the blade no longer divided and were replaced by the ability to elongate. Furthermore, to gain an insight into the dynamic changes in the growth of the S. kogasensis ‘Aureostriatus’ leaves in the lateral and periclinal directions, the width and thickness of 1459 epidermal and 2719 mesophyll cells were counted in the mid-cross section of leaves at different developmental stages. The results showed that during the early stages of development (S1–S3), young leaves maintained vigorous division in the lateral direction, while periplasmic division gradually expanded from the bottom to the top of the leaf blade and the number of cell layers stabilized at S4. The meristematic tissues on both sides of the leaf were still able to divide at S4 but the frequency of the division gradually decreased, while cell division and expansion occurred simultaneously between the veins. At S6, the cells at the leaf margins and between the veins were completely differentiated and the width of the leaf blade no longer expanded. These findings revealed changes in cell growth anisotropically during the leaf development of S. kogasensis ‘Aureostriatus’ and demonstrated that leaf elongation was closely related to the longitudinal expansion of epidermal cells and proliferative growth of mesophyll cells, whereas the cell division of meristematic tissues and expansion of post-divisional cells contributed to the increases in blade width and thickness. The presented framework will facilitate a further exploration of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of leaf development in S. kogasensis ‘Aureostriatus’ and provide relevant information for developmental and taxonomic studies of bamboo plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Development in Bamboo)
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19 pages, 18441 KiB  
Article
Emerging Insights into the Roles of the Rhizome–Culm System in Bamboo Shoot Development through Analysis of Non-Structural Carbohydrate Changes
by Tianyi Hu, Linghui Kong, Sisi Hu, Meng Deng, Guangyao Yang, Qiang Wei and Fen Yu
Plants 2024, 13(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010002 - 19 Dec 2023
Viewed by 842
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) required for bamboo shoot development, the critical stage that determines the yield of a bamboo stand, originate from the parent bamboo with the complex underground system. However, the metabolic mechanism of NSCs in the rhizome–culm system during bamboo shoot development [...] Read more.
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) required for bamboo shoot development, the critical stage that determines the yield of a bamboo stand, originate from the parent bamboo with the complex underground system. However, the metabolic mechanism of NSCs in the rhizome–culm system during bamboo shoot development remains unclear. In this study, we focused on the changes of NSCs in the rhizome–culm system and used anatomical, physiological, and biochemical methods to investigate the metabolism of NSCs in bamboo shoots of Phyllostachys edulis and the role of NSCs supply in the parent bamboo at different ages. The results showed that NSCs were accumulated and consumed from the bottom to the top in a bamboo shoot, which was consistent with the developmental pattern. The starch granules were stored in advance. The bamboo sheath stored starch from the dormant stage of shoot buds. The functions of culms and rhizomes showed age-dependent differences. Adult culms showed the highest capacity to provide NSCs, with more stored NSCs and higher β-amylase activity. Conversely, young culms seemed to prefer their growth, while old culms tended to store starch. Accordingly, adult rhizomes preferred sugar transport due to the lowest starch storage, lower ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) activity, and higher β-amylase activity, while young and old rhizomes tended to prefer starch storage. These results provide a basis for further understanding of nutrient metabolism in bamboo stands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Development in Bamboo)
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20 pages, 4696 KiB  
Article
Anatomical and Transcriptome Analyses of Moso Bamboo Culm Neck Growth: Unveiling Key Insights
by Lin Guo, Tianguo Chen, Xue Chu, Kai Sun, Fen Yu, Feng Que, Zishan Ahmad, Qiang Wei and Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
Plants 2023, 12(19), 3478; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193478 - 4 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1055
Abstract
The Moso bamboo culm neck, connected with the rhizome and the shoot bud, is an important hub for connecting and transporting the aboveground and belowground systems of bamboo for the shoot bud development and rapid growth. Our previous study revealed that the culm [...] Read more.
The Moso bamboo culm neck, connected with the rhizome and the shoot bud, is an important hub for connecting and transporting the aboveground and belowground systems of bamboo for the shoot bud development and rapid growth. Our previous study revealed that the culm neck generally undergoes six different developmental stages (CNS1–CNS6), according to the primary thickening growth of the underground shoot bud. However, the molecular mechanism of the culm neck development remains unknown. The present study focused on the developmental process of the CNS3–CNS5 stages, representing the early, middle, and late elongation stages, respectively. These stages are densely packed with vascular tissues and consist of epidermis, hypodermis, cortex, and ground tissue. Unlike the hollow structure of the culms, the culm necks are solid structures. As the culm neck continues to grow, the lignin deposition increases noticeably, contributing to its progressive strengthening. For the transcriptome analysis, a total of 161,160 transcripts with an average length of 2373 were obtained from these stages using both PacBio and Illumina sequencing. A total of 92.2% of the reads mapped to the Moso bamboo reference genome. Further analysis identified a total of 5524 novel genes and revealed a dynamic transcriptome. Secondary-metabolism- and transport-related genes were upregulated particularly with the growth of the culm neck. Further analysis revealed the molecular processes of lignin accumulation in the culm neck, which include differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to cell wall loosening and remodeling and secondary metabolism. Moreover, the upregulations of transcription factors such as MYBH and RSM in the MYB family play crucial roles during critical transitions in the culm neck development, such as changes in the angle between the rhizome and the culm neck. Our new findings provide essential insights into the cellular roadmaps, transcriptional networks, and key genes involved in the culm neck development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Development in Bamboo)
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12 pages, 2979 KiB  
Article
Morphological and Anatomical Analysis of the Internodes of a New Dwarf Variant of Moso Bamboo, Phyllostachys edulis f. exaurita
by Ruofei Zha, Tianguo Chen, Qingnan Liu, Qiang Wei and Feng Que
Plants 2023, 12(9), 1759; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091759 - 25 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1067
Abstract
The lack of mutants due to the long periods between flowering of bamboo plants is one of the limiting factors inhibiting research progress in the culm development of bamboo plants. In this study, a stable new dwarf variant of Phyllostachys edulis (Moso bamboo), [...] Read more.
The lack of mutants due to the long periods between flowering of bamboo plants is one of the limiting factors inhibiting research progress in the culm development of bamboo plants. In this study, a stable new dwarf variant of Phyllostachys edulis (Moso bamboo), Phyllostachys edulis f. exaurita T. G. Chen, was discovered and was characterized morphologically, anatomically, and physiologically. The height, diameter at breast height, number of internodes, length and wall thickness of internodes, length, width and number of parenchyma cells of internodes, and morphology of the wide-type (WT) and dwarf variant vascular bundles were compared. The height of the variant was only 49% that of the WT Moso bamboo. It was concluded that the decrease in internode number and length was the cause of dwarfism in P. edulis f. exaurita. The decreased internode length was the result of a decrease in cell number and cell length in the internode. In addition, the laws of change of internode length, internode thickness, cell length, and cell number differed between the WT Moso bamboo and the variant. Furthermore, lower IAA and zeatin concentrations were detected in the buds of the variant. These results suggest that P. edulis f. exaurita is a variant with inhibited primary thickening growth, which is valuable for interpretating the molecular mechanisms underlying the primary thickening growth of bamboo that are still largely unknown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Development in Bamboo)
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15 pages, 9803 KiB  
Article
Network of miR396-mRNA in Tissue Differentiation in Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis)
by Ying Li, Naresh Vasupalli, Ou Cai, Xiaofang Lin and Hongyu Wu
Plants 2023, 12(5), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051103 - 1 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1234
Abstract
MiR396 plays an essential role in various developmental processes. However, the miR396-mRNA molecular network in bamboo vascular tissue differentiation during primary thickening has not been elucidated. Here, we revealed that three of the five members from the miR396 family were overexpressed in the [...] Read more.
MiR396 plays an essential role in various developmental processes. However, the miR396-mRNA molecular network in bamboo vascular tissue differentiation during primary thickening has not been elucidated. Here, we revealed that three of the five members from the miR396 family were overexpressed in the underground thickening shoots collected from Moso bamboo. Furthermore, the predicted target genes were up/down-regulated in the early (S2), middle (S3) and late (S4) developmental samples. Mechanistically, we found that several of the genes encoding protein kinases (PKs), growth-regulating factors (GRF), transcription factors (TFs), and transcription regulators (TRs) were the potential targets of miR396 members. Moreover, we identified QLQ (Gln, Leu, Gln) and WRC (Trp, Arg, Cys) d omains in five PeGRF homologs and a Lipase_3 domain and a K_trans domain in another two potential targets, where the cleavage targets were identified via degradome sequencing (p < 0.05). The sequence alignment indicated many mutations in the precursor sequence of miR396d between Moso bamboo and rice. Our dual-luciferase assay revealed that ped-miR396d-5p binds to a PeGRF6 homolog. Thus, the miR396-GRF module was associated with Moso bamboo shoot development. Fluorescence in situ hybridization localized miR396 in the vascular tissues of the leaves, stems, and roots of pot Moso bamboo seedlings at the age of two months. Collectively, these experiments revealed that miR396 functions as a regulator of vascular tissue differentiation in Moso bamboo. Additionally, we propose that miR396 members are targets for bamboo improvement and breeding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Development in Bamboo)
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