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Pharmaceutics
Special Issues
The Evolution of Pharmaceutical Three-Dimensional Printing
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The Evolution of Pharmaceutical Three-Dimensional Printing

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Pharmaceutical Technology, Manufacturing and Devices".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2022) | Viewed by 15811

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mateusz Kurek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
Interests: drug delivery; 3D printing; hot-melt extrusion
Dr. Witold Jamróz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
Interests: 3D-printing; controlled drug delivery; solid dosage forms

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the past quarter-century, pharmaceutical three-dimensional printing has developed rapidly and changed the way we think about the manufacturing process, especially in terms of tailored medicine. The use of additive manufacturing technologies opens a new opportunity for researchers to overcome major issues in the development of drug delivery systems, such as improving poorly water-soluble drug dissolution, controlling the release of API, and many others. Some 3D printing technologies have already been utilized to manufacture drug delivery systems, i.e., fused-deposition modelling, selective laser sintering, stereolithography, drop-on-powder, and more. After the introduction of Spritam® to the pharmaceutical market, the amount of research in this area has rapidly increased and brought new solutions for pharmaceutical technology. However, many fields are still waiting to be explored for patient benefit.

This Special Issue is focused on highlighting the current trends and future perspectives in the pharmaceutical 3D-printing field.

Dr. Mateusz Kurek
Dr. Witold Jamróz
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceutics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • 3D printing
  • additive manufacturing
  • fused deposition modeling
  • stereolithography
  • selective laser sintering
  • hot-melt extrusion
  • personalized medicines
  • digital healthcare
  • drug delivery

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 2820 KiB  
Article
Compounding Tailored Veterinary Chewable Tablets Close to the Point-of-Care by Means of 3D Printing
by Erica Sjöholm, Rathna Mathiyalagan, Xiaoju Wang and Niklas Sandler
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(7), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071339 - 24 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2587
Abstract
Certain patient populations receive insufficient medicinal treatment due to a lack of commercially available products. The number of approved veterinary products is limited, making animals a patient population with suboptimal medicinal treatments available. To answer to this unmet need, compounding and off-label use [...] Read more.
Certain patient populations receive insufficient medicinal treatment due to a lack of commercially available products. The number of approved veterinary products is limited, making animals a patient population with suboptimal medicinal treatments available. To answer to this unmet need, compounding and off-label use of human-marketed products are practiced. Both of which have a significant risk of preparation errors. Hence, there is a dire demand to find and implement a more automated approach to the accurate, precise, and rapid production of veterinary dosage forms close to the point-of-care. This study aimed to assess the use of semi-solid extrusion-based 3D printing for the preparation of tailored doses of theophylline in the form of a chewable dosage form suitable for veterinary use. This study proved that semi-solid extrusion-based 3D printing could successfully be utilized to manufacture pet-friendly, chewable theophylline-loaded tablets. The prepared dosage forms showed a high correlation (R2 = 0.9973) between the designed size and obtained drug amount and met the USP and Ph. Eur. content uniformity criteria. Furthermore, the stability study showed the dosage form being stable and able to be used for up to three months after printing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution of Pharmaceutical Three-Dimensional Printing)
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19 pages, 3643 KiB  
Article
Development and Validation of a Novel Tool for Assessing the Environmental Impact of 3D Printing Technologies: A Pharmaceutical Perspective
by Souha H. Youssef, Sadikalmahdi Abdella and Sanjay Garg
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(5), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14050933 - 25 Apr 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2971
Abstract
Technological advancements have created infinite opportunities and rendered our life easier at several fronts. Nonetheless, the environment has suffered the aftermaths of modernization. Ironically, the pharmaceutical industry was found to be a significant contributor to environmental deterioration. To tackle this issue, continuous eco-evaluation [...] Read more.
Technological advancements have created infinite opportunities and rendered our life easier at several fronts. Nonetheless, the environment has suffered the aftermaths of modernization. Ironically, the pharmaceutical industry was found to be a significant contributor to environmental deterioration. To tackle this issue, continuous eco-evaluation of newly introduced technologies is crucial. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is rapidly establishing its routes in different industries. Interestingly, 3DP is revolutionising the production of pharmaceuticals and is regarded as a promising approach for the fabrication of patient-centric formulations. Despite the increasing applications in the pharmaceutical field, tools that evaluate the environmental impacts of 3DP are lacking. Energy and solvent consumption, waste generation, and disposal are the main associated factors that present major concerns. For the first time, we are proposing a quantitative tool, the index of Greenness Assessment of Printed Pharmaceuticals (iGAPP), that evaluates the greenness of the different 3DP technologies used in the pharmaceutical industry. The tool provides a colour-coded pictogram and a numerical score indicating the overall greenness of the employed printing method. Validation was performed by constructing the greenness profile of selected formulations produced using the different 3DP techniques. This tool is simple to use and indicates the greenness level of the procedures involved, thereby creating an opportunity to modify the processes for more sustainable practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution of Pharmaceutical Three-Dimensional Printing)
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22 pages, 5937 KiB  
Article
3D Printed Mini-Floating-Polypill for Parkinson’s Disease: Combination of Levodopa, Benserazide, and Pramipexole in Various Dosing for Personalized Therapy
by Hellen Windolf, Rebecca Chamberlain, Jörg Breitkreutz and Julian Quodbach
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(5), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14050931 - 25 Apr 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3743
Abstract
Therapy for Parkinson’s disease is quite challenging. Numerous drugs are available for symptomatic treatment, and levodopa (LD), in combination with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (e.g., benserazide (BZ)), has been the drug of choice for years. As the disease progresses, therapy must be supplemented [...] Read more.
Therapy for Parkinson’s disease is quite challenging. Numerous drugs are available for symptomatic treatment, and levodopa (LD), in combination with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (e.g., benserazide (BZ)), has been the drug of choice for years. As the disease progresses, therapy must be supplemented with a dopamine agonist (e.g., pramipexole (PDM)). Side effects increase, as do the required dose and dosing intervals. For these specific requirements of drug therapy, the 3D printing method fused deposition modelling (FDM) was applied in this study for personalized therapy. Hot melt extrusion was utilized to produce two different compositions into filaments: PDM and polyvinyl alcohol for rapid drug release and a fixed combination of LD/BZ (4:1) in an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer matrix for prolonged drug release. Since LD is absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, a formulation that floats in gastric fluid was desired to prolong API absorption. Using the FDM 3D printing process, different polypill geometries were printed from both filaments, with variable dosages. Dosage forms with 15–180 mg LD could be printed, showing similar release rates (f2 > 50). In addition, a mini drug delivery dosage form was printed that released 75% LD/BZ within 750 min and could be used as a gastric retentive drug delivery system due to the floating properties of the composition. The floating mini-polypill was designed to accommodate patients’ swallowing difficulties and to allow for individualized dosing with an API release over a longer period of time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution of Pharmaceutical Three-Dimensional Printing)
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20 pages, 3758 KiB  
Article
Application and Multi-Stage Optimization of Daylight Polymer 3D Printing of Personalized Medicine Products
by Jolanta Pyteraf, Adam Pacławski, Witold Jamróz, Aleksander Mendyk, Marian Paluch and Renata Jachowicz
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040843 - 12 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1975
Abstract
Additive technologies have undoubtedly become one of the most intensively developing manufacturing methods in recent years. Among the numerous applications, the interest in 3D printing also includes its application in pharmacy for production of small batches of personalized drugs. For this reason, we [...] Read more.
Additive technologies have undoubtedly become one of the most intensively developing manufacturing methods in recent years. Among the numerous applications, the interest in 3D printing also includes its application in pharmacy for production of small batches of personalized drugs. For this reason, we conducted multi-stage pre-formulation studies to optimize the process of manufacturing solid dosage forms by photopolymerization with visible light. Based on tests planned and executed according to the design of the experiment (DoE), we selected the optimal quantitative composition of photocurable resin made of PEG 400, PEGDA MW 575, water, and riboflavin, a non-toxic photoinitiator. In subsequent stages, we adjusted the printer set-up and process parameters. Moreover, we assessed the influence of the co-initiators ascorbic acid or triethanolamine on the resin’s polymerization process. Next, based on an optimized formulation, we printed and analyzed drug-loaded tablets containing mebeverine hydrochloride, characterized by a gradual release of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), reaching 80% after 6 h. We proved the possibility of reusing the drug-loaded resin that was not hardened during printing and determined the linear correlation between the volume of the designed tablets and the amount of API, confirming the possibility of printing personalized modified-release tablets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution of Pharmaceutical Three-Dimensional Printing)
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Review

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30 pages, 4520 KiB  
Review
The Evolution of the 3D-Printed Drug Delivery Systems: A Review
by Ildikó Bácskay, Zoltán Ujhelyi, Pálma Fehér and Petra Arany
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(7), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071312 - 21 Jun 2022
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3663
Abstract
Since the appearance of the 3D printing in the 1980s it has revolutionized many research fields including the pharmaceutical industry. The main goal is to manufacture complex, personalized products in a low-cost manufacturing process on-demand. In the last few decades, 3D printing has [...] Read more.
Since the appearance of the 3D printing in the 1980s it has revolutionized many research fields including the pharmaceutical industry. The main goal is to manufacture complex, personalized products in a low-cost manufacturing process on-demand. In the last few decades, 3D printing has attracted the attention of numerous research groups for the manufacturing of different drug delivery systems. Since the 2015 approval of the first 3D-printed drug product, the number of publications has multiplied. In our review, we focused on summarizing the evolution of the produced drug delivery systems in the last 20 years and especially in the last 5 years. The drug delivery systems are sub-grouped into tablets, capsules, orodispersible films, implants, transdermal delivery systems, microneedles, vaginal drug delivery systems, and micro- and nanoscale dosage forms. Our classification may provide guidance for researchers to more easily examine the publications and to find further research directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution of Pharmaceutical Three-Dimensional Printing)
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