Swine Bacterial Pathogens from a One Health Perspective

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Bacterial Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 6713

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via E. Diena, 16, 41122 Modena, Italy
Interests: diagnosis of animal infectious diseases and zoonosis; microbiology; parasitology; porcine health management; food safety; molecular typing and epidemiology of Leishmania spp.

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Swine and their products have become a central part of food systems around the world. This Special Issue is focused on bacterial pathogens that have an effect on food security and food safety.

Bacterial infectious diseases in pigs cause major welfare, health, and performance threats. Moreover, swine may transmit pathogens to humans via direct contact with live animals (occupational diseases), or to the general human population via contaminated meat. Indeed, increased stress to animals due to the intensification of the swine industry and the potential for amplification of pathogens in post-harvest environments can lead to contamination of pork and pork products. 

Salmonellosis is a common foodborne zoonotic disease in which pork products can be an important potential source of infection. However, there are also other pathogenic bacteria such as Yersinia, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, and Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli, which may be transmitted through contaminated meat. Moreover, bacterial diseases in livestock are also responsible for the high usage of antimicrobials, and thus, they indirectly contribute to the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Indeed, the emergence of carbapenem-resistant and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in animal production and the emergence of farm associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are a globally increasing public health problem.

Bacterial pathogens should be addressed by specific preventive interventions that include involvement of all stakeholders from the human and animal health side.

In this Special Issue, we aim to both summarize current knowledge and explore developments in mitigation strategies against swine bacterial pathogens from a One Health perspective. We welcome critical review articles, original research, and short communications related to risk analysis, surveillance, diagnostics, and control of these microorganisms.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Gianluca Rugna
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • swine bacteria
  • pig health
  • public health
  • zoonosis
  • antibiotic resistance

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 379 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factors Assessment in Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine in Italy from 2017 to 2021
by Patrizia Bassi, Claudia Bosco, Paolo Bonilauri, Andrea Luppi, Maria Cristina Fontana, Laura Fiorentini and Gianluca Rugna
Pathogens 2023, 12(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010112 - 09 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1707
Abstract
Prudent antibiotic use in pigs is critical to ensuring animal health and preventing the development of critical resistance. We evaluated the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern in commensal and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates obtained in 2017–2021 from pigs suffering from enteric disorders. Overall, the [...] Read more.
Prudent antibiotic use in pigs is critical to ensuring animal health and preventing the development of critical resistance. We evaluated the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern in commensal and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates obtained in 2017–2021 from pigs suffering from enteric disorders. Overall, the selected 826 E. coli isolates showed the highest level of resistance to ampicillin (95.9%), tetracycline (89.7%), cefazolin (79.3%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (74.8%). The resistance rates of the isolates to ampicillin increased (p < 0.05), reaching 99.2% of resistant strains in 2021. Regarding isolates harboring virulence genes, ETEC F18+ were significantly more resistant to florfenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole than ETEC F4+ strains. E. coli lacking virulence factor genes were more resistant to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and cefazolin, but less resistant to gentamicin (p < 0.01) than isolates harboring virulence factors. Throughout the study period, a significant number of ETEC F18+ isolates developed resistance to florfenicol, gentamicin, and kanamycin. Finally, ETEC 18+ significantly (p < 0.05) increased resistance to all the tested antibiotics. In conclusion, AMR varied for E. coli over time and showed high levels for molecules widely administered in the swine industry, emphasizing the need for continuous surveillance. The observed differences in AMR between commensal and ETEC isolates may lead to the hypothesis that plasmids carrying virulence genes are also responsible for AMR in E. coli, suggesting more research on genetic variation between pathogenic and nonpathogenic E. coli. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Swine Bacterial Pathogens from a One Health Perspective)
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Review

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24 pages, 1192 KiB  
Review
Salmonella Infection in Pigs: Disease, Prevalence, and a Link between Swine and Human Health
by Laura Soliani, Gianluca Rugna, Alice Prosperi, Chiara Chiapponi and Andrea Luppi
Pathogens 2023, 12(10), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101267 - 21 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2965
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most spread foodborne pathogens worldwide, and Salmonella infections in humans still represent a global health burden. The main source of Salmonella infections in humans is represented by contaminated animal-derived foodstuffs, with pork products being one of the most [...] Read more.
Salmonella is one of the most spread foodborne pathogens worldwide, and Salmonella infections in humans still represent a global health burden. The main source of Salmonella infections in humans is represented by contaminated animal-derived foodstuffs, with pork products being one of the most important players. Salmonella infection in swine is critical not only because it is one of the main causes of economic losses in the pork industry, but also because pigs can be infected by several Salmonella serovars, potentially contaminating the pig meat production chain and thus posing a significant threat to public health globally. As of now, in Europe and in the United States, swine-related Salmonella serovars, e.g., Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:-, are also frequently associated with human salmonellosis cases. Moreover, multiple outbreaks have been reported in the last few decades which were triggered by the consumption of Salmonella-contaminated pig meat. Throughout the years, changes and evolution across the pork industry may have acted as triggers for new issues and obstacles hindering Salmonella control along the food chain. Gathered evidence reinforces the importance of coordinating control measures and harmonizing monitoring programs for the efficient control of Salmonella in swine. This is necessary in order to manage outbreaks of clinical disease in pigs and also to protect pork consumers by controlling Salmonella subclinical carriage and shedding. This review provides an update on Salmonella infection in pigs, with insights on Salmonella ecology, focusing mainly on Salmonella Choleraesuis, S. Typhimurium, and S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, and their correlation to human salmonellosis cases. An update on surveillance methods for epidemiological purposes of Salmonella infection in pigs and humans, in a “One Health” approach, will also be reported. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Swine Bacterial Pathogens from a One Health Perspective)
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Other

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17 pages, 5250 KiB  
Systematic Review
Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Porcine Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens in India: A 13-Year (2010–2023) Study
by Swaraj Rajkhowa, Joyshikh Sonowal, Udipta Borthakur, Seema Rani Pegu, Rajib Deb, Pranab Jyoti Das, Gyanendra Singh Sengar and Vivek Kumar Gupta
Pathogens 2023, 12(10), 1266; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101266 - 21 Oct 2023
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Abstract
The presence of bacterial pathogens such as Brucella spp., Clostridium spp., E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus suis not only hampers pig production but also carries significant zoonotic implications. The present study aims to conduct a comprehensive [...] Read more.
The presence of bacterial pathogens such as Brucella spp., Clostridium spp., E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus suis not only hampers pig production but also carries significant zoonotic implications. The present study aims to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis spanning over 13 years (2010–2023) to ascertain the prevalence of these zoonotic bacterial pathogens in Indian pig populations. The study seeks to synthesize data from diverse geographic regions within India and underscores the relevance of the One Health framework. A systematic search of electronic databases was meticulously performed. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies detailing zoonotic bacterial pathogen prevalence in pigs within India during the specified timeframe. Pertinent information including authors, publication year, geographical location, sampling techniques, sample sizes, and pathogen-positive case counts were meticulously extracted. The meta-analysis of zoonotic bacterial pathogens in Indian pig populations (2010–2023) unveiled varying prevalence rates: 9% Brucella spp., 22% Clostridium spp., 19% E. coli, 12% Listeria monocytogenes, 10% Salmonella spp. and Streptococcus suis, and 24% Staphylococcus spp. The application of random effects further revealed additional variability: 6% Brucella spp., 23% Clostridium spp., 24% E. coli, 14% Listeria monocytogenes, 10% Salmonella spp. and Streptococcus suis, and 35% Staphylococcus spp. Notably, the observed heterogeneity (I2) varied significantly from 87% to 99%. The meta-analysis findings underscore the pervasive nature of these diseases throughout India’s pig populations, accentuating the substantial impact of these pathogens on pig health and the potential for zoonotic transmission. The present study reinforces the importance of the adoption of a comprehensive One Health approach that acknowledges the intricate interplay between animal, human and environmental health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Swine Bacterial Pathogens from a One Health Perspective)
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