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Pathogens
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Surveillance and Control of Arboviruses in Vector Populations
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Surveillance and Control of Arboviruses in Vector Populations

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Parasitic Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 11849

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Bethany G. Bolling

E-Mail Website
Chief Guest Editor
Arbovirus-Entomology Laboratory, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX, USA
Interests: mosquitoes; arboviruses; vector surveillance; virus-mosquito interactions; epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Whitney A. Qualls

E-Mail Website
Assistant Guest Editor
Anastasia Mosquito Control District, St. Augustine, FL, USA
Interests: vector biology; ecology; evaluation of repellents, pesticides, and new control methods, and administration

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Vector-borne diseases, many of which are caused by arthropod-borne viruses (or arboviruses), continue to be a growing public health threat in the United States and worldwide. Recent arboviral outbreaks involving Zika, chikungunya, and West Nile viruses, along with increased transmission of dengue and yellow fever viruses, highlight the need for innovative approaches to detect and prevent arbovirus transmission. With limited vaccines and therapeutics available for arboviral diseases, vector surveillance and control methods remain the primary tools for disease prevention. Vector surveillance activities are used to determine areas of risk for arbovirus transmission. Areas of risk can then be targeted for vector control efforts, maximizing the effectiveness of limited program budgets.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to bring together a collection of articles that can serve as a resource for those involved in vector surveillance and control activities. We invite all types of article submissions that will contribute to our knowledge regarding the following topics: arbovirus surveillance, arboviral risk assessment, vector surveillance activities, vector control approaches, vector competence studies, vector identification, vector incrimination, and vector testing.

Dr. Bethany G. Bolling
Dr. Whitney A. Qualls
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • arbovirus
  • mosquito
  • vector surveillance
  • vector control
  • vector competence
  • vector capacity
  • vector incrimination
  • vector index
  • mosquito collection
  • mosquito testing
  • risk assessment

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1611 KiB  
Article
Spatial and Seasonal Patterns of the Mosquito Community in Central Oklahoma
by David Hoekman, Bailee Cummings, Helen Arango, Nicholas Back, Randall Welles, Noah Pelletier, Katelyn Helwig, Christian Escritt, Kayla Thomas, Hailie Fellers, Callie Campbell, Alyssa Wheeler, Raul Iglesias, Hayden Jacobs, Macey Lively and Caio Martinelle B. França
Pathogens 2022, 11(9), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11091007 - 3 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1537
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Culicidae) are ubiquitous flying insects that function as vectors for several viruses that cause disease in humans. Mosquito abundance and diversity are influenced by landscape features and environmental factors such as temperature and precipitation and vary across seasons and years. [...] Read more.
Mosquitoes (Culicidae) are ubiquitous flying insects that function as vectors for several viruses that cause disease in humans. Mosquito abundance and diversity are influenced by landscape features and environmental factors such as temperature and precipitation and vary across seasons and years. The range and phenology of many mosquito species that vector viruses relevant to human health are changing. We sampled mosquito communities in central Oklahoma for four years at thirteen sites, collecting over 25,000 mosquitoes; among these, we identified 27 different species, including several that transmit human pathogens and were collected in suburban backyards. Community composition differed across the landscape and changed from early season to late season and year to year. This effort to describe mosquito communities in Oklahoma is a first step toward assessing and predicting arbovirus risk, an ongoing and dynamic public health challenge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance and Control of Arboviruses in Vector Populations)
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13 pages, 2188 KiB  
Article
Perceived Risk of Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in the Continental United States
by Saul Lozano, Jonathan Day, Lilyana Ortega, Maggie Silver and Roxanne Connelly
Pathogens 2021, 10(12), 1562; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10121562 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2112
Abstract
The United States experienced local transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV) for the first time in 1999, and Zika Virus (ZIKV) in 2016. These introductions captured the public’s attention in varying degrees. The research presented here analyzes the disproportional perception of ZIKV risk [...] Read more.
The United States experienced local transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV) for the first time in 1999, and Zika Virus (ZIKV) in 2016. These introductions captured the public’s attention in varying degrees. The research presented here analyzes the disproportional perception of ZIKV risk compared to WNV transmission risk, by the public and vector control personnel. The risk perception of vector control was measured through purposive sampled interviews (24 interviews in 13 states; May 2020–June 2021), while the public’s perception was estimated from news publications (January 2000–December 2020), and Google searches (January 2004–December 2020). Over time, we observed a decrease in the frequency of press reporting and Google searches of both viruses with decreasing annual peaks in the summer. The highest peak of ZIKV news, and searches, surpassed that of WNV. We observed clear differences in the contents of the headlines for both viruses. We propose that the main reason in risk perception differences between the viruses were psychological. Zika infections (mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted) can result in devastating symptoms in fetuses and newborns, observations that frequently appeared in ZIKV-related headlines. Our results highlight the likely influence the news media has on risk perception and the need for public health agencies to play active roles in the conversation, helping disseminate timely and accurate information. Understanding the factors that shape risk perceptions of vector-borne diseases will hopefully lead to better use of resources by providing better guidance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance and Control of Arboviruses in Vector Populations)
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13 pages, 3025 KiB  
Article
Increasing Public Health Mosquito Surveillance in Hidalgo County, Texas to Monitor Vector and Arboviral Presence
by Clarissa D. Guerrero, Steven Hinojosa, Diana Vanegas, Niko Tapangan, Matthew Guajardo, Sara Alaniz, Narda Cano, Christopher J. Vitek, John Thomas, Valerie Hernandez, Juan Garcia, Jr., Bethany G. Bolling, Whitney A. Qualls, Ronald Tyler and Eduardo Olivarez
Pathogens 2021, 10(8), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081022 - 13 Aug 2021
Viewed by 2423
Abstract
From 2016 to 2018, Hidalgo County observed the emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections along with sporadic cases of Dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV). Due to the emergence of ZIKV and the historical presence of other mosquito-borne illnesses, Hidalgo County [...] Read more.
From 2016 to 2018, Hidalgo County observed the emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections along with sporadic cases of Dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV). Due to the emergence of ZIKV and the historical presence of other mosquito-borne illnesses, Hidalgo County obtained funding to enhance mosquito surveillance and educate residents on arboviruses and travel risks. During this time period, Hidalgo County mosquito surveillance efforts increased by 1.275%. This increase resulted in >8000 mosquitoes collected, and 28 mosquito species identified. Aedes aegypti, Ae albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus made up approximately two-thirds of the mosquitoes collected in 2018 (4122/6171). Spatiotemporal shifts in vector species composition were observed as the collection period progressed. Significantly, temperature variations (p < 0.05) accounted for associated variations in vector abundance, whereas all other climate variables were not significant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance and Control of Arboviruses in Vector Populations)
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9 pages, 824 KiB  
Communication
Temperatures Influence Susceptibility to Insecticides in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes
by Wendy S. Salinas, Teresa P. Feria-Arroyo and Christopher J. Vitek
Pathogens 2021, 10(8), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080992 - 6 Aug 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2546
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) are vectors for several arboviruses, including dengue, Zika virus and chikungunya virus. The primary method of controlling these diseases is controlling the vector population, often with insecticides. Insecticide resistance may impact the success of these efforts. [...] Read more.
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) are vectors for several arboviruses, including dengue, Zika virus and chikungunya virus. The primary method of controlling these diseases is controlling the vector population, often with insecticides. Insecticide resistance may impact the success of these efforts. We tested the effect of variable temperature exposures on susceptibility to insecticides by exposing adult A.aegypti and A. albopictus to different temperatures and tested their susceptibility to insecticides. We hypothesized that adults maintained at high temperatures would show increased susceptibility to insecticides relative to lower temperatures. Colony mosquitoes were hatched, reared to adulthood and then maintained in three temperature regimes that reflect average seasonal temperatures in the Rio Grande Valley, TX. Susceptibility to permethrin and deltamethrin was assessed using the CDC bottle bioassay method. Overall Aedes albopictus had higher susceptibility to all insecticides than Aedes aegypti. Mosquitoes kept at different temperatures exhibited differential susceptibility to insecticides. Low temperature exposed mosquitoes had decreased susceptibility while high temperature conditions resulted in increased mortality. Our results suggest public health officials must consider temperature effects when controlling mosquitoes with insecticides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance and Control of Arboviruses in Vector Populations)
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18 pages, 158769 KiB  
Article
Developing a Vaccine to Block West Nile Virus Transmission: In Silico Studies, Molecular Characterization, Expression, and Blocking Activity of Culex pipiens mosGCTL-1
by Hasan Bakhshi, Mehdi Fazlalipour, Javad Dadgar-Pakdel, Sedigheh Zakeri, Abbasali Raz, Anna-Bella Failloux and Navid Dinparast Djadid
Pathogens 2021, 10(2), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020218 - 17 Feb 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2056
Abstract
Background: Mosquito galactose-specific C-type lectins (mosGCTLs), such as mosGCTL-1, act as ligands to facilitate the invasion of flaviviruses like West Nile virus (WNV). WNV interacts with the mosGCTL-1 of Aedes aegypti (Culicidae) and facilitates the invasion of this virus. Nevertheless, there is no [...] Read more.
Background: Mosquito galactose-specific C-type lectins (mosGCTLs), such as mosGCTL-1, act as ligands to facilitate the invasion of flaviviruses like West Nile virus (WNV). WNV interacts with the mosGCTL-1 of Aedes aegypti (Culicidae) and facilitates the invasion of this virus. Nevertheless, there is no data about the role of mosGCTL-1 as a transmission-blocking vaccine candidate in Culex pipiens, the most abundant Culicinae mosquito in temperate regions. Methods: Adult female Cx. pipiens mosquitoes were experimentally infected with a WNV infectious blood meal, and the effect of rabbit anti-rmosGCTL-1 antibodies on virus replication was evaluated. Additionally, in silico studies such as the prediction of protein structure, homology modeling, and molecular interactions were carried out. Results: We showed a 30% blocking activity of Cx. pipiens mosGCTL-1 polyclonal antibodies (compared to the 10% in the control group) with a decrease in infection rates in mosquitoes at day 5 post-infection, suggesting that there may be other proteins in the midgut of Cx. pipiens that could act as cooperative-receptors for WNV. In addition, docking results revealed that WNV binds with high affinity, to the Culex mosquito lectin receptors. Conclusions: Our results do not support the idea that mosGCTL-1 of Cx. pipiens primarily interacts with WNV to promote viral infection, suggesting that other mosGCTLs may act as primary infection factors in Cx. pipiens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance and Control of Arboviruses in Vector Populations)
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