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Pathogens
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Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
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Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Immunological Responses and Immune Defense Mechanisms".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 19494

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Luis G. Gimenez-Lirola

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Interests: swine viral diseases; emerging pathogens; diagnostics; immunopathogenesis; infectious diseases modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is my pleasure to invite you to submit an original article or a review article for publication in special issue off:

Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817) https://www.mdpi.com/journal/pathogens

With focus on:
“Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus”
First identified in Europe in the early 1970s, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) spread to Asia in the 1970s causing sporadic and mild outbreaks through the 2000s. The virus evolved and highly virulent PEDV strains emerged in China since 2010. PEDV appeared in the Western Hemisphere in 2013 associated to massive outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in suckling pigs in swine farms in the Midwest US. To date, emerging PEDV strains have spread worldwide.

Detecting infections and evaluating immune status of animals play important roles in the control of the disease. The humoral immune response against PEDV have been studied under experimental and field conditions. It has been demonstrated that lactogenic immunity (mostly attributed to secretory IgA in milk) plays a key role in the protection of neonatal piglets against PEDV infection. T cell immune response may play an important role in protective immunity to PEDV. However, the mechanisms involved in enhancing the mucosal immunity against PEDV are complex and poorly understood. Current algorithm to assess intervention strategies for PEDV control are based on clinical and productive parameters, e.g., severity of diarrhea, and mortality rate, and laboratory test results.

PEDV control measures currently applied in the U.S. production systems have been proven to be partially efficient in “building” PEDV sow immunity and controlling PEDV infection, bringing down to 6% the annual cases testing positive. However, reports of irregular immune responses in sows after controlled oral exposure to PEDV (e.g., feedback) still represents a concern for optimal induction of herd immunity for protection. The immunity of pre-exposed sows/gilts is then boosted through vaccination. To date, feedback is the only way to achieve strong/rapid/lasting stimulation of gut mucosal immunity; however, getting a homogenous population of PEDV immune dams has been challenging. Current commercial vaccines, intramuscularly administered, are capable of boosting PEDV immunity only after feedback exposure. The continue emergence/re-emergence of PEDV indicates that the virus is able to evade current control strategies, and the underlying mechanisms for a subsequent PEDV outbreak are still not clear. Thus, PEDV will be a continued threat for swine industry until the development of and safe and effective mucosal PEDV vaccine capable to build a long-last protecting immunity against PEDV. To achieve the development of effective PEDV mucosal vaccines it is essential to identify PEDV intestinal cell targets, receptor/s, and the mechanisms driving the early innate immune responses towards PEDV.

Both original research and review articles are welcomed. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Characterization immune response to PEDV under experimental or field conditions.
  • Algorithms for immune diagnosis.
  • Mucosal immunity to PEDV.
  • Duration of the immunity against PEDV.
  • Innate immune response evasion.
  • T cell response to PEDV.
  • Inflammatory response to PEDV.
  • Update on PEDV mucosal vaccines. Cross-protection.
  • Age-related and strain-related factors associated to the immune response to PEDV

Dr. Luis G. Gimenez-Lirola
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • PEDV
  • isotype-specific antibody response
  • humoral immune response
  • cellular immune response
  • innate and adaptive immunity
  • mucosal immunity
  • vaccines

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 2620 KiB  
Article
PEDV ORF3 Independently Regulates IκB Kinase β-Mediated NF-κB and IFN-β Promoter Activities
by Challika Kaewborisuth, Surapong Koonpaew, Kanjana Srisutthisamphan, Ratchanont Viriyakitkosol, Peera Jaru-ampornpan and Anan Jongkaewwattana
Pathogens 2020, 9(5), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050376 - 14 May 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5172
Abstract
The Open Reading Frame 3 (ORF3), an accessory protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), has been shown to interact with a myriad of cellular proteins, among which include the IκB kinase β (IKBKB). Here, specific IKBKB domains responsible for ORF3–IKBKB interaction were [...] Read more.
The Open Reading Frame 3 (ORF3), an accessory protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), has been shown to interact with a myriad of cellular proteins, among which include the IκB kinase β (IKBKB). Here, specific IKBKB domains responsible for ORF3–IKBKB interaction were identified. Dysregulation of NF-κB and Type I interferon (IFN) in the presence of ORF3 was also demonstrated. We showed that while ORF3 was capable of up-regulating IKBKB-meditated NF-κB promoter activity, it surprisingly down-regulated the activation of IKBKB-meditated IFN-β promoter and expression of IFN-β mRNA. When overexpressed, ORF3 could suppress Poly I:C mediated type I IFN production and induction. Finally, we demonstrated that IKBKB- and RIG-I-mediated type I IFN induction by ORF3 resulted in different outcomes. Our study is the first to demonstrate the potential and complex roles of ORF3 in the involvement of aberrant immune signaling as well as in the virus–host interaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus)
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10 pages, 1130 KiB  
Article
Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection under Experimental and Field Conditions Using an AlphaLISA Platform
by Kay Kimpston-Burkgren, Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz, Philippe Roby, Jordan Bjustrom-Kraft, Rodger Main, Roger Bosse and Luis Gabriel Giménez-Lirola
Pathogens 2020, 9(3), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030233 - 21 Mar 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3509
Abstract
Coronavirus infections are a continuous threat raised time and again. With the recent emergence of novel virulent strains, these viruses can have a large impact on human and animal health. Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is considered to be a reemerging pig disease caused [...] Read more.
Coronavirus infections are a continuous threat raised time and again. With the recent emergence of novel virulent strains, these viruses can have a large impact on human and animal health. Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is considered to be a reemerging pig disease caused by the enteropathogenic alphacoronavirus PED virus (PEDV). In the absence of effective vaccines, infection prevention and control through diagnostic testing and quarantine are critical. Early detection and differential diagnosis of PEDV infections increase the chance of successful control of the disease. Therefore, there is a continuous need for development of reduced assay-step protocols, no-wash, high-throughput immunoassays. This study described the characterization of the humoral immune response against PEDV under experimental and field conditions using a rapid, sensitive, luminescent proximity homogenous assay (AlphaLISA). PEDV IgG and IgA antibodies were developed toward the beginning of the second week of infection. PEDV IgG antibodies were detected for at least 16 weeks post-exposure. Remarkably, the serum IgA levels remained high and relatively stable throughout the study, lasting longer than the serum IgG response. Overall, AlphaLISA allows the detection and characterization of pathogen-specific antibodies with new speed, sensitivity, and simplicity of use. Particularly, the bridge assay constitutes a rapid diagnostic that substantially improves upon the “time to result” metric of currently available immunoassays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus)
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Review

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21 pages, 1467 KiB  
Review
Host Factors Affecting Generation of Immunity Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Pregnant and Lactating Swine and Passive Protection of Neonates
by Stephanie N. Langel, Qiuhong Wang, Anastasia N. Vlasova and Linda J. Saif
Pathogens 2020, 9(2), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020130 - 18 Feb 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 10048
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly virulent re-emerging enteric coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea, dehydration, and up to 100% mortality in neonatal suckling piglets. Despite this, a safe and effective PEDV vaccine against highly virulent strains is unavailable, making PEDV prevention [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly virulent re-emerging enteric coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea, dehydration, and up to 100% mortality in neonatal suckling piglets. Despite this, a safe and effective PEDV vaccine against highly virulent strains is unavailable, making PEDV prevention and control challenging. Lactogenic immunity induced via the gut-mammary gland-secretory IgA (sIgA) axis, remains the most promising and effective way to protect suckling piglets from PEDV. Therefore, a successful PEDV vaccine must induce protective maternal IgA antibodies that passively transfer into colostrum and milk. Identifying variables that influence lymphocyte migration and IgA secretion during gestation and lactation is imperative for designing maternal immunization strategies that generate the highest amount of lactogenic immune protection against PEDV in suckling piglets. Because pregnancy-associated immune alterations influence viral pathogenesis and adaptive immune responses in many different species, a better understanding of host immune responses to PEDV in pregnant swine may translate into improved maternal immunization strategies against enteric pathogens for multiple species. In this review, we discuss the role of host factors during pregnancy on antiviral immunity and their implications for generating protective lactogenic immunity in suckling neonates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus)
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