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Novel Insights into Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonellae 2nd Edition

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Dear Colleagues,

Salmonellae are Gram-negative organisms belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. More than 2500 serotypes have been described within the genus. Several animal species may act as reservoirs for Salmonella spp., including livestock animals, pets, and cold-blooded animals. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans is usually due to the consumption of food of animal origin or contact with animals. It has been estimated that foodborne infections account for 2.8 billion cases of diarrheal disease and 155,000 deaths per year. Moreover, infections with invasive serotypes or multidrug-resistant strains may cause high morbidity and mortality with increased costs for therapy and long periods of hospitalization.

The genes coding the pathogenicity factors and drug resistance determinants are organized in the so-called pathogenicity islands that are frequently involved in genetic exchange, thus promoting evolutionary changes.

The focus of this Special Issue is to describe the mechanisms of pathogenesis of salmonellae, through innovative techniques of genome sequencing and in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Studies on mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and new control strategies other than antibiotics will also be considered.

Dr. Marialaura Corrente
Dr. Elena Circella
Guest Editors

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15 pages, 4013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis from Human and Non-Human Sources in Portugal

by Célia Leão, Leonor Silveira, Ana Usié, Joana Gião, Lurdes Clemente, Patricia Themudo, Ana Amaro and Angela Pista

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020112 - 26 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1366

Abstract

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is one of the leading causes of foodborne infections associated with broilers and laying hens. Portugal has had the lowest notification rates of salmonellosis in recent years, due to the vaccinations of layer and breeder flocks and strict compliance with biosecurity measures. However, data about the genetic diversity of S. Enteritidis in Portugal are scarce. In this study, 102 S. Enteritidis isolates selected from human (n = 63) and non-human sources (n = 39) were characterized by serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility, and whole genome sequencing. The S. Enteritidis population was mainly resistant to fluoroquinolones, and a sole isolate showed resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. ST11 was the most frequent sequence type, and three novel STs from human isolates (ST9236, ST4457, and ST9995) were assigned. Several Salmonella pathogenic islands (SPI) and Putative SPI were present in the genomes, namely SPI-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 14, C63PI, CS54_island, and 170 virulence genes were identified. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains from Portugal are genetically heterogeneous regarding sample type, collection date, and genetic content. This study increases the available data, essential to a better characterization of strains in a global context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonellae 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Invasive and Non-Invasive Human Salmonellosis Cases Admitted between 2015 and 2021 in Four Suburban Hospitals in the Metropolitan Area of Milan (Italy): A Multi-Center Retrospective Study

by Gabriele Pagani, Marco Parenti, Marco Franzetti, Laura Pezzati, Francesco Bassani, Bianca Osnaghi, Laura Vismara, Claudia Pavia, Paola Mirri and Stefano Rusconi

Pathogens 2023, 12(11), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12111298 - 30 Oct 2023

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Abstract

Non-Typhoidal Salmonellas (NTSs) are diffused worldwide. In Italy, more than 3500 cases are notified each year, but despite this, data about salmonellosis are scarce. Our multi-center, retrospective, descriptive study selected 252 patients with positive cultures for Salmonella spp. (feces 79.8%, blood 8.7%, feces and blood 7.5%), aiming to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of this population. Bacteremic infections constituted 16.3% (41/252) of patients. Extreme ages (≤12 and ≥65 years old) accounted for 79.7%, but only elder ages were strongly associated with bacteremic infections (aOR 5.78). Invasive infections had a 7-fold higher mortality rate than non-invasive disease (9.8% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.013), with an overall rate of 2.8%. The two more represented serogroups were O:4 (52.8%) and O:9 (22.2%). The O:9 serogroup was strongly associated with a higher frequency of invasive infection (aOR 2.96, 95% CI 1.17–7.63). In particular, S. napoli, an emerging serovar in Europe, accounted for 31.7% of bacteremic infections and only 9.5% of non-bacteremic ones (p < 0.001). Antibiotic microbial resistance (AMR) observed a steep increasing trend and was detected in 60.4% of cases (122/202): amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin, and gentamicin were most commonly involved (26.7%, 21.8%, 14.3%, respectively), while TMP/SMX, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone were <10%. Resistance was, in general, less common in the O:9 serogroup, while amikacin resistance was significantly more common. Factors associated with an MDR Salmonella acquisition were time (OR 1.37 per year more), O:4 serogroup (OR 2.67), and being a woman (OR 2.11). The most frequent symptoms were diarrhea (90.5%) and fever (81.7%). In conclusion, our study highlights a high burden of NTS infections, leading to severe or fatal outcomes in frail patients. Furthermore, AMR shows an increasing trend with a concerning high prevalence of cephalosporine resistance compared to the rest of Europe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonellae 2nd Edition)

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