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Nanomaterials
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Functional Nanohybrid Material for Electrochemical Sensor Development
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Functional Nanohybrid Material for Electrochemical Sensor Development

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2022) | Viewed by 11023

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Nor Azah Yusof

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
Interests: biosensor in medical diagnostics, environment, and agriculture; functional material (imprinted polymer, modified polymer, functionalized nanomaterial)

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The main focus of this Special Issue is on the development of electrochemical sensor-based combinations of materials such as nanowires, nanorods or any nanostructures combined with functionalized material, for example, polymer/metal–organic frameworks for better sensitivity and selectivity, as well as the application of sensors preferably on medical diagnostics, the environment, and agriculture.

Prof. Dr. Nor Azah Yusof
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Nanohybrid material
  • Functional polymer
  • Metal–organic framework
  • Electrochemical sensor

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2999 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Silicon Nanowire Sensors for Highly Sensitive pH and DNA Hybridization Detection
by Siti Fatimah Abd Rahman, Nor Azah Yusof, Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad, Uda Hashim, Mohammad Nuzaihan Md Nor and Mohd Nizar Hamidon
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(15), 2652; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152652 - 02 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1853
Abstract
A highly sensitive silicon nanowire (SiNW)-based sensor device was developed using electron beam lithography integrated with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The top-down fabrication approach enables the rapid fabrication of device miniaturization with uniform and strictly controlled geometric and surface properties. This [...] Read more.
A highly sensitive silicon nanowire (SiNW)-based sensor device was developed using electron beam lithography integrated with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The top-down fabrication approach enables the rapid fabrication of device miniaturization with uniform and strictly controlled geometric and surface properties. This study demonstrates that SiNW devices are well-aligned with different widths and numbers for pH sensing. The device consists of a single nanowire with 60 nm width, exhibiting an ideal pH responsivity (18.26 × 106 Ω/pH), with a good linear relation between the electrical response and a pH level range of 4–10. The optimized SiNW device is employed to detect specific single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) molecules. To use the sensing area, the sensor surface was chemically modified using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane and glutaraldehyde, yielding covalently linked nanowire ssDNA adducts. Detection of hybridized DNA works by detecting the changes in the electrical current of the ssDNA-functionalized SiNW sensor, interacting with the targeted ssDNA in a label-free way. The developed biosensor shows selectivity for the complementary target ssDNA with linear detection ranging from 1.0 × 10−12 M to 1.0 × 10−7 M and an attained detection limit of 4.131 × 10−13 M. This indicates that the use of SiNW devices is a promising approach for the applications of ion detection and biomolecules sensing and could serve as a novel biosensor for future biomedical diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanohybrid Material for Electrochemical Sensor Development)
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16 pages, 2610 KiB  
Article
Surface-Enhanced Carboxyphenyl Diazonium Functionalized Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode for the Screening of Tuberculosis in Sputum Samples
by Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus, Nor Azah Yusof, Suhainie Ismail, Siti Suraiya Md Noor, Faruq Mohammad, Yusran Sulaiman, Nurul Hanun Ahmad Raston, Jaafar Abdullah and Ahmed A. Soleiman
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(15), 2551; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152551 - 25 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1574
Abstract
Curbing tuberculosis (TB) requires a combination of good strategies, including a proper prevention measure, diagnosis, and treatment. This study proposes an improvised tuberculosis diagnosis based on an amperometry approach for the sensitive detection of MPT64 antigen in clinical samples. An MPT64 aptamer specific [...] Read more.
Curbing tuberculosis (TB) requires a combination of good strategies, including a proper prevention measure, diagnosis, and treatment. This study proposes an improvised tuberculosis diagnosis based on an amperometry approach for the sensitive detection of MPT64 antigen in clinical samples. An MPT64 aptamer specific to the target antigen was covalently attached to the carboxyphenyl diazonium-functionalized carbon electrode via carbodiimide chemistry. The electrochemical detection assay was adapted from a sandwich assay format to trap the antigen between the immobilized aptamer and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tagged polyclonal anti-MPT64 antibody. The amperometric current was measured from the catalytic reaction response between HRP, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroquinone, which is used as an electron mediator. From the analysis, the detection limit in the measurement buffer was 1.11 ng mL−1. Additionally, the developed aptasensor exhibited a linear relationship between the current signal and the MPT64 antigen-spiked serum concentration ranging from 10 to 150 ng mL−1 with a 1.38 ng mL−1 detection limit. Finally, an evaluation using the clinical sputum samples from both TB (+) and TB (−) individuals revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 88% and 100%, respectively. Based on the analysis, the developed aptasensor was found to be simple in its fabrication, sensitive, and allowed for the efficient detection and diagnosis of TB in sputum samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanohybrid Material for Electrochemical Sensor Development)
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16 pages, 4483 KiB  
Article
Designed Mini Protein 20 Mimicking Uricase Encapsulated in ZIF-8 as Nanozyme Biosensor for Uric Acid Detection
by Siti Fatimah Nur Abdul Aziz, Abu Bakar Salleh, Siti Efliza Ashari, Yahaya M. Normi, Nor Azah Yusof and Shahrul Ainliah Alang Ahmad
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(13), 2290; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12132290 - 04 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2067
Abstract
This work presents the use of encapsulated mini protein 20 mimicking uricase (mp20)-zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) as a bioreceptor for the development of a nanozyme-based electrochemical biosensor for uric acid detection. The electrochemical performance of the biofunctionalized mp20@ZIF-8 on the reduced graphene oxide/screen-printed [...] Read more.
This work presents the use of encapsulated mini protein 20 mimicking uricase (mp20)-zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) as a bioreceptor for the development of a nanozyme-based electrochemical biosensor for uric acid detection. The electrochemical performance of the biofunctionalized mp20@ZIF-8 on the reduced graphene oxide/screen-printed carbon electrode (rGO/SPCE) was investigated by optimizing operating parameters such as pH, deposition potential, and deposition time using a central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM). The quadratic regression model was developed to correlate the combination of each variable to the oxidation current density as a response. A significant effect on current response was observed under optimized conditions of pH of 7.4 at −0.35 V deposition potential and 56.56 s deposition time, with p < 0.05 for each interacted factor. The obtained coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9992 indicated good agreement with the experimental finding. The developed nanozyme biosensor (mp20@ZIF-8/rGO/SPCE) exhibited high selectivity in the presence of the same fold concentration of interfering species with a detection limit of 0.27 μM, over a concentration range of 1 to 34 μM. The practicality of the tailored biosensor in monitoring uric acid in human serum and urine samples was validated with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a commercial uric acid meter. Hence, nanozyme-based is a promising platform that offers a rapid, sensitive, selective, and low-cost biosensor for the non-enzymatic detection of uric acid in biological samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanohybrid Material for Electrochemical Sensor Development)
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12 pages, 3288 KiB  
Article
Label-Free Detection of Saxitoxin with Field-Effect Device-Based Biosensor
by Najeeb Ullah, Beenish Noureen, Yulan Tian, Liping Du, Wei Chen and Chunsheng Wu
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(9), 1505; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091505 - 28 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1722
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) is a highly toxic and widely distributed paralytic shellfish toxin (PSP), posing a serious hazard to the environment and human health. Thus, it is highly required to develop new STX detection approaches that are convenient, desirable, and affordable. This study presented [...] Read more.
Saxitoxin (STX) is a highly toxic and widely distributed paralytic shellfish toxin (PSP), posing a serious hazard to the environment and human health. Thus, it is highly required to develop new STX detection approaches that are convenient, desirable, and affordable. This study presented a label-free electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensor covered with a layer-by-layer developed positively charged Poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer. An aptamer (Apt), which is sensitive to STX was electrostatically immobilized onto the PAMAM dendrimer layer. This results in an Apt that is preferably flat inside a Debye length, resulting in less charge-screening effect and a higher sensor signal. Capacitance-voltage and constant-capacitance measurements were utilized to monitor each step of a sensor surface variation, namely, the immobilization of PAMAM dendrimers, Apt, and STX. Additionally, the surface morphology of PAMAM dendrimer layers was studied by using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Fluorescence microscopy was utilized to confirm that Apt was successfully immobilized on a PAMAM dendrimer-modified EIS sensor. The results presented an aptasensor with a detection range of 0.5–100 nM for STX detection and a limit of detection was 0.09 nM. Additionally, the aptasensor demonstrated high selectivity and 9-day stability. The extraction of mussel tissue indicated that an aptasensor may be applied to the detection of STX in real samples. An aptasensor enables marine toxin detection in a rapid and label-free manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanohybrid Material for Electrochemical Sensor Development)
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12 pages, 8923 KiB  
Article
A Novel Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Nitrite Sensor Based on a AuNPs/CS/Ti3C2 Nanocomposite
by Tan Wang, Xianbao Xu, Cong Wang, Zhen Li and Daoliang Li
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(3), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030397 - 26 Jan 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2482
Abstract
Nitrite is common inorganic poison, which widely exists in various water bodies and seriously endangers human health. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop a fast and online method for the detection of nitrite. In this paper, we prepared an electrochemical sensor for [...] Read more.
Nitrite is common inorganic poison, which widely exists in various water bodies and seriously endangers human health. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop a fast and online method for the detection of nitrite. In this paper, we prepared an electrochemical sensor for highly sensitive and selective detection of nitrite, based on AuNPs/CS/MXene nanocomposite. The characterization of the nanocomposite was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under the optimized conditions, the fabricated electrode showed good performance with the linear range of 0.5–335.5 μM and 335.5–3355 μM, the limit of detection is 69 nM, and the sensitivity is 517.8 and 403.2 μA mM−1 cm−2. The fabricated sensors also show good anti-interference ability, repeatability, and stability, and have the potential for application in real samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanohybrid Material for Electrochemical Sensor Development)
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14 pages, 2846 KiB  
Article
Aptasensor for the Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Sputum Utilising CFP10-ESAT6 Protein as a Selective Biomarker
by Umi Zulaikha Mohd Azmi, Nor Azah Yusof, Jaafar Abdullah, Faruq Mohammad, Shahrul Ainliah Alang Ahmad, Siti Suraiya, Nurul Hanun Ahmad Raston, Fatin Nabilah Mohd Faudzi, Sachin K. Khiste and Hamad A. Al-Lohedan
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(9), 2446; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092446 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3642
Abstract
A portable electrochemical aptamer-antibody based sandwich biosensor has been designed and successfully developed using an aptamer bioreceptor immobilized onto a screen-printed electrode surface for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) detection in clinical sputum samples. In the sensing strategy, a CFP10-ESAT6 binding aptamer [...] Read more.
A portable electrochemical aptamer-antibody based sandwich biosensor has been designed and successfully developed using an aptamer bioreceptor immobilized onto a screen-printed electrode surface for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) detection in clinical sputum samples. In the sensing strategy, a CFP10-ESAT6 binding aptamer was immobilized onto a graphene/polyaniline (GP/PANI)-modified gold working electrode by covalent binding via glutaraldehyde linkage. Upon interaction with the CFP10-ESAT6 antigen target, the aptamer will capture the target where the nano-labelled Fe3O4/Au MNPs conjugated antibody is used to complete the sandwich format and enhance the signal produced from the aptamer–antigen interaction. Using this strategy, the detection of CFP10-ESAT6 antigen was conducted in the concentration range of 5 to 500 ng/mL. From the analysis, the detection limit was found to be 1.5 ng/mL, thereby demonstrating the efficiency of the aptamer as a bioreceptor. The specificity study was carried out using bovine serum albumin (BSA), MPT64, and human serum, and the result demonstrated good specificity that is 7% higher than the antibody–antigen interaction reported in a previous study. The fabricated aptasensor for M. tuberculosis analysis shows good reproducibility with an relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.5%. Further analysis of M. tuberculosis in sputum samples have shown good correlation with the culture method with 100% specificity and sensitivity, thus making the aptasensor a promising candidate for M. tuberculosis detection considering its high specificity and sensitivity with clinical samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanohybrid Material for Electrochemical Sensor Development)
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