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Nanomaterials
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Cellulose Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications
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Cellulose Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 21376

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Yaman Boluk

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
Interests: cellulose nanocrystals; cellulose nanofibrils; electrospinning; colloids and surfaces; soft matter; food packaging; cement and concrete; composites; drilling muds

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Rod-shaped cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with negatively charged half ester sulfate groups are prepared on an industrial scale by sulfuric acid hydrolysis of cellulose feedstock. Acid hydrolysis removes the amorphous segments of cellulose fibrils and releases homogenous, rod-shaped, defect-free crystallites. When the targeted level of degree of depolymerization is reached, hydrolysis is terminated by rapid dilution and then neutralization of the acid. Other methods, based on carboxylation of cellulose, either by using a 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) or ammonium persulfate (APS) treatments, are mostly used to produce longer-aspect-ratio cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). Cellulose-based nanomaterials including but not limited to cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers have attracted a great deal of attention, because of their surface modification potentials and size-dependent physical properties. They are investigated as promising materials for integration into various materials for a wide range of applications, including composites, biomaterials, sensors, soft electronics, and coatings.

This Special Issue of ‘’Cellulose-Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications’’ will attempt to cover the recent advancements in the applications of cellulose-based nanomaterials.

Prof. Dr. Yaman Boluk
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cellulose
  • cellulose nanocrystals
  • cellulose nanofibrils
  • electrospinning
  • composites
  • biomaterials
  • sensors
  • soft electronics
  • coatings
  • food packaging

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2572 KiB  
Article
Poly(methacrylic Acid)-Cellulose Brushes as Anticancer Porphyrazine Carrier
by Elena L. Krasnopeeva, Elena Yu. Melenevskaya, Larisa G. Klapshina, Natalia Yu. Shilyagina, Irina V. Balalaeva, Nikolay N. Smirnov, Michael A. Smirnov and Alexander V. Yakimansky
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(8), 1997; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11081997 - 03 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2140
Abstract
The prospective strategy for treatment of cancer is based on the application of nano-sized macromolecular carriers, which are able penetrate inside and can be accumulated within tumor tissue. In this work graft copolymers of cellulose and poly(methacrylic acid) has been prepared and tested [...] Read more.
The prospective strategy for treatment of cancer is based on the application of nano-sized macromolecular carriers, which are able penetrate inside and can be accumulated within tumor tissue. In this work graft copolymers of cellulose and poly(methacrylic acid) has been prepared and tested as a nanocontainers for the delivery of drug to tumor. For this purpose, two derivatives of porphyrazine suitable for photodynamic cancer therapy were loaded into prepared polymer brush. Fluorescence imaging was applied for monitoring of accumulation of porphyrazine in the CT26 murine colon carcinoma. The selective accumulation of cellulose brush loaded with porphyrazine in tumor was demonstrated by fluorescence intensity contrast between the tumor area and normal tissues. The tumor growth rate after photodynamic therapy were assessed and inhibition of its growth was revealed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications)
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18 pages, 4307 KiB  
Article
Cellulose Nanocrystals vs. Cellulose Nanofibers: A Comparative Study of Reinforcing Effects in UV-Cured Vegetable Oil Nanocomposites
by Anda Barkane, Edgars Kampe, Oskars Platnieks and Sergejs Gaidukovs
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(7), 1791; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11071791 - 09 Jul 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3426
Abstract
There is an opportunity to use nanocellulose as an efficient renewable reinforcing filler for polymer composites. There have been many investigations to prove the reinforcement concept of different nanocellulose sources for thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. The present comparative study highlighted the beneficial effects [...] Read more.
There is an opportunity to use nanocellulose as an efficient renewable reinforcing filler for polymer composites. There have been many investigations to prove the reinforcement concept of different nanocellulose sources for thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. The present comparative study highlighted the beneficial effects of selecting cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and nanocrystals (CNCs) on the exploitation properties of vegetable oil-based thermoset composite materials—thermal, thermomechanical, and structural characteristics. The proposed UV-light-curable resin consists of an acrylated epoxidized soybean oil polymer matrix and two different nanocellulose reinforcements. High loadings of up to 30 wt% of CNFs and CNCs in irradiation-cured vegetable oil-based thermoset composites were reported. Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated developed hydrogen-bonding interactions between the nanocellulose and polymer matrix. CNCs yielded a homogeneous nanocrystal dispersion, while CNFs revealed a nanofiber agglomeration in the polymer matrix, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Thermal degradation showed that nanocellulose reduced the maximum degradation temperature by 5 °C for the 30 wt% CNC and CNF nanocomposites. Above the glass transition temperature at 80 °C, the storage modulus values increased 6-fold and 2-fold for the 30 wt% CNC and CNF nanocomposites, respectively. In addition, the achieved reinforcement efficiency factor r value for CNCs was 8.7, which was significantly higher than that of CNFs of 2.2. The obtained nanocomposites with enhanced properties show great potential for applications such as UV-light-processed coatings, adhesives, and additive manufacturing inks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications)
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14 pages, 1026 KiB  
Article
High-Oxygen-Barrier Multilayer Films Based on Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Cellulose Nanocrystals
by Beatriz Melendez-Rodriguez, Sergio Torres-Giner, Inmaculada Angulo, Maria Pardo-Figuerez, Loïc Hilliou, Jose Manuel Escuin, Luis Cabedo, Yuval Nevo, Cristina Prieto and Jose Maria Lagaron
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(6), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11061443 - 30 May 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4390
Abstract
This study reports on the development and characterization of organic recyclable high-oxygen-barrier multilayer films based on different commercial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) materials, including a blend with commercial poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), which contained an inner layer of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and an electrospun [...] Read more.
This study reports on the development and characterization of organic recyclable high-oxygen-barrier multilayer films based on different commercial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) materials, including a blend with commercial poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), which contained an inner layer of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and an electrospun hot-tack adhesive layer of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) derived from cheese whey (CW). As a result, the full multilayer structures were made from bio-based and/or compostable materials. A characterization of the produced films was carried out in terms of morphological, optical, mechanical, and barrier properties with respect to water vapor, limonene, and oxygen. Results indicate that the multilayer films exhibited a good interlayer adhesion and contact transparency. The stiffness of the multilayers was generally improved upon incorporation of the CNC interlayer, whereas the enhanced elasticity of the blend was reduced to some extent in the multilayer with CNCs, but this was still much higher than for the neat PHAs. In terms of barrier properties, it was found that 1 µm of the CNC interlayer was able to reduce the oxygen permeance between 71% and 86%, while retaining the moisture and aroma barrier of the control materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications)
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8 pages, 996 KiB  
Article
A Proposition for the Estimation of the Maximum Tensile Strength of Variously Charged Nanocellulosic Film Materials Provided by Vacuum Filtration
by Tom Lindström
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(2), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020543 - 20 Feb 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1943
Abstract
This short investigation deals with a review of the tensile strength properties of six different types of nanocellulose films (carboxymethylated, carboxymethylcellulose-grafted, enzymatically pretreated, phosphorylated, sulfoethylated, and alkoxylated nanocellulose films) manufactured using identical protocols and the determination of the apparent nanocellulose yield of the [...] Read more.
This short investigation deals with a review of the tensile strength properties of six different types of nanocellulose films (carboxymethylated, carboxymethylcellulose-grafted, enzymatically pretreated, phosphorylated, sulfoethylated, and alkoxylated nanocellulose films) manufactured using identical protocols and the determination of the apparent nanocellulose yield of the same nanocelluloses and their tensile strength properties at different extents of delamination (microfluidization). The purpose was to test a previously suggested procedure to estimate the maximum tensile strength on these different procedures. A second goal was to investigate the impact of the nanocellulose yield on the tensile strength properties. The investigations were limited to the nanocellulose research activities at RISE in Stockholm, because these investigations were made with identical experimental laboratory protocols. The importance of such protocols is also stressed. This review shows that the suggested procedure to estimate the maximum tensile strength is a viable proposition, albeit not scientifically proven. Secondly, there is a relationship between the nanocellulose yield and tensile strength properties, although there may not be a linear relationship between the two measures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications)
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17 pages, 4368 KiB  
Article
Role of Surface Chemistry in the In Vitro Lung Response to Nanofibrillated Cellulose
by Kukka Aimonen, Satu Suhonen, Mira Hartikainen, Viviana R. Lopes, Hannu Norppa, Natalia Ferraz and Julia Catalán
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(2), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020389 - 03 Feb 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2525
Abstract
Wood-derived nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) has emerged as a sustainable material with a wide range of applications and increasing presence in the market. Surface charges are introduced during the preparation of NFC to facilitate the defibrillation process, which may also alter the toxicological properties [...] Read more.
Wood-derived nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) has emerged as a sustainable material with a wide range of applications and increasing presence in the market. Surface charges are introduced during the preparation of NFC to facilitate the defibrillation process, which may also alter the toxicological properties of NFC. In the present study, we examined the in vitro toxicity of NFCs with five surface chemistries: nonfunctionalized, carboxymethylated, phosphorylated, sulfoethylated, and hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium-substituted. The NFC samples were characterized for surface functional group density, surface charge, and fiber morphology. Fibril aggregates predominated in the nonfunctionalized NFC, while individual nanofibrils were observed in the functionalized NFCs. Differences in surface group density among the functionalized NFCs were reflected in the fiber thickness of these samples. In human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells, all NFCs showed low cytotoxicity (CellTiter-GloVR luminescent cell viability assay) which never exceeded 10% at any exposure time. None of the NFCs induced genotoxic effects, as evaluated by the alkaline comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. The nonfunctionalized and carboxymethylated NFCs were able to increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation (chloromethyl derivative of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay). However, ROS induction did not result in increased DNA or chromosome damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications)
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8 pages, 1933 KiB  
Article
Coloration and Chromatic Sensing Behavior of Electrospun Cellulose Fibers with Curcumin
by Minhee Kim, Hoik Lee, Myungwoong Kim and Yoon Cheol Park
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(1), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11010222 - 16 Jan 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2676
Abstract
The effective approach for coloration and chromatic sensing of electrospun cellulose fabrics with a natural colorant, curcumin, is demonstrated. To achieve high surface area, the morphology of fiber was controlled to have rough and porous surface through an electrospinning of a cellulose acetate [...] Read more.
The effective approach for coloration and chromatic sensing of electrospun cellulose fabrics with a natural colorant, curcumin, is demonstrated. To achieve high surface area, the morphology of fiber was controlled to have rough and porous surface through an electrospinning of a cellulose acetate (CA) solution under optimized electrospinning parameters and solvent system. The resulting CA fibers were treated with a curcumin dye/NaOH ethanol solution, in which deacetylation of the CA fiber and high-quality coloration with curcumin were simultaneously achieved. As a control, a cotton fiber with similar diameter and smooth surface morphology was treated by the same method, resulting in poor coloration quality. The difference can be attributed to high surface area as well as trapping of dye molecules inside of cellulose fiber during deacetylation. Both fibers were further utilized for a chromatic sensing application for specific toxic gases. The incorporated curcumin dye responded to hydrogen chloride and ammonia gases reversibly via keto-enol tautomerism, and, as a consequence, the color was reversibly changed between reddish-brown and yellow colors. The cellulose fiber fabricated by the electrospinning showed ten times higher and two times quicker responsiveness compared to curcumin-colored cotton fiber sample prepared with the same immersion method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications)
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15 pages, 7834 KiB  
Article
Entrapment of Hydrophobic Biocides into Cellulose Acetate Nanoparticles by Nanoprecipitation
by Cynthia Cordt, Tobias Meckel, Andreas Geissler and Markus Biesalski
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(12), 2447; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10122447 - 07 Dec 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3388
Abstract
This contribution reports an efficient method for the production and use of biocide-loaded cellulose acetate nanoparticles. As well-known model biocides 4-Hexylresorcinol and Triclosan were used for in situ nanoparticle loading during a nanoprecipitation process. We show that the nanoparticle size can be well-controlled [...] Read more.
This contribution reports an efficient method for the production and use of biocide-loaded cellulose acetate nanoparticles. As well-known model biocides 4-Hexylresorcinol and Triclosan were used for in situ nanoparticle loading during a nanoprecipitation process. We show that the nanoparticle size can be well-controlled by variation of the cellulose acetate concentration during nanoprecipitation. Apart from strong evidence suggesting cellulose acetate particle formation according to a nucleation-aggregation mechanism, we further show that the biocide loading of the particles occurs by a diffusion process and not via co-precipitation. The quantity of particle loading was analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy of re-dissolved nanoparticles, and it was observed that a decisive factor for high packaging efficiency is the use of a biocide with low water solubility and high hydrophobicity. SEM studies showed no influence on the particle morphology or size by both biocides 4-Hexylresorcinol and Triclosan. Finally, an aqueous nanoparticle dispersion can be coated onto model paper sheets to yield pronounced antimicrobial surface-properties. Nanoparticles loaded with the biocide Triclosan showed a high antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, a cellulase producing bacteria, if applied to model paper substrates, even at extremely low coating weights of 1–5 g/m2, respectively. Additional long-term efficacy renders these nanoparticles ideal for various applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications)
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