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Molecules
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Electrochemical Biosensors: Design and Applications
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Electrochemical Biosensors: Design and Applications

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2021) | Viewed by 11140

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Carlo Augusto Bortolotti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Interests: biophysical chemistry; organic bioelectronics; electron transfer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Gianantonio Battistuzzi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Interests: redox chemistry of immobilized metalloproteins; redox thermodynamics in metalloproteins; conformational equilibria in metalloproteins; biosensing; protein electrochemistry; UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry; MCD spectroscopy; electrode immobilization; cytochromes c; heme peroxidases; blue copper proteins; neuroglobin
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Electrochemical biosensors are analytical devices that transduce biochemical events into electrical signals. Their relative robustness, easy miniaturization, excellent detection limits, ability to investigate small-volume samples and turbid biofluids, as well as the relative simplicity of their setup are decisive advantages over other types of biosensors. In the last two decades, the development of viable electrochemical biosensors has attracted ever-increasing attention, generating significant advances in the design of electrodes (often exploiting nanomaterials), as well as in the development of surface modification approaches for the immobilization of bioreceptors. One of the key requirements for innovative biosensors is the ability to monitor analytes using technologies that guarantee both low cost, thus ensuring screening of a large number of samples, and high sensitivity, enabling detection of very small (changes of) levels of target species. This tremendous research effort has led to the introduction of various electrochemistry-driven biosensing methods for the use of simple and miniaturized analytical devices for on-site analysis. The aim of this special issue is to provide an overview of the most recent advances in biosensing with electrochemical devices. We welcome papers describing novel electrochemical platforms (possibly even featuring multiplexing capability) for the detection of biomarkers and metabolites in test solutions and in real biological fluids that could be integrated into portable, wearable biosensors to be operated in the field. The target electrochemical devices are not only amperometric and impedimetric sensors, but might also include innovative architectures, such as organic electrochemical transistors. Examples of devices integrated with microfluidics technologies or fabricated by innovative approaches, such as by additive manufacturing, are most welcome.

Dr. Carlo Augusto Bortolotti
Dr. Gianantonio Battistuzzi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Electrochemical biosensors
  • Amperometric devices
  • Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
  • Multiplexing
  • Portable devices
  • Point-of-care
  • Biological fluids
  • Microfluidics

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3271 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Resistive DNA Biosensor for the Detection of HPV Type 16
by José R. Espinosa, Marisol Galván, Arturo S. Quiñones, Jorge L. Ayala, Verónica Ávila and Sergio M. Durón
Molecules 2021, 26(11), 3436; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113436 - 05 Jun 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2859
Abstract
In this work, a low-cost and rapid electrochemical resistive DNA biosensor based on the current relaxation method is described. A DNA probe, complementary to the specific human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) sequence, was immobilized onto a screen-printed gold electrode. DNA hybridization was detected [...] Read more.
In this work, a low-cost and rapid electrochemical resistive DNA biosensor based on the current relaxation method is described. A DNA probe, complementary to the specific human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) sequence, was immobilized onto a screen-printed gold electrode. DNA hybridization was detected by applying a potential step of 30 mV to the system, composed of an external capacitor and the modified electrode DNA/gold, for 750 µs and then relaxed back to the OCP, at which point the voltage and current discharging curves are registered for 25 ms. From the discharging curves, the potential and current relaxation were evaluated, and by using Ohm’s law, the charge transfer resistance through the DNA-modified electrode was calculated. The presence of a complementary sequence was detected by the change in resistance when the ssDNA is transformed in dsDNA due to the hybridization event. The target DNA concentration was detected in the range of 5 to 20 nM. The results showed a good fit to the regression equation ΔRtotal(Ω)=2.99 × [DNA]+81.55, and a detection limit of 2.39 nM was obtained. As the sensing approach uses a direct current, the electronic architecture of the biosensor is simple and allows for the separation of faradic and nonfaradaic contributions. The simple electrochemical resistive biosensor reported here is a good candidate for the point-of-care diagnosis of HPV at a low cost and in a short detection time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors: Design and Applications)
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Review

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22 pages, 2341 KiB  
Review
How to Turn an Electron Transfer Protein into a Redox Enzyme for Biosensing
by Antonio Ranieri, Marco Borsari, Stefano Casalini, Giulia Di Rocco, Marco Sola, Carlo Augusto Bortolotti and Gianantonio Battistuzzi
Molecules 2021, 26(16), 4950; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164950 - 16 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2100
Abstract
Cytochrome c is a small globular protein whose main physiological role is to shuttle electrons within the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This protein has been widely investigated, especially as a paradigmatic system for understanding the fundamental aspects of biological electron transfer and protein [...] Read more.
Cytochrome c is a small globular protein whose main physiological role is to shuttle electrons within the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This protein has been widely investigated, especially as a paradigmatic system for understanding the fundamental aspects of biological electron transfer and protein folding. Nevertheless, cytochrome c can also be endowed with a non-native catalytic activity and be immobilized on an electrode surface for the development of third generation biosensors. Here, an overview is offered of the most significant examples of such a functional transformation, carried out by either point mutation(s) or controlled unfolding. The latter can be induced chemically or upon protein immobilization on hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers. We critically discuss the potential held by these systems as core constituents of amperometric biosensors, along with the issues that need to be addressed to optimize their applicability and response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors: Design and Applications)
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32 pages, 6263 KiB  
Review
Amperometric Biosensors Based on Direct Electron Transfer Enzymes
by Franziska Schachinger, Hucheng Chang, Stefan Scheiblbrandner and Roland Ludwig
Molecules 2021, 26(15), 4525; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154525 - 27 Jul 2021
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5326
Abstract
The accurate determination of analyte concentrations with selective, fast, and robust methods is the key for process control, product analysis, environmental compliance, and medical applications. Enzyme-based biosensors meet these requirements to a high degree and can be operated with simple, cost efficient, and [...] Read more.
The accurate determination of analyte concentrations with selective, fast, and robust methods is the key for process control, product analysis, environmental compliance, and medical applications. Enzyme-based biosensors meet these requirements to a high degree and can be operated with simple, cost efficient, and easy to use devices. This review focuses on enzymes capable of direct electron transfer (DET) to electrodes and also the electrode materials which can enable or enhance the DET type bioelectrocatalysis. It presents amperometric biosensors for the quantification of important medical, technical, and environmental analytes and it carves out the requirements for enzymes and electrode materials in DET-based third generation biosensors. This review critically surveys enzymes and biosensors for which DET has been reported. Single- or multi-cofactor enzymes featuring copper centers, hemes, FAD, FMN, or PQQ as prosthetic groups as well as fusion enzymes are presented. Nanomaterials, nanostructured electrodes, chemical surface modifications, and protein immobilization strategies are reviewed for their ability to support direct electrochemistry of enzymes. The combination of both biosensor elements—enzymes and electrodes—is evaluated by comparison of substrate specificity, current density, sensitivity, and the range of detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors: Design and Applications)
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